词汇学论文构词法[1]

Word-Formation

Abstract :A further way besides borrowing in which the vocabulary of English has expanded to accommodate to the natural and social world in which it is used has been to employ means internal to the language itself for devising new word. This is the area of word-formation. Morphological productivity can be defined as the property of a given word formation process to be used to derive a new word in a systematic fashion. Most linguists divide the word-formation into major word-formation and minor word-formation .

The major word-formational processes are :

-Affixation

-Compounding

-Conversion

The minor word-formational processes are :

-Abbreviation

-Back formation

-Onomatopoeia

Key W ord : affixation, derivative, compounding, abbreviation, onomatopoeia

1 Affixation

Affixation, also called derivation, is a process in which a free morph is combined with a bound morph, a prefix, or a suffix. It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases . There are two types of derivative . One bases on free root with affix or bound root , the other bases on bound with affix or other bound root .

1.1 Types of affixes

- prefixes

- suffixes

- infixes

Modern English has a number of highly productive affixes. For example, the prefix over can be added to verbs which express activities to indicate that too much has taken place, i.e. something has been overdone,cf. overcook, overcoat, overstay. Likewise, the suffix –n ess can be added to an adjective make a noun designating the quality express by the adjective, its nouniness, so to speak.

1.2Two types of derivative’s structure

1.2.1 Free root + affix/bound root

1) prefix + free root

e.g.: In definite (a. uncertain), un forgettable (a. memorable) , mini bus (coach)

2)free + suffix

e.g. : wealth y (a. rich) , success ful (a, achieving aims) , extreme ly

(adv, to a very high de.g.ree) , comfortab ly(adv. in a comfortable

way)

3)prefix +free root + suffix

e.g. : en rich ment (a. sb/sth being rich or richer) , in ternation al (a.

connected with two or more countries) , unchangeable (a. that can not

be changed)

4)combining form + free root

e.g. Afro-American , Afro-Asian , techno-chemistry , microwave

1.2.2Bound root + affix/bound root

1)prefix + bound root (without formation)

e.g. contradict (v. to say sb has said is wrong) , descend (v. go down) ,

despair (v. give up all hope)

2)bound root (without formation)+ suffix

e.g. confidence (n. trust in) , liberate (v. emancipation) , linguist (n. a

person who knows several foreign languages well)

3)prefix + bound root (without formation)

e.g. distinctive (a. special ) , intolerable (a. can’t bear) , contradiction

(n. a lack of agreement between facts)

4)combining form + combining form

e.g. macrobiosis (n. long life) , microscope (n. an instrument used in

scientific study for making very small thing look larger)

2Compounding

Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, that is, a compound. Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.

V ery often compounds are written as two words, which means that they are accepted into dictionaries a little reluctantly. Certainly, dictionaries seem not to list compounds in anything like the numbers in which they are in use. This may be justified perhaps because compounds are frequently transparent and their meanings are relatively accessible without a dictionary. Furthermore, many of them do not become lexicalized, but have a very transitory life.

According to the words’characteristic, there are compound nouns, compound adjectives , compound pronouns , compound verbs , compound adverbs , etc .

2.1Compound Nouns

n. + n.: bar code , mouse mat , Website

a. + n.: blueprint , compact disc

adv. + n.: off chance , overdose , underclothes

-ing + n.: learning strate.g.y , marketing campaign , parking meter

n. + v.: daybreak , earthquake , parking meter

adv + n : downfall , income , offset , output , uplift

v. + adv.: get-together , handout , makeup

n. + -ing: air-conditioning , brainstorming , family planning

prep.+n.: afternoon , by-product , overcoat

2.2Compound Adjectives

As adjective is a core : airsick , band-new ; dark-blue , icy-cold ;

all-mighty , evergreen , overripe

As noun is a core : blue-collar , present-day ; breaknecl , cross-country ;

chicken-hearted , dog-eared , wine-colored

As –ing or –ed is a core : energy-saving , epoch-marking ; easy-going ,

far-reaching ; mass-produced , poverty-stricken ; absent-minded ,

half-done , newly-built

2.3Compound V erbs

1)Formed by back-formation : house-keep from housekeeper

windowshop from window-shopping

henpeck from henpecked

2)Formed by conversion : to blue-print

to cold-shoulder

to honeymoon

3) adv. + v. : cross-question

offset

overthrow

3Conversion

Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. In other words, conversion or zero derivation is a type word class change without the addition, removal ,or change of any element in the word. In this process a noun maybe used as a verb or a verb can be used as a noun. Furthermore, a noun can be used attributively as an adjective. The most frequent type of conversion is from noun to verb, probably because there are so relatively few verbalizing affixes in English.

3.1 n.→ v.

1)to put in/on, such as, bottle(n.)→to bottle(=to put …into a bottle)

2)to give, to provide with, such as, butter(n.) →to butter(=to spread butter

on)

3)to deprive of, such as, skin(n.) →to skin(=to remove the skin from)

4)to…with, such as, hammer(n.) →to hammer(=to strike with a hammer)

5)to be/act as …with respect to, such as, ape(n) →to ape(=to imitate like a

ape)

6)to make/change…into, such as, fool(n.) →to fool(=to make a fool of)

7)to send…/go by, such as, bicycle(n.) →to bicycle(=to go by bicycle)

3.2adj.→ v.

bare(adj.) →to bare, calm(adj.) →to clam, brave(adj.) →to brave

3.3v.→ n.

V erb converting into noun express the verb’s original action or condition mostly, such as, attempt, look, swim, smile, walk, etc.

3.4adj.→ n.

Most adjective can be used as noun, such as, an American, an Canadian,

etc. There are three type of conversion, full conversion, partial conversion

and special conversion.

3.5n.→ adj.

a brick garage (The garage is brick.)

a cotton dress (The dress is cotton.)

a gold watch, an iron box, the jo

b market

4Shortening

Abbreviation or shortening is the way of shortening or simplifying syllables to make new words. There are various forms of abbreviation, but main forms are four: clipped word, initialism, acronym, blend.

4.1 Clippings

Speakers of English have a great tendency to shorten words. This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables is shortened without a change in its function taking place. It includes apocope, aphaeresis, front and back clipping, and syncope.

1) Apocope

approx.← approximately, auto← automobile

2) Aphaeresis

burger→ hamburger, bus→ omnibus

3) Front and back clippings

The shortening may occur at the start and the end of the word. e.g., flu(=influenza) / fridge(=refrigerator) / tec(=detective)

4) Syncope

fluidics← fluidonics, fossilation← fossilization

Contractions which is the clipping word with punctuation also can be regarded as this type.

4.2 Initialisms and Acronyms

Initialisms are words from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar(radio detecting and ranging). Acronyms have always been an integral part of computer culture, and they have since spawned a new language on the Internet. Commonly thought of as a series of letters that make up a “word” there is a distinction between acronyms and shorthand.

4.3Blends

Blends are words formed by combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are created originally for comic effect. Following are some examples:

Chunnel(=channel + tunnel) / brunch(=breakfast + lunch) / motel(=motorist+hotel)

5Back-formation

Back-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.

e.g. beggar---beg burglar---burgle

The majority of backformed words are verbs. There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation:

1)Object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing) meaning somebody sees

sights. Similar examples are: globe-trot(from globe-trotter or

globe-trotting).

2)Adverbial + verb, as spring-clean (from spring-cleaning) meaning

somebody cleans in the spring.

Back-formations of all kinds are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.

6Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a word-formation which imitate the sound. Imitative words are words formed by imitation of sound. Imitative words divide into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.

The barking of a dog.

The crack of a whip.

The roll of thunder.

The tinkling of bells.

There are three types of words formed by imitation of sound:

1)The repetition of words: quack; ticktack

2)The repetition of words with a vowel change: clitter-clatter; ping-pong;

tick-tack.

3)Repeating one or more syllables with a consonant change : rub-a-dubt;

ran-dan

Reference: Wang Rongpei, Wang Zhijiang, An Advanced Reader of English Lexicology, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

汪榕培，王之江，《英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，2008

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英语是当今国际性最强的语言。对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。英语是当今国际性最强的语言。在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传人英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来英国传教，罗马文化随着基督教传人英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词汇进入英语，像表示家庭用具的词如kettle，cup；表示植物名称的词有pear，beet；以及street，wall，wine等。此外，还有大批与宗教有关的拉丁词汇进入英语，像creed，pope，priest，gospel等。第二件事是北欧人人侵英国。从公元790年开始，大量斯堪的纳维亚人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，很多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入英语。这表现在：1、英语中的一些常用代词(they，them，their，both，same等)都来自斯堪的纳维亚语。2、与普通百姓的13常生活有关的很多词汇来自斯堪的纳维亚语。如：名词有anger，egg，fellow，gate，husband等；形容词有happy，ill，weak，wrong等；动词有call，get，give，lift，raise等。这些斯堪的纳维亚词汇至今仍在英语中广泛使用。二、中古英语时期：公元1066年，诺曼人在威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁撒克逊军队。英王哈罗德战死，英国被征服，这在历史上称为诺曼征服。诺曼征服对英语的发展有巨大的影响。早在诺曼征服以前，法语词汇就开始进入英语。英法两国隔海相望，历史上两国交往频繁，在古代和中世纪，两国的王室、贵族通婚时有发生。以诺曼征服为起点的中古英语时期，约有10000多法语词汇进入英语，其中75％流传至今并仍在使用。诺曼征服以后，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建制度统治之下。诺曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年间，诺曼法语成为英国的官方语言，普通人仍然说英语，但英语的文字记载几乎中断。直到1204年以后，英语才逐渐恢复主导地位。15世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。这一时期，英语词汇的变化相当显著，由于诺曼法语度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词汇涌入英语，这在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食——凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成为这些领域所用词语的主体。据说，一个受过相当教育的英国人，即使没

词汇学论文叠声词

A Study on Overlapping Words 课程：英语词汇学 专业：英语 年级：2010级 班级：2班 姓名：刘波 学号：201009010226 2012年11月8号

A Study on Overlapping Words Abstrict: In english compound words, one kind is called …reduplicated words?, which is composed of two identical root word or syllable overlapping compound words. This kind of words have similar sounds. So we name this kind of words according to its phonological features. As a result of reduplicating expressions quite special, although the amount is little, it has its own unique charm. In order to let more people understand and learn how to use it, then to achieve the purpose of strengthen the expressive force of language, this discourse will express its Word Origins, characteristics and classification. Key words: Overlapping words; classification; characteristics; Word Origins 1 Introduction G.W. Fowler once said: we are able to enter the world of speech Perhaps it is through their reduplicating, from the initial experimental Mum-Mum and DAD-DAD to a more ambitious tootsy-wootsy (baby, baby) and piggy-wiggy (pig, dirty boy). Reduplicating is native English people into the world of words …a stepping-stone to success?. But the current situation is not good,most people do not understand them, let alone using them. As an english major student, in order to achieve your language more native and improve your writing and translating level and some other comprehensive abilities, you must have a deep understanding on different lexicological phenomenon. So, this discourse will introduce overlapping words from different aspects. I hope english learners could appreciate those words? u nique charm and apply them to your english learning. 2 Reduplicating classification According to the feature of pronunciation and reduplicating in two components of the phonological structure. After careful analysis, it can be divided into four categories. 2.1 Alliterative reduplications Alliterative reduplications are Using alliteration consists of overlapping words and

英语词汇学论文构词法新精编版

英语词汇学论文构词法 新精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】

Abstract 词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径 Vocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending. Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation （关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法） Introduction The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy. Chapter 1 the function of English word formation Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary. Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly

词汇学论文

词汇学论文

英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究 摘要 词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。 关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异 1. 引言 人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义 英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系

3.3 谚语 谚语是心理，语言与文化的综合产物。英汉中存在具有共同比喻的谚语，如：火上浇油——pour oil in the flame 半斤八两——sin and half dozen 破釜沉舟——burn one's boats 以牙还牙——a tooth for a tooth 但由于两个民族有各自独特的文化背景和各自独特的风俗习惯，思维方式，因此谚语联想，引申和比喻上有很大的不同。例如汉语“拍马屁”取自古人讨好某人时，用手拍主人的马的屁股，说，“好马，好马”，而英语对应的意思是lick one's boots，舔靴子之意，再如：害群之马——black sheep；一箭之遥——at a stone’s throw; 掌上明珠——the apple of one’s eye; 棋逢对手——diamond cuts diamond.这些谚语后都蕴含着各自的文化信息。英语有时从字面上表达一个意思，实际上整体意义完全不同，如pull one’s leg——拉后腿，前者是“戏弄人”的意思，后者是“阻挠或牵制别人的行为”。再如，move heaven and earth 不是天翻地覆的意思，而是竭尽全力的意思。类似的谚语还有很多。 4. 英汉词汇文化内涵差异产生的原因 4.1 构词方法不同 英汉语在构词法上既有共性，又存在一定的差异，具有各自的特殊性。汉英语属于两种差异较大的语言类型,从来源来看,汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系；从类型上讲,汉语属于分析语,英语属于综合分析语；汉语是象形表意文字，英语是表音文字，汉语重意合，而英语重形合,这些都取决于汉英两种民族不同的思维方式和民族心理素质,不同的思维方式和民族心理素质就会产生不同的语言形式,这些自然也会在构词上有所体现。 4.2 思维方式和认知方式不同 总体而言，汉族人的认知方法倾向于感性和具体，而西方人认知方法比较理想和抽象。汉语数词的使用频率远高于英语的数词就可以说明这个问题，如，“五体投地”，“八面埋伏”，“九死一生”，“十全十美”，“三思而行”等等。西方文化是一种重分析性，实证性和逻辑性的认识文化，要求周密，精确和明细