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1998年八级试卷及答案

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN.) (Score: ) 1998 TEXT A

Low self-esteem pops up regularly in academic reports as an explanation for all sorts of violence, from hate crimes and street crimes to terrorism. But despite the popularity of the explanation, not much evidence backs it up. In a recent issue of Psychological Review, three researchers examine this literature at length and conclude that a much stronger link connects high self-esteem to violence. “It is difficult to maintain belief in the low self-esteem view after seeing that the more violent groups are generally the ones with higher self-esteem,” write Roy Baumeister of Case Western Reserve University and Laura Smart and Joseph Boden of the University of Virginia.

The conventional view is that people without self-esteem try to gain it by hurting others. The researchers find that violence is much more often the work of people with unrealistically high self-esteem attacking others who challenge their self-image. Under this umbrella come bullies, rapists, racists, psychopaths and members of street gangs and organized crime.

The study concludes: "Certain forms of high self-esteem seem to increase one's proneness to violence. An uncritical endorsement of the cultural value of self-esteem may therefore be counterproductive and even dangerous. ... The societal pursuit of high self-esteem for everyone may literally end up doing considerable harm."

As for prison programs intended to make violent convicts feel better about themselves, "perhaps it would be better to try instilling modesty and humility," the researchers write.

In an interview with the Boston Globe, Baumeister said he believes the "self"-promoting establishment is starting to crumble. "What would work better for the country is to forget about self-esteem and concentrate on self-control," he said.

In the schools, this would mean turning away from psychic boosterism and emphasizing self-esteem as a by-product of real achievement, not as an end in itself. The self-esteem movement, still entrenched in schools of education, is deeply implicated in the dumbing down of our schools, and in the spurious equality behind the idea that it is a terrible psychic blow if one student does any better or any worse than another. Let's hope it is indeed crumbling.

16. The researcher find that there are stronger connections between ____.

A. low self-esteem and violence.

B. low self-control and violence.

C. high self-image and violence.

D. high self-control and violence.

17. The researchers would most probably agree with the following EXCEPT ____.

A. self-esteem should be promoted and encouraged.

B. schools should change their concept of self-esteem.

C. the traditional view is beginning to lose ground.

D. prisons should change their present practice.

TEXT B

Social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous ones, simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the former. There are more ideas, more conflicts of interest, and more groups and organizations of different persuasions. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and tolerance in heterogeneous societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision rather than subjecting them to authority. In a quite homogeneous society, there are fewer occasions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change, because everything seems to be the same and, if not satisfactory, at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily (1) in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; (2) in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; (3) in the less basic, less emotional, or less sacred aspects of society than in their opposites, like religion or a system of prestige; (4) in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; (5) in form rather than in substance; and (6) in elements congenial to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.

18. According to the passage, the main difference between a homogeneous society and a heterogeneous one lies in ____.

A. the number of opportunities offered.

B. the nature of conflicts of interest.

C. the awareness of the need for change.

D. the role of social organizations.

19. The author would most probably agree that changes are more likely to be successful in ____.

A. production methods.

B. ideological concepts.

C. religious beliefs.

D. social behaviour.

TEXT C

One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall. People in jobs will work fewer hours in the day, fewer days in the week, fewer weeks in the year, and fewer years in a lifetime, than they do now. This will mean that more jobs will be available for more people. This, it is said, is the way we should set about restoring full employment.

There is no doubt that something of this kind will happen. The shorter working week, longer holidays, earlier retirement, job-sharing -- these and other ways of reducing the amount of time people spend on their jobs -- are certainly likely to spread. A mix of part-time paid work and part-time unpaid work is likely to become a much more common work pattern than today, and a flexi-life pattern of work -- involving paid employment at certain stages of life, but not at others -- will become widespread. But it is surely unrealistic to assume that this will make it possible to restore full employment as the dominant form of work.

In the first place, so long as employment remains the overwhelmingly important form of work and source of income for most people that it is today, it is very difficult to see how reductions in employees' working time can take place on a scale sufficiently large and at a pace sufficiently fast to make it possible to share out the available paid employment to everyone who wants it. Such negotiations as there have recently been, for example in Britain and Germany, about the possibility of introducing a 35-hour working week, have highlighted some of the difficulties. But, secondly, if changes of this kind were to take place at a pace and on a scale sufficient to make it possible to share employment among all who wanted it, the resulting situation -- in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week -- could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work. There would be so many people spending so much of their time on other activities, including other forms of useful work, that the primacy of employment would be bound to be called into question, at least to some extent.

20. The author uses the negotiations in Britain and Germany as an example to ____.

A. support reductions in employees' working time.

B. indicate employees are unwilling to share jobs.

C. prove the possibility of sharing paid employment.

D. show that employment will lose its dominance.

21. At the end of the passage the author seems to imply that as a result of shorter working time ____.

A. employment may not retain its usual importance.

B. employment may not be regarded as valid work.

C. people can be engaged in far less unpaid work.

D. people can be engaged in far more unpaid work.

22. The author's attitude towards future full employment is generally ____.

A. supportive.

B. wavering.

C. sceptical.

D. unclear.

TEXT D

During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote

novelties and fringe products. But when factory production got into full swing and new products, e.g. processed foods, came onto the market, national advertising campaigns and brand-naming of products became necessary. Before large-scale factory production, the typical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable and the task of distributing and selling goods had largely been undertaken by wholesalers. The small non-specialised factory which did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adapt its production according to changes in public demands.

But the economic depression which lasted from 1873 to 1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organisation and distribution and the new. From the beginning of the nineteenth century until the 1870s, production had steadily expanded and there had been a corresponding growth in retail outlets. But the depression brought on a crisis of over-production and under-consumption -- manufacture goods piled up unsold and prices and profits fell. Towards the end of the century many of the small industrial firms realised that they would be in a better position to weather economic depressions and slumps if they combined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket. They also realised that they would have to take steps to ensure that once their goods had been produced there was a market for them. This period ushered in the first phase of what economists now call monopoly capitalism', which, roughly speaking, refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant, conglomerate enterprises. Whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms, after the depression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products.

A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. From about the 1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap, produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and door-to-door sellers. Competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals. For instance, the future Lord Leverhulme decided to 'brand' his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty.

Lord Leverhulme was one of the first industrialists to realise that advertisements should contain `logical and considered' arguments as well as eye-catching and witty slogans. Many advertisers followed his lead and started to include reason-why' copy in their ads. For example, one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds. And an ad for Cadbury's cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits: 'for the infant it is a delight and a support; for the young girl, a source of healthy vigour; for the young miss in her teens a valuable aid to development ...' and so on. As the writer E.S. Turner rightly points out, the advertising of this period had reached the 'stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration'. Indeed advertise or bust seemed to be the rule of the day

as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not, or could not, advertise, were squeezed or bought out by the larger companies.

23. An example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution is ____.

A. a cooking utensil.

B. a new child's toy.

C. tinned fruit.

D. household soap.

24. One of the more aggressive selling methods in the soap trade by the leading companies was to ____.

A. buy out small firms.

B. take over distribution.

C. resort to product designing

D. keep contact with their customers.

25. In addition to distinctive packaging, contemporary products should also ____.

A. draw customers' attention to their benefits.

B. make customers aware of their attractiveness.

C. display details of the main ingredients.

D. focus on proclamation and iteration.

TEXT E

Pardon me: how are your manners?

The decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to Gentility Recalled, edited by Digby Anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that once regulated social conduct. It criticises the fact that "manners" are scorned as repressive and outdated.

The result, according to Mr. Anderson -- director of the Social Affairs Unit, an independent think-tank -- is a society characterised by rudeness: loutish behaviour on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad-tempered drivers.

Mr Anderson says the cumulative effect of these -- apparently trivial, but often offensive -- is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. As they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime.

When people lament the disintegration of law and order, he argues, what they generally mean is order, as manifested by courteous forms of social contact. Meanwhile, attempts to re-establish restraint and self-control through "politically correct" rules are artificial.

The book has contributions from 12 academics in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the "coarsening" of Britain. Old-fashioned terms such as "gentleman" and "lady" have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be re-evaluated, it says. Rachel Trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford, says that the notion of a "lady" protects women rather than demeaning them.

Feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures, she says. "Women, without some code of deference or respect, become increasingly victims."

Caroline Moore, the first woman fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, points out that "gentleman" is now used only with irony or derision.

"The popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between Woosteresque chinless wonders, and those heartless capitalist toffs who are ...the stock-in-trade of television."

She argues that the concept is neither class-bound nor rigid; conventions of gentlemanly behaviour enable a man to act naturally as and individual within shared assumptions while taking his place in society.

"Politeness is no constraint, precisely because the manners... are no `code' but a language, rich, flexible, restrained and infinitely subtle."

For Anthony O'Hear, professor of philosophy at the University of Bradford, manners are closely associated with the different forms of behaviour appropriate to age and status. They curb both the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age. Egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. "We have vice-chancellors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies... the trendy vicar on his motorbike."

Dr Athena Leoussi, sociology lecturer at Reading University, bemoans the deliberate neglect by people of their sartorial appearance.

Dress, she says, is the outward expression of attitudes and aspirations. The ubiquitousness of jeans" displays a utilitarian attitude" that has "led to the cultural impoverishment of everyday life".

Dr Leoussi says that while clothes used to be seen as a means of concealing taboo forces of sexuality and violence, certain fashions -- such as leather jackets -- have the opposite effect.

Dr Bruce Charlton, a lecturer in public health medicine in Newcastle upon Tyne, takes issue with the excessive informality of relations between professionals such as doctors and bank managers, and their clients. He says this has eroded the distance and respect necessary in such relationships. For Tristam Engelhardt, professor of medicine in Houston, Texas, says manners are bound to morals.

"Manners express a particular set of values," he says. "Good manners interpret and transform social reality. They provide social orientation."

26. According to the passage, the decline of good manners is more worrying because ____.

A. it leads to more crime in society.

B. people view manners as old-fashioned.

C. rudeness on the street cannot be stemmed out.

D. it can seriously affect our daily life.

27. Rachel Trickett seems to indicate the term "lady" ____.

A. has acquired a different meaning.

B. is too old-fashioned to use.

C. is preferred by feminists.

D. victimizes women in society.

28. According to Caroline Moore, the media has projected a ____ image of the gentleman.

A. humorous

B. favourable

C. negative

D. traditional

29. In Anthony O'Hear's view, a well mannered person ____.

A. acts rashly when he is young.

B. tends to be bad-tempered in old age.

C. behaves with a sense of appropriacy.

D. attaches importance to his status.

30. Dr. Bruce Charlton would probably prefer to see a more formal relationship ____.

A. among doctors.

B. among managers.

C. between doctors and managers.

D. between doctors and patients.

Part III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE [ 10 MIN.]

There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following can NOT be found in London?

A. Teahouses.

B. Galleries.

C. Museums.

D. Theatres.

2. Which of the following is NOT true about Britain?

A.It used to be an imperial country in the world.

B.It plays an active role as a member of European Union.

C.It is a relatively wealthy and developed country.

D.It used to be one of the superpowers in the world.

3. Which date of the following is the National Day of the U.S.A?

A. 1789.7.14

B.1776.7.4

C.1781.7.4

D. 1783.7.14

4. Which of the following phrase cannot be used to describe the continent of Australia?

A.the smallest continent

B.the largest island

C.the highest continent

D.the driest continent

5.Which of the following was a writer of the post-Revolutionary period?

A.Edgar Allan Poe

B.Natty Bumppo

C.Washington Irving

D.Rip Van Winkle

6. Which of the following is considered an American masterpiece?

A.The Last of the Mohicans

B. The legend of the Sleepy hollow

C. “The Masque of the Red Death”

D. Moby Dick

7. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism?

A. Keats

B. Shelley

C. Wordsworth

E.M. Foster

8. What does the Phonetics study?

A.The study of how speech sounds are produced and classified.

B.the study of how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning.

C.The study of how morphemes are combined to form words.

D.The study of how words and phrase are combined to form sentences.

9. As a feature of human language, what does the Arbitrariness mean?

A.There is no logical connection between meaning and sound

B.animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send

C.no animal can “talk “ about things removed from the immediate situation

D. a system consisting of two sets, or two levels, of structures, one being low and the other

higher.

10. As modern linguistics aims to described and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be_______.

A. prescriptive

B. communicative

C. descriptive

D. dative

PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN.)

When a human infant is born into any

community in any part of the world it has

two things in common with any infant, provided 1.

neither of them have been damaged in any way 2.

either before or during birth. Firstly, and

most obviously, new born children are completely

helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay 3.

attention to their helplessness by using sound,

there is nothing the new born child can do to

ensure his own survival. Without care from

some other human being or beings, be it mother,

grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely

to survive. This helplessness of human infants is in

marked contrast with the capacity of many new born

animals to get on their feet within minutes of 4.

birth and run with the herd within a few hours.

Although young animals are certainly in risk, 5.

sometimes for weeks or even months after

birth, compared with the human infant they

very quickly grow the capacity to fend for them. 6.

It is during this very long period in which

the human infant is totally dependent on the others 7.

that it reveals the second feature which it shares

with all other undamaged human infants, a capacity

to learn language. For this reason, biologists now

suggest that language be …species specific? to 8.

the human race, that is to say, they consider

the human infant to be genetic programmed in 9.

such way that it can acquire language. This 10. suggestion implies that just as human beings are

designed to see three-dimensionally and in colour,

and just as they are designed to stand upright

rather than to move on all fours, so they are

designed to learn and use language as part of

their normal development as well-formed human beings.

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN.)

16—20: C A C A B

21—25: A C B C A

26—30: D A C C D

Part III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE [ 10 MIN.]

ADBCC DDAAC

PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN.)

1.答案：any ∧→other

2.答案：have → has

3.答案：pay→ draw / call / attract / elicit

4.答案：on → to

5.答案：in → at / risk → danger

6.答案：them → themselves

7.答案：the → delete “the”

8.答案：be → is

9.答案：genetic → genetically

10.答案：such ∧→a

服务意识试卷

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【科教版】小升初科学试题含答案

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