托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO11-3

托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO11-3托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。本文带来的是TPO11-3的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。

TPO11-3Begging by Nestlings

Paragraph1：

Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging.A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food.These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon,resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings.In fact,when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg,the egg in that“noisy”nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in29of37trials.

2.According to paragraph1,the experiment with tapes of begging tree swallows establishes which of the following?

○Begging by nestling birds can attract the attention of predators to the nest.

○Nest predators attack nests that contain nestlings more frequently than they attack nests that contain only eggs

○Tapes of begging nestlings attract predators to the nest less frequently than real begging calls do.

○Nest predators have no other means of locating bird nests except the begging calls of nestling birds.

以tapes of begging tree swallows做关键词定位至最后一句，但这就话只说明放了tape的nest会遭受更多攻击，没说为什么，往前看，上句说cheeps泄露了信息给捕食者，使得鸟窝遭受攻击，然后就举了tape的例子，无非是说cheeps吸引了攻击，所以A正确。B和C的两个比较原文没说，D 的没有其他手段也没说

【1】有些动物发出的信号可能会给他们自身带来极大危害。一个典型的例子就是歌鸟的雏鸟在它们的父母带着食物归巢时吵闹的乞食行为。这些喧闹的叫声可能会让巢外的老鹰和浣熊听到并获取到它们的位置信息，从而致使毫无抵抗能力的雏鸟丧命。事实上，如果在一个盛有鸟蛋的人工燕

窝旁播放树燕讨食的录音，这个试验做了37次，有29次的结果都是，这个“嘈杂”鸟巢里的树燕蛋比周围安静的鸟巢里的树燕蛋更早被捕食者掠走或破坏。

Paragraph2

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far,and so may better conceal the individuals producing them,who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers.The eggs“advertised”by the tree-nesters'begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters'calls.

5.The experiment described in paragraph2supports which of the following conclusions?[微软用户1]

○Predators are unable to distinguish between the begging cheeps of ground-nesting and those of

tree-nesting warblers except by the differing frequencies of the calls.

○When they can find them,predators prefer the eggs of tree-nesting warblers to those of

ground-nesting warblers.

○The higher frequencies of the begging cheeps of ground-nesting warblers are an adaptation to the threat that ground-nesting birds face from predators

○The danger of begging depends more on the frequency of the begging cheep than on how loud it is.

解析：排除法，A选项原文完全没有对应，原文没说除了frequency什么方法都没有;B原文也没有对应，没说predator更喜欢哪个;C选项正确，对应原文第二句和第三句;D选项没有对应

【2】一项关于地面筑巢的黄莺与住在相对安全的树上的黄莺对比的研究进一步为乞食行为的代价提供了证据。地面筑巢的黄莺雏鸟发出乞食叫声的频率要高于树上筑巢的黄莺。这种高频的声音不会传播的很远，可以更好地隐藏在地面鸟巢里单独发出这种声音而容易成为捕食者攻击的雏鸟。David Haskell制做了一些装有泥制鸟蛋的‘假巢”并放在录音机旁的地面上，播放着地面筑巢或树上筑巢的黄莺的乞食声音。置于树上筑巢的声音旁边的“被注意的”鸟蛋被发现的几率显然要比地面筑巢的黄莺的鸟蛋高得多。

Paragraph5：

If parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging, then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings calls.Indeed,if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half,when the birds are replaced in the nest,the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds,and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.

9.In paragraphs4and5,what evidence supports the claim that the intensity of nestling begging calls is a good indicator of which offspring in a nest would most benefit from a feeding?

○When placed in a nest with hungry robins,wellfed robins did not beg for food.

○Among robin nestlings,the intensity of begging decreased the more the nestlings were fed.

○Hungry tree swallow nestlings begged louder than well-fed nestlings in the same nest.

○Hungry tree swallow nestlings continued to beg loudly until they were fed whereas well-fed nestlings soon stopped begging.

解析：排除法。A的robins做关键词定位至第四段最后一句，原文说即使well-fed的鸟也叫，只是叫的不厉害罢了，所以C正确，A说反;同一句话可以得到B没说，原文没说喂食越多鸟越不叫;D 的whereas之前是对的，但原文也没说well-fed的很快就不叫了，应该是继续叫

【5】如果鸟父母是根据乞食声音的响亮程度来给那些健康且更积极乞食的幼鸟喂食，那么鸟父母应该是根据幼崽乞食声来分配食物的。所以，如果你将树燕雏鸟带离鸟巢一个小时，并将一半雏鸟喂饱同时不让另外一半吃东西，当把雏鸟们放回巢时，饥饿的雏鸟们会比已经吃饱的雏鸟们叫得更响，而鸟父母会给积极乞食的雏鸟们比不积极的雏鸟喂更多的食物。

Paragraph6：

As these experiments show,begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding.But the question arises,why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry?By doing so,they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size,either of which is advantageous.The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings,which share genes with one another.An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success.Because close relatives have

many of the same genes,animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes.Therefore,a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise.

12.According to paragraph6,which of the following explains the fact that a well-fed nestling does not beg loudly for more food?

○There is no benefit for a nestling to get more food than it needs to survive.

○By begging loudly for food it does not need,a nestling would unnecessarily expose itself to danger from predators.

○If a nestling begs loudly when it is not truly hungry,then when it is truly hungry its own begging may be drowned out by that of its well-fed siblings.

○More of a nestling's genes will be passed to the next generation if its hungry siblings get enough food to survive.

解析：从上一题的第四句读起，说会伤害sibling，紧接着说同一物种有很多共同基因，伤害siblings 意味着伤害整个物种的基因，所以D正确。其他都没说

【6】这些实验表明，乞食行为很明显为鸟父母提供了一个判断谁能吃的最多的需求信号。但是问题又出现了，为什么雏鸟不在它们不饿的时候大声乞食呢?如果它们这么做，就可以保证更多的食物，也就能更快的成长或者拥有更壮的身体，怎么说都是有利的。这个问题的答案显然不是因为过分乞食会消耗更多的能量——损耗的能量相比于其潜在能得到的热量来说只是很小部分——而是因为任何这么做成功骗取食物的雏鸟会带来跟它们拥有相同基因的同伴们造成危害。一个物种成功延续它的基因所产生的影响要比它自身繁殖所带来的影响大的多。因为近亲中有很多相似基因，动物伤害它们的近亲的同时很可能会摧毁一些它们特有的基因。因此，一个乞食的雏鸟如果以牺牲它的同类为代价来获取食物，事实上可能它能保存下来的基因要远远少于相反的做法。

以上就是托福阅读TPO11-3中的事实信息题及其解析，大家可以在备考的时候参考复习，希望能够帮助大家的考前准备。最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。