经济学人

Personal transportation

Uberworld

The world’s most valuable startup is leading the race to transform the future of transport

私人交通

优步天下

全球最具价值的初创公司正在引领变革未来交通的征程

“LET’S Uber.” Few companies offer something so popular that their name becomes a verb. But that is one of the many achievements of Uber, a company founded in 2009 which is now the world’s most valuable startup, worth around $70 billion. Its app can summon a car in moments in more than 425 cities around the world, to the fury of taxi drivers everywhe re. But Uber’s ambitions, and the expectations underpinning its valuation, extend much further: using self-driving vehicles, it wants to make ride-hailing so cheap and convenient that people forgo car ownership altogether. Not satisfied with shaking up the $100-billion-a-year taxi business, it has its eye on the far bigger market for personal transport, worth as much as $10 trillion a year globally.

“让我们优步起来吧。”鲜有企业提供的商品或服务如此流行，以至于公司的名字成了一个动词。但是这恰巧就是优步众多成就之一。这家创建于2009年的公司，现在是全球价值最高的初创企业，市值约700亿美元。让各地出租车司机心怀愤怒的是，其旗下的应用（app）可以在全球425座城市即时叫车。但是优步的野心，以及为其估值奠定底气的期许，远不止于此：它想通过自驾车服务让叫车服务更便宜、更方便，这样，人们就会彻底放弃拥有私家车。优步并不满足于洗牌年入1000亿美元的出租车业务，它还将眼光投到年全球收入高达十万亿美元的个人交通市场这一更大的市场上。

Uber is not alone in this ambition. Companies big and small have recognised the transformative potential of electric, self-driving cars, summoned on demand. Technology firms including Apple, Google and Tesla are investing heavily in autonomous vehicles; from Ford to Volvo, incumbent carmakers are racing to catch up. An epic struggle looms. It will transform daily life as profoundly as cars did in the 20th century: reinventing transport and reshaping cities, while also dramatically reducing road deaths and pollution.

不仅优步由此雄心壮志。大大小小的企业都认识到电动自驾车所具备的变革性潜力。包括苹果、谷歌和特斯拉在内的技术公司正在对自驾车投入大量资金。从福特到沃尔沃，现有汽车制造商都在争先恐后地追赶步伐。一场史诗级别的斗争初露苗头。一如20世纪汽车给日常生活带来深远影响，这场竞争也有过之而无不及：它不仅会大大减少道路死亡人数和道路污染，还会发明新的交通工具，重塑城市构造。

The wheels of change

变革的车辙

In the short term Uber is in pole position to lead the revolution because of its dominance of chauffeured

ride-hailing, a part of the transport market that will see some of the fastest growth. Today ride-hailing accounts for

less than 4% of all kilometres driven globally, but that will rise to more than 25% by 2030, according to Morgan Stanley, a bank. The ability to summon a car using a smartphone does not just make it easy for individuals to book a cheaper taxi. Ride-sharing services like UberPool, which put travellers heading in the same direction into one vehicle, blur the boundaries between private and public transport. Helsinki and other cities have been experimenting with on-demand bus services and apps that enable customers to plan and book journeys combining trains and buses with walking and private ride-sharing services. Get it right, and public-transport networks will be extended to cover the “last mile” that takes people right to their doorsteps. This will extend the market for

ride-hailing well beyond the wealthy urbanites who are its main users today.

配有司机的专车叫车服务是交通运输市场中增长最为迅速的那部分，而优步恰恰在这一行业中占据主导地位，因而短期内仍能引领此次变革。据摩根史丹利金融服务公司数据，现在专车行驶里数占全球总行车里程的比例不足4%，但到2030另，这一比例将增至25%还多。通过智能手机叫车的功能不仅让个人更方便地预订到价格更便宜的出租车。像优步池糖这样的行程共享服务将去往同一个方向的乘客汇聚到一辆场内，因而模糊了私人交通工具和公共交通工具的界限。赫尔辛基（荷兰首都）和其他一些城市正在试行按需分配的公共汽车服务和手机应用，让客户可以规划旅程、预订行程时可以将火车、汽车和私家叫车服务结合起来。如果成功，公共交通网将得以扩展，可以覆盖将人们送到家门口的“最后一里”。这将扩大叫车市场，使其客户群不仅限于其当下的主要用户，即那些富有的城市居民。我的

But in the longer term autonomous vehicles will drive the reinvention of transport. The first examples have already hit the road. Google is testing autonomous cars on streets near its headquarters in Mountain View. A startup called nuTonomy recently launched a self-driving taxi service in Singapore. Tesla’s electric cars are packed full of

driver-assistance technology. And within the next few weeks Uber itself will offer riders in Pittsburgh the chance to hail an autonomous car (though a human will be on hand to take back the wheel if needed).

但从长远来看，自动车将推动交通工具变革。第一批自动车已经上路。谷歌正在其位于mountain view附近的街道上测试自动驾驶车辆。一家名为nu Tonomy的初创公司最近在新驾车发布了自驾出租服务。特拉斯的电动车配有各种辅助驾驶员的技术。未来几周内，优步将为Pittburgh的乘客提供叫自动车的机会（尽管优步会提供一名驾驶员，必要时接手驾驶任务。）

Self-driving cars will reinforce trends unleashed by ride-hailing, making it cheaper and more accessible. The disabled, the old and the young will find it easier to go where they want. Many more people will opt out of car ownership altogether. An OECD study that modelled the use of self-driving cars in Lisbon found that shared autonomous vehicles could reduce the number of cars needed by 80-90%. As car ownership declines, the enormous amount of space devoted to parking—as much as a quarter of the area of some American cities—will be available for parks and housing instead.

自驾车将巩固叫车服务引发的潮流，进一步降低叫车服务的价格，使更多人可以享受叫车服务。残疾人、老年人以及老年人都将感觉到去想去的地方更方便了。更多人会选择完全放弃拥有一辆车。一项以自驾车使用为模型的OECD研究显示，共享自动交通工具可以减少需求车辆总量的80-90%。车少了，原本用于停车的大量土地-占地面积达有些美国城市的四分之一--将可以用来建公园或者建住房。

It is not clear which companies will dominate this world or how profitable it will be. Uber will not win in its current form: a ride-hailing business which depends on human drivers cannot compete on roads full of self-driving cars. But this existential threat is spurring the firm’s innovation. With its strong brand and large cu stomer base, Uber aims to establish itself as the leading provider of transport services in a self-driving world. It is also

branching out into new areas, such as food delivery and long-distance cargo haulage using autonomous trucks. There is logic in this ambition. Carmakers lack Uber’s experience as a service provider, or its deep knowledge of demand patterns and customer behaviour.

哪些公司将主导这个市场，这个市场利润大小都尚不清楚。优步依靠现有的模式并不能获胜：依赖人工驾驶的叫车业务无法在满是自驾车的道路上形成竞争力。但是这种潜在的威胁却激发了优步的创造欲望。优步拥有强大的品牌和客户群，旨在将自己打造成自驾行业里顶级的交通服务供应商。优步还将业务扩展到很多新的领域，如实物配送，用自动卡车进行远途货物运输等业务。这种野心并非毫无道理。汽车制造商缺少优步在服务供应方面的经验，或者说缺少优步对需求模式和消费者行为那种深度认识。

But firms that pioneer new technological trends do not always manage to stay on top. Think of Nokia and BlackBerry in smartphones, Kodak in digital cameras or MySpace in social networking. Much will depend on which firm best handles the regulators. Technology companies have a history of trying new things first and asking for permission later. Uber’s success in ride-hailing owes much to this recipe, yet when it comes to autonomous vehicles, the combination of vague rules and imperfect technology can have deadly consequences.

但是作为新技术潮流前锋的各家公司并不能一直占据前沿位置。想想智能手机领域的诺基亚和黑莓，数码相机领域的柯达，以及社交网络领域的我的空间（MySpace）。哪家公司能引领潮流取决于谁能最妥当地处理与监管机构之间的关系。技术公司有先斩后奏的先例。优步在叫车服务商的成功很大程度上归功于这种做法，但是对自动车辆来说，规章制度模糊加之技术不完善会造成致命性的后果。

Even for the winners, it is not clear how great the rewards will be. As more firms pile into ride-sharing, and autonomous vehicles become part of the mix, the business may prove to be less lucrative than expected. By matching riders with drivers, Uber can offer transport services without owning a single vehicle, and keep the lion’s share of the profits. But if its service becomes an integral part of urban transport infrastructure, as it hopes, Uber could end up being regulated, more highly taxed, broken up or all of the above. In a self-driving world, Uber might also have to own and operate its own fleet, undermining its “asset-light” model. The would-be high-margin digital disrupter would then look more like a low-margin airline.

即使对胜出者来说，利润到底有多大也还是个未知数。涌入拼车行业的公司日渐增多，自动车辆成为这个行业的一部分，人们会发现这项业务或许没有他们期待的那么利润丰厚。通过将乘客和司机进行匹配，即使个人没有车，优步也可以提供交通服务，并在利润分配中享得大份。但是如果它提供的服务如其所期，成为城市交通基础设施不可或缺的一部分，那么优步就可以脱离管制，不在交高额的税金，免于被击败，或者可以获得以上全部权利。在自驾行业，优步也必须拥有自己的车队，运营自己的车队，才能巩固其“轻资产”的模式。这样，即使优步想成为获得高利润的数字化破坏者，也会看上去更像一家低盈利的航空公司。

The great road race

浩荡道路竞赛

For now Uber is the firm to beat in the race to transform the future of personal transport. Unlike Apple or Google, it is singularly focused on transport; unlike incumbent carmakers, it does not have a legacy car-manufacturing business to protect. Its recent rapprochement with Didi, its main rival in China, has removed a major distraction, allowing it to devote its $9 billion war chest to developing new technology. Its vision of the future is plausible and

compelling. It could yet prove a Moses company, never reaching its promised land—it might end up like Hoover, lending its name to a new product category without actually dominating it. But whether Uber itself wins or loses, we are all on the road to Uberworld.

现在，优步是这场改变私人交通未来发展趋势的竞争中的众矢之的。不像苹果和谷歌，它专攻交通；也不想现有的汽车制造商，它没有汽车制造行业需要保护的遗产。它最近与其在中国的主要竞争对手滴滴打车达成和解，剔除了主要分歧，因而可以量90亿的竞争资金投入到研发新技术上。优步对未来的构想看似有理有据、令人信服。但是终归是另一个Moses公司，从未抵达承诺过的国度---也有可能结局像胡佛公司那样，将其名字借用给新的产品类别，而没有对该产品类别的实际掌控权。但是不论优步成败，我们都在通往“优步天下”的路上了。

经济学人经济类文章精选3

What went wrong IN RECENT months many economists and policymakers, including such unlikely bedfellows as Paul Krugman, an economist and New York Times columnist, and Hank Paulson, a former American treasury secretary, have put “global imbalances”—the huge current-account surpluses run by countries like China, alongside America’s huge deficit—at the root of the financial crisis. But the IMF disagrees. It argues, in new papers released on Friday March 6th, that the “main culprit” was deficient regulation of t he financial system, together with a failure of market discipline. Olivier Blanchard, the IMF's chief economist, said this week that global imbalances contributed only “indirectly” to the crisis. This may sound like buck-passing by the world’s main interna tional macroeconomic organisation. But the distinction has important consequences for whether macroeconomic policy or more regulation of financial markets will provide the solutions to the mess. In broad strokes, the global imbalances view of the crisis argues that a glut of money from countries with high savings rates, such as China and the oil-producing states, came flooding into America. This kept interest rates low and fuelled the credit boom and the related boom in the prices of assets, such as houses and equity, whose collapse precipitated the financial crisis. A workable long-term fix for the problems of the world economy would, therefore, involve figuring out what to do about these imbalances. But the IMF argues that imbalances could not have caused the crisis without the creative ability of financial institutions to develop new structures and instruments to cater to investors’ demand for higher yields. These instruments turned out to be more risky than they appeared. Investors, overly optimistic about continued rises in asset prices, did not look closely into the nature of the assets that they bought, preferring to rely on the analysis of credit-rating agencies which were, in some cases, also selling advice on how to game the ratings system. This “failure of market discipline”, the fund argues, played a big role in the crisis. As big a problem, according to the IMF, was that financial regulation was flawed, ineffective and too limited in scope. What it calls the “shadow banking system”—the loosely regulated but highly interconnected network of investment banks, hedge funds, mortgage originators, and the like—was not subject to the sorts of prudential regulation (capital-adequacy norms, for example) that applied to banks. In part, the fund argues, this was because they were not thought to be systemically important, in the sense that banks were understood to be. But their being unregulated made it more attractive for banks (whose affiliates the non-banks often were) to evade capital requirements by pushing risk into these entities. In time, this network of institutions grew so large that they were indeed systemically important: in the now-familiar phrase, they were “too big” or “too interconnected” to fail. By late 2007, some estimates of the assets of the bank-like institutions in America outside the scope of existing prudential regulation, was around $10 trillion, as large as the assets of the regulated American banking system itself. Given this interpretation, it is not surprising that the IMF has thrown its weight strongly behind an enormous increase in the scale and scope of financial regulation in a series of papers leading up to the G20 meetings. Among many other proposals, it wants the shadow banking system to be subjected to the same sorts of prudential requirements that banks must follow. Sensibly, it is calling for regulation to concentrate on what an institution does, not what it is called (that is, the basis of regulation should be activities, not entities). It also wants regulators to focus more broadly on

经济学人杂志

经济学人杂志 Suga Yoshihide became Japan’s 99th prime minister. He won the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party with 377 votes of a possible535, following Abe Shinzo’s resignation due to ill health in August. Mr. Suga, who served as Mr. Abe’s chief cabinet secretary, has promised continuity. But his background and stated priorities suggest a narrower focus on the economy。 菅义伟成为日本第99届首相。在安倍晋三八月份由于生病离职之后，他赢得了自由民主党535票中377票，从而获得领导权。菅义伟先生（曾经作为安倍晋三的内阁官房长官）承诺继续安倍的政策。但是他的背景和陈述出来的施政的优先权显示他对经济的聚焦将会减弱。 Thailand became the first South-East Asian country to lose tourism restrictions introduced during the pandemic. Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter. Malaysia’s prime minister, by contrast, said he would tighten controls at borders. Singapore will give all adult residents vouchers worth S$100 ($73) to spend on local hotels and sights.

2020考研：考研同源外刊《经济学人》最常用600个词汇(下)

考研同源外刊《经济学人》最常用600个词汇（下） 401、Final goods最终产品 旨在最终使用而非转卖或进一步加工的商品。(参见"中间产品"，intermediate goods) 402、Financial economics金融经济学 经济学的一个分支。分析理性投资者如何通过最有效的方式使用资金和进行投资以期达到目标。 403、Financial intermediary金融中介 接受储蓄存款并将其出借给借款者的机构。包括存款机构(如商业银行和储蓄银行)和非存款机构(如货币市场共同基金、经纪人商行、保险公司或养老基金)。 404、Firm(business firm)厂商 (企业)经济体系中基本的私人生产单位。它雇用劳动，购买其他投入品，以制造和销售商品。 405、Fiscal-monetary mix财政-货币政策组合 用以干预宏观经济活动的财政政策和货币政策的组合。紧缩的货币政策和宽松的财政政策，倾向于鼓励消费和抑制投资。而宽松的货币政策和紧缩的财政政策，则具有相反的功效。 406、Fiscal policy财政政策 一种政府计划。内容包括：(1)商品和服务的购买及转移支付等支出；(2)税收的数量和种类。 407、Fiscal cost固定成本 见固定成本(cost，fixed)。 408、Fixed exchange rate固定汇率

见外汇汇率(foreign exchangs rate)。 409、Flexible exchange rates弹性汇率制 一种国际汇率制度。在该制度条件下，汇率主要由市场力量(即供给和需求)决定，政府不设定及维持某种特定的汇率。有时也称作"浮动汇率制"(floating exchange rates)。当政府对外汇市场不加干预时，该制度称为纯粹的浮动汇率制。 410、Floating exchange rates浮动汇率制 见弹性汇率制(flexible exchange rates)。 411、Flow vs stock流量与存量 流量是指，带有时间跨度或曰在一个时段上所累积变动的量(好比通过一个河段的水流)。存量则指，在某一个时点上某一变量的量值(如同湖中所盛的水)。收人代表每一年的美元流入数，因此是一个流量。而到1998年12月为止某人的财富则是一个存量。 412、Foreign exchange外汇 各国用以偿付对他国所欠债务的通货(或其他金融票据)。 413、Foreign exchange market外汇市场 不同国家的通货进行交易的市场。 414、Foreign exchange rate外汇汇率 一国通货与他国通货的交换比率或曰价格。例如，如果你可以用1美元购买19德国马克，那么马克的汇率就是19。如果一国通货钉住某一汇率水平，并准备随时捍卫这一汇率，则称该国实行的是固定汇率制(fixed ex-change rate)。而由市场供求力量来决定的汇率称为弹性汇率制(flexible exchange rates)。 415、Fourfirm concentration rate四企业集中度 见集中度(concentration ratio)。 416、Fractional-reserve banking部分准备金 银行制度现代银行体系的一种管制形式。依法要求有关金融机构将其所吸收的存款

考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020021502

Youngsters’job preferences and prospects are mismatched 年轻人的工作偏好与就业前景不相匹配 Teenage picks 青少年的选择 The world of work is changing.Are people ready for the new job outlook? A survey of15-year-olds across41countries by the OECD,a club of mostly rich countries,found that teenagers may have unrealistic expectations about the kind of work that will be available. 职业的世界正在发生变化。人们做好准备接受新的就业观了吗？世界经合组织（一个以发达国家为主的组织）对41个国家的15岁青少年进行了一项调查，结果发现青少年对于未来可能从事的工作抱有不切实际的期望。 Four of the five most popular choices were traditional professional roles: doctors,teachers,business managers and lawyers. Teenagers clustered around the most popular jobs,with the top ten being chosen by47%of boys and53%of girls.Those shares were significantly higher than when the survey was conducted back in2000. 在五个最受欢迎的职业选择中有四个是传统的职业角色：医生、教师、企业经理和律师。青少年对于最受欢迎工作的选择呈现了聚集性，有47％的男孩和53％的女孩选择了排在前十位的职业。这一比例显著高于2000年调查时的水平。 The rationale for this selection was partly down to wishful thinking on the part of those surveyed(designers,actors and musical performers were three of the top15jobs).Youth must be allowed a bit of hope. 受访者做出这一选择往往是出于自己的一厢情愿（最受欢迎的15个职业中有3个分别是设计师、演员和歌手）。我们必须给年轻人一点希望。

高中英语 【高考阅读拔高训练】精选外刊篇章解析 经济学人：Rural education in China

经济学人：中国乡村教育 写在前面的话： 篇章阅读一直是高考英语拉分重点，也是同学们一直头疼的问题。对于阅读部分，同学们一方面要掌握答题技巧，扩充词汇量，另一方面也要拓展自己的阅读面，尤其是阅读一些外刊原文，体会英文地道表达和文章结构的呈现方式。虽然一开始会很难，但是长期坚持下去，阅读能力就会有质的提升！ 对于本资料的使用： 如果你是阅读一般，平时不能完全看懂文章，答题正确率较低的同学，先不要阅读原文，直接阅读每个段落的词汇详解部分，打好词汇基础。然后看每个段落的句子分析，再打开本文，进行阅读，回顾词汇及句子分析，感受原文风采。 如果你是阅读能力强，词汇储备量高，答题正确率高的同学，可直接阅读本篇外刊文章，挑战自己，尽最大能力去理解文章中的句子含义，了解文章大意。之后再看下面的词汇详细介绍，查缺补漏。如此，进一步提升自己的阅读能力，强化语言实力。 So, are you ready now ? Let's read it! 篇章总览 来源：本文来自经济学人2017.4.15. 主要内容：中国乡村教育现状。 语言特点：中国特色表达；高频中等词汇；写作亮点短语；固定搭配短语；熟词僻义。Rural education in China ：Separate and unequal Last year some images spread on the internet in China. They showed children descending an 800-metre (2,600-foot) rock face on rickety ladders made of vines, wood and rusty metal. Their destination: school. The photographer was told by a local official that "seven or eight" people had died after losing their grip. Yet the children did this regularly—there is no school at the top of the mountain in Sichuan province where they live. The photographs conveyed two striking aspects of life in the Chinese countryside: a hunger for education so strong that children will risk their lives for it, and a lack of government attention to the needs of rural students. In many ways, education in China is improving. Since 2000 the annual tally of students graduating from university has increased nearly eightfold, to more than 7.5 million. But many rural students are neglected by China's school system, and they are not the only ones. So too are the children of migrants who have moved to the cities from the countryside and poor students who want to go to senior high school. This is not only unfair; it is also counterproductive. China faces a demographic crunch: its workforce is shrinking and it can no longer depend on cheap, low-skilled migrant labour to

2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三六

Japanese commuters try new ways to deter gropers 日本通勤族尝试用新方法防止性骚扰 Victims are fighting back with apps,badges and invisible ink 受害者正在用应用程序、徽章和隐形墨水来反击 Throughout her20s,Yayoi Matsunaga was groped,almost daily,on packed rush-hour trains going to and from work.Three decades later,she discovered that her friend’s daughter was being molested on her commute to high school. 在松永弥生20多岁的时候，她几乎每天都会在上下班高峰拥挤的列车上被人骚扰。30年过去了，她发现她朋友的女儿仍会在上高中的通勤路上被人骚扰。 The teenager,after fruitless talks with the police and railway companies, decided to hang a sign from her bag that read:“Groping is a crime.I will not cry myself to sleep.”The groping stopped immediately. 在与警方和铁路部门交涉无果后，这名女孩决定在她的书包上挂一个牌子，上面写着：“性骚扰就是犯罪，我不会暗自哭泣的。”效果立竿见影。 Inspired,Ms Matsunaga launched a crowdfunding campaign in2015to create badges with the same message.They proved as effective as the sign: nearly95%of users stopped experiencing groping on public transport, according to a survey.

TheEconomist《经济学人》常用

1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage） 如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。 2、逆向选择（Adverse choice） 在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。 3、选择成本（Alternative cost） 如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。 4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand） 如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于 -（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2） 5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information） 在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。 6、平均成本（Average cost） 平均成本是总成本除以产量。也称为平均总成本。 7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost） 平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。 8、平均产品（Average product） 平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。 9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost） 平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。 10、投资的β(Beta） β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。11、债券收益(Bond yield） 债券收益是债券所获得的利率。 12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart） 收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收 益和总成本是如何变化的。收支平衡点是为避免损失而 必须卖出的最小数量。 13、预算线(Budget line） 预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的 全部组合。它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价 格再乘以一1。 14、捆绑销售（Bundling） 捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段，出售两种产品的厂 商，要求购买其中一种产品的客户，也要购买另一种产 品。 15、资本（Capital） 资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂 房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。 16、资本收益（Capital gain） 资本收益是指人们卖出股票（或其他资产）时所获得的 超过原来为它支付的那一部分。 17、资本主义（Capitalism） 资本主义是一种市场体系，它依赖价格体系去解决基本 的经济问题：生产什么？如何生产？怎样分配？经济增 长率应为多少？ 18、基数效用(Cardinal utility） 基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义 上可以度量的效用（它意味着效用之间的差别，即边际 效用，是有意义的）。序数效用与它相反，它只在序数 的层面上才有意义。 19、卡特尔（Cartel） 卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议 这样一种市场结构形态。 20、科布一道格拉斯生产函数（Cobb-Douglas production function） 科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数 Q=AL"IK"2 Mi3。式中，Q为产量；L为劳动的数量；K为资本的数 量；M为原材料的数量；A，31，12，23均为常数。 21、勾结（Collision） 勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、 产量和其他事宜的协议。 22、比较优势（Comparative advantage） 如果与生产其他商品的成本相比，一个国家生产的某种 产品的成本比另一个国家低，那么，该国就在这种商品 的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势。 23、互补品（Complements） 如果X和Y是互补品，X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向 变化。 24、成本不变行业（Constant-cost industry） 成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业， 它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降。 25、规模收益不变（Constant returns to scale） 如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加，并导致 产量也以相同的百分数增加，就是规模收益不变的。 26、消费者剩余（Consumer surplus） 消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付 的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差。 27、可竞争市场（Contestable market） 可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本 的市场。可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就 1

0113期经济学人第一篇The digital proletariat

Free exchange 自由交易 The digital proletariat 数字无产阶级（无产阶级，不占有生产资料的阶级，这里意思我们产生数据，却无偿的交由互联网公司使用） 导读： Economists propose a radical solution to the problems posed byartificial intelligence 经济学家提出了一个彻底解决人工智能相关问题的方法。 正文： YOUhave multiple jobs, whetheryouknowitornot. 不管你有没有意识到，你身上都有多种生意。 Most begin first thing in the morning, when you pick up your phoneand begin generatingthe data thatmake up Silicon Valley’smost importantresource. 大多数生意在早晨开始，你拿起手机时就开始产生了数据。这些数据组成了硅谷最重要的资源 That, atleast, ishowwe oughtto think aboutthe role ofdata-creation in the economy, according to a fascinating new economics paper. 至少，这就是我们应该思考的：数据创造在经济里扮演怎样的角色，这是根据一篇很有吸引力的新经济文章提到的。

We are all digital labourers, helpingmake possible the fortunes generated by firms like Google andFacebook, the authors argue. 其中作者认为，我们就是所有数字的劳工，帮助像谷歌和脸书这样的公司创造财富。（fortunes命运，幸运，富有）Ifthe economy is to function properlyin the future—and ifa crisisoftechnological unemployment isto be avoided—we musttake accountofthis, and change the relationship between biginternetcompaniesand theirusers. 在未来经济运转良好的情况下，如果想要避免工业发展带来的失业危机，我们必须着眼于这件事情，并且改变大型互联网公司和他们用户之间的关系。 Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and stands poised totransform a host of industries, say the authors 作者说，人工智能势头一直越来越好，势必（准备）改变一大批工业。 But, in orderto learn to drive a carorrecognize a face, the algorithmsthatmake clever machines tick（滴答，拟声词，表示机器运作）mustusuallybe trained on massive amountsofdata. 但是，为了做到自动驾驶和人脸识别（主语是AI），使智能机器运作的法则必须经常用非常大量的数据进行测试。Internetfirms gather these data from users every time they click on aGoogle search result, say, orissue a command to Alexa.

考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020082202

Cloth of gold 一块价值堪比黄金的布 Why the economic value of a face mask is$56.14 为什么说一个口罩的经济价值是56.14美元 After a brutal first six months of the year,governments across the world are hoping for an economic bounce-back.Rich-world GDP fell by about 10%in the first half of2020. 在经历今年上半年的残酷考验后，世界各国政府都期待经济能够触底反弹。2020年上半年，发达国家的GDP下降了约10%。 Yet much has changed since—including that more people are now wearing masks.Economists,obsessed with translating everything into GDP,wonder if more widespread face-covering could help the recovery.然而，自从越来越多的人戴上口罩后，情况发生了显著变化。经济学家痴迷于用GDP来解释一切事物，如今他们想知道，随着更多的人戴上了口罩，经济能否走向复苏。The thinking goes that masks can,in part,substitute for lockdowns. People wearing them need not be discouraged as much from using public transport.More shops and offices might be able to reopen,albeit while practising social distancing. 这种想法基于这样一个逻辑，戴口罩在一定程度上可以代替封锁措施。当人们戴上口罩后，就不必再对公共交通工具进行限制了。更多的商店和办公室也将重新开放，尽管是在保持社交距离的前提下。 Calculations from Goldman Sachs,a bank,suggest that a15 percentage-point rise in the share of the population that wears masks

大家论坛_CATTI人事部翻译配套训练--英语口译实务2级

史上最全CATTI全国人事部翻译考试精华资料（教材、真题、练习）汇总参加2011年5月及11月CATTI二三级口笔译学习小组计划(找考友请进) [大家网原创]版主友情提醒：2010年下半年始英语二三级笔译综大纲微调之比较 [热烈庆祝三笔汉译英预测成功！]根据历届真题来源预测2010.11三笔实务[大家论坛原创] 版主深请呼唤~二三级口笔译考试真题练兵场 2010最新官方指定教材： [大家网首发]2010年7月版《三级口笔译考试大纲》最新修订版下载 [大家网首发]2010年7月版《二级口笔译考试大纲》最新修订版下载 [大家网首发]2010年下半年最新修订版《英语三级笔译实务》试卷样题及官方答案word 2010年下半年最新修订版英语二级笔译实务试卷样题及参考答案word 2010下半年最新英语2级《笔译综合》样卷及答案word下载 【首发共享】CATTI2009版最新英语口笔译综合能力及实务PDF+MP3下载 2004-2007版官方指定教材: 2007年版《英语笔译实务三级》PDF下载 2006年版英语二级笔译综合能力+笔译实务PDF下载 2006年版英语三级口译综合能力+笔译实务PDF及MP3下载 2004年版《英语三级翻译口笔译考试大纲》PDF下载 2004年版英语二级翻译口笔译考试大纲（修订版）PDF下载 2003-2010.11历届真题及模拟题： 2010年11月人事部翻译二三级口笔译网友真题回忆及经验整理汇总 2010年5月人事部二三级口笔译真题（回忆和经验） CATTI全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试三级笔译真题2006——2010 外文出版社《英语3级笔译考试真题精选》PDF电子书下载 外文出版社《英语2级笔译考试真题精选》PDF电子书下载 《英语3级笔译考试真题详解(2003-2005) 》PDF下载 《英语3级口译考试真题详解(2003-2005)》(PDF+MP3)下载 《英语2级笔译考试真题详解：2003-2005》PDF下载 《英语2级口译考试真题详解：2003-2005》(PDF+MP3)下载 [大家网首发]《英语笔译全真模拟题与解析3级》PDF电子书下载 [大家网首发]《英语笔译全真模拟题及解析2级》PDF下载 [大家网首发]《英语口译全真模拟试题及解析2级》电子书下载 [大家网首发]《英语口译全真模拟试题及解析3级》电子书下载 词汇及教程： [大家网首发]《英语口译常用词汇应试手册》（二三级通用）(2010-07出版)下载 【大家网首发】《翻译资格考试必备_口笔译高频词汇》王斌华 (2010-01出版)PDF下载 [大家网首发]外文出版社《英语备考词汇全攻略(2级)》电子书下载 [大家网首发]外文出版社《英语备考词汇全攻略(3级)》电子版下载 CATTI英语二三级笔译词汇必备word下载

2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三零

TikTok time-bomb 抖音，一颗定时炸弹 TikTok’s silly clips raise some serious questions 抖音的搞笑视频带来了一些严肃的问题 If this article were a TikTok video,it would already be almost over—and you would be smiling.TikTok’s15-second clips are all the rage among teenage netizens. 如果这篇文章是一段抖音短视频的话，那么到这会应该就快结束了，而此时的你应该在哈哈大笑。抖音的15秒短视频在青少年网民中风靡一时。 The app was downloaded more than750m times in the past12months, more than Facebook plus its sister services,Instagram and WhatsApp, combined.Fun aside,TikTok raises serious questions—about data geopolitics,the power of internet incumbents and who sees what online. 这款应用在过去的一年的下载量高达7.5亿次，超过了Facebook及其姊妹应用Instagram和WhatsApp的总和。除了给人们带来欢乐外，抖音也带来了一些严肃的问题，例如数据地缘政治、互联网公司的力量以及用户能看到什么内容。 TikTok is YouTube on steroids.It bombards users with self-repeating clips. It forms a genre of quick-hit entertainment:a prank,a dare,a teenager looking pretty.Most are produced by adolescents,with easy-to-use

经济学人

China in Laos Busted flush How a Sino-Lao special economic zone hit the skids May 26th 2011 | BOTEN, LAOS | from the print edition ?Tweet ? Soon all this will be jungle again AT HOME and abroad, China is a byword for fast-track development, where yesterday’s paddy field is tomorrow’s factory, highway or hotel. Less noticed is that such development can just as quickly go into reverse. Golden City, in Boten, just over the border from China in tiny Laos, is a case in point. When a Hong Kong-registered company signed a 30-year, renewable lease with the Lao government in 2003 to set up a 1,640-hectare special economic zone built with mainland money and expertise, Golden City was touted as a

经济学人两篇+翻译

Disney Star Wars, Disney and myth-making How one company came to master the business of storytelling FROM a galaxy far, far away to a cinema just down the road: “The Force Awakens”, the newest instalment of the Star Wars saga, is inescapable this Christmas. The first Star Wars title since Lucasfilm, the owner of the franchise, was acquired by Disney in 2012 for $4.1 billion, it represents more than just the revival of a beloved science-fiction series. It is the latest example of the way Disney has prospered over the past decade from a series of shrewd acquisitions (see article). Having bought Pixar, Marvel and Lucasfilm, Disney has skilfullycapitalised on their intellectual property—and in so doing, cemented its position as the market leader in the industrialisation of mythology. Its success rests on its mastery of the three elements of modern myth-making: tropes, technology and toys. From Homer to Han Solo Start with the tropes. Disney properties, which include everything from “Thor” to “Toy Story”, draw on well-worn devices of mythic structure to give their stories cultural resonance. Walt Disney himself had an intuitive grasp of the power of fables. George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, is an avid student of the work of Joseph Campbell, an American comparative mythologist who outlined the “monomyth” structure in which a hero answers a call, is assisted by a mentor figure, voyages to another world, survives various trials and emerges triumphant. Both film-makers merrily plundered ancient mythology and folklore. The Marvel universe goes even further, directly appropriating chunks of Greco-Roman and Norse mythology. (This makes Disney's enthusiasm for fierce enforcement of intellectual-property laws, and the seemingly perpetual extension of copyright, somewhat ironic.) The internal mechanics of myths may not have changed much over the ages, but the technology used to impart them certainly has. That highlights Disney's second area of expertise. In Homer's day, legends were passed on in the form of dactylic hexameters; modern myth-makers prefer computer graphics, special effects, 3D projection, surround sound and internet video distribution,