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大一第一学期语文期末考试

一、背诵篇

滕文公节选

居天下之广居，立天下之正位，行天下之大道。得志，与民由之，不得志，独行其道。富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。此之谓大丈夫。

诗经.周南.桃夭

桃之夭夭，灼灼其华。之子于归，宜其室家。

桃之夭夭，有蕡其实。之子于归，宜其家室。

桃之夭夭，其叶蓁蓁。之子于归，宜其家人。

邶风.击鼓

击鼓其镗，踊跃用兵。土国城漕，我独南行。

从孙子仲，平陈与宋。不我以归，忧心有忡。

爰居爰处？爰丧其马？于以求之? 于林之下。

死生契阔，与子成说。执子之手，与子偕老。

于嗟阔兮，不我活兮。于嗟洵兮，不我信兮。

登金陵凤凰台----李白

凤凰台上凤凰游，凤去台空江自流。

吴宫花草埋幽径，晋代衣冠成古丘。

三山半落青天外，二水中分白鹭洲。

总为浮云能蔽日，长安不见使人愁。

永遇乐----李清照

落日熔金，暮云合璧，人在何处？染柳烟浓，吹梅笛怨，春意知几许？元宵佳节，融和天气，次第岂无风雨？来相召、香车宝马，谢他酒朋诗侣。

中州盛日，闺门多暇，记得偏重三五。铺翠冠儿，捻金雪柳，簇带争济楚。如今憔悴，风鬟霜鬓，怕见夜间出去。不如向、帘儿底下，听人笑语。

二、简答题

（一）红楼梦

1.《红楼梦》金玉良缘的制造者薛姨妈沉不住气了，于是表演了爱语慰痴颦的假戏。五个主要人物：紫鹃真“慧”，莽玉不“莽”，姨妈假“慈”，痴颦太“痴”，宝钗豁达却又藏奸。

2.紫鹃“慧”在于她三次试探宝玉，层层深入，最终试探出宝玉并非莽玉，而是情有独钟。第一番试玉，试出宝玉很在意黛玉。第二番，是借燕窝引出黛玉将回苏州去的话题，试出宝玉精神上受到了巨大冲击。第三番试玉，直接提出了定亲的问题，终于让宝玉为黛玉发出了“活着，咱们一处活着；不活着，咱们一处化灰化烟”的誓言。得到了宝玉的心里话，便开始筹划宝黛的婚事。紫鹃的慧还体现在善于护主，薛姨妈故作慈爱，说把林黛玉定给宝玉，紫鹃趁机将他一军，一针见血，深刻有力。

3.宝玉不莽，心里直装有林黛玉一个人。听说黛玉要远着他，他发了愣：“心中忽然浇了一盆冷水”“发了一回呆”“魂魄失守”；听说黛玉要回苏州，他发了狂“便如头顶响了一个焦雷一般，一头热汗，满脸紫胀”苏醒回来之后拉着紫鹃说“要去，连我带了去！”表明宝玉疯狂的爱着黛玉。宝玉发疯，看似可笑，实系内心炙热情感的外部表现。

4.黛玉之痴，表现在情怀的真挚上，她深深的爱着贾宝玉，听说宝玉快死了，大受刺激，呕出药水，大声咳嗽，“面目发乱，目肿筋浮，喘的抬不起头来”。推开

紫娟要勒死自己，誓共生死之情溢于言表。薛姨妈假意安慰，重又燃起黛玉的希望之情。黛玉竟然痴心到认薛姨妈为干妈。

（二）诗经

诗经是中国最早一部诗集，收入自西周初年至春秋中叶诗歌共305篇，又称《诗》或《诗三百》。西汉时被称为儒家经典。当时都是配合音乐演唱的歌词。按音乐性质分风、雅、颂三类。《风》从15个地区共160篇。《雅》按音乐不同分为《大雅》31篇，《小雅》74篇，共105篇。《颂》分为《周颂》31篇，《鲁颂》4篇，《商颂》5篇，共40篇。

（三）牡丹亭惊梦-汤显祖

又名《还魂记》，全剧55出。深刻揭露了封建礼教的残酷，批判了程朱理学“存天理，去人欲”的虚伪，反应了中国资本主义萌芽时期青年男女队自由爱情的渴望和个性解放的强烈要求，歌颂了他们为实现自己的理想所做的不屈不挠的斗争。

三、翻译

（一）孟子公孙丑

孟子说：“每个人都有怜悯体恤别人的心情。先王由于怜悯体恤别人的心情，所以才有怜悯体恤百姓的政治。用怜悯体恤别人的心情，施行怜悯体恤百姓的政治，治理天下就可以像在手掌心里面运转东西一样容易了。之所以说每个人都有怜悯体恤别人的心情，是因为，如果今天有人突然看见一个小孩要掉进井里面去了，必然会产生惊棋同情的。心理——这不是因为要想去和这孩子的父母拉关系，不是因为要想在乡邻朋友中博取声誉，也不是因为厌恶这孩子的哭叫声才产生这种惊惧问情心理的。由此看来，没有同情心，简直不是人；没有羞耻心，简直不是人；没有谦让心，简直不是人；没有是非心，简直不是人。同情心是仁的发端；羞耻心是义的发端；谦让心是礼的发端；是非心是智的发端。人有这四种发端，就像有四肢一样。有了这四种发端却自认为不行的，是自暴自弃的人；认为他的

君主不行的，是暴弃君主的人。凡是有这四种发端的人，知道都要扩大充实它们，就像火刚刚开始燃烧，泉水刚刚开始流淌。如果能够扩充它们，便足以安定天下，如果不能够扩充它们，就连赡养父母都成问题。”

（二）左转拘执不辱使命

晋国范宣子同各国大夫在向地会晤。会晤时准备拘捕姜戎首领驹子。范宣子亲自在殿上指责他，说：“来！姜戎氏！从前奏国人在瓜州追逐你的祖父吾离，你祖父吾离身披白茅，头戴荆条，前来归附我们先君。我们先君惠公仅有不多的田地，还与你们平分了，以供给食用。现在诸侯事奉我们国君不如从前了，大概是言语泄漏了出去，主要是由于你的缘故。明早会晤的事，你不要参加了。参加，就拘捕你。”驹支回答说：“从前秦国人倚仗他们人多，对土地贪得无厌，驱逐我们戎人。惠公表示了大恩大德，说我们戎人，是四岳的后代，不要抛弃这些人。赐给我们南部边境的田地，那里是狐狸居住，豺狼吼叫的地方。我们戎人铲除了那里的荆棘，驱逐了那里的狐狸豺狼，成为先君不侵扰不背叛的臣属，直到现在没有二心。”

“从前文公与秦国讨伐郑国，秦国人偷偷与郑国订盟，并在郑国安置了戍守的人，于是就发生了殽山之战。晋军在前面迎击，戎人在后面抵抗，秦军有来无回，实在是我们戎人使他陷入这个境地的。譬如捕鹿，晋国人抓住它的角，戎人拖住它的腿，与晋国人一起将它摔倒。戎人为什么不能免于罪？从这次战役以来，晋国的所有战役，我们戎人都是相继按时参加，前来追随执政，同殽山之战时的心意一样，岂敢背离疏远？现在执政下面的大夫们恐怕的确有不足的地方，而使诸侯离心，却归咎我们戎人！我们戎人的饮食衣服与华夏之族不同，货币不通，言语不同，怎能去做坏事？不到会参加，也没有什么可烦恼的。”于是朗诵了《青蝇》一诗，然后退出。宣子表示道歉，并让他到会参与事务，以便成全自己平易近人的君子的声名。

（三）秋声赋

欧阳子夜里正在读书，（忽然）听到有声音从西南方向传来，心里不禁悚然一听，惊道：“奇怪！”这声音初听时淅淅沥沥，萧萧飒飒，忽然变得汹涌澎湃，像是夜间（大海上）波涛突起，风雨骤然而至，碰到物体上，铮铮，好像金属相击。再（仔细）听，又像奔赴战场的军队正衔枚疾进，没有听到号令，只有人马行进的声音。于是对童子说：“这是什么声音？你出去看看。”童子回答说：“月色皎皎，星光灿烂，浩瀚银河，高悬中天。四下里没有人声，那声音是从树林间传来的。”

我恍然大悟，叹道：“哦，原来这是秋天的风声呀，真令人伤感，它怎么突然就来了呢？秋天总是这样：它的色调凄凄惨淡，云气消失，烟霭飘散；它的形貌爽朗清新，天空高远，日色晶明；它的气候清冷萧瑟，悲风凛冽，刺人肌骨；它的意境冷落苍凉，川流寂静，山林空旷。所以它发出的声音时而凄凄切切，时而呼啸激昂。秋风未起时，绿草如毯，丰美繁茂，树木葱茏，令人心旷神怡。然而它一旦来临，拂过草地，草就要变色，掠过森林，树就要落

叶。它用来摧败花草使树木凋零的，便是一种肃杀之气的余烈。

“秋天是刑官行刑的季节，它在时令上属阴；秋天又象征着用兵，它在五行中属金。这就是常说的‘天地之义气’，它常常以肃杀为意志。自然对于万物，是要它们在春天生长，在秋天结实。所以秋天在音乐的五声中又属商声，商声是代表西方的一种声音，而七月的音律是‘夷则’。商，也就是‘伤’的意思，万物衰老了，都会悲伤。夷，是杀戮的意思，凡万物过了繁盛期，都会走向衰败。

“呜呼，草木是无情之物，尚有衰败零落之时。人为动物，在万物中又最有灵性。有无穷无尽的忧愁来煎熬他的心，又有无数琐碎烦恼的事来劳累他的身体；费心劳神，必然会损耗精力。何况常常思考自己的力量所做不到的事情，忧虑自己的智慧所不能解决的问题，自然会使他鲜红滋润的肤色变得苍老枯槁，乌黑光亮的须发变得花白斑驳。人非金石，为什么却要以不是金石的肌体去像草木那样争一时的荣盛呢？仔细想想吧，伤害自己的到底是什么，又怎么可以去怨恨这秋声呢？”

童子没有应答，低头沉沉睡去，却听得四壁虫声唧唧，像在附和我的叹息。

牡丹亭游园惊梦

【步步娇】：袅晴丝吹来闲庭院，摇曳春如线。停半晌，整花细，没揣菱花，偷人半面，迤逗的彩云偏。步香闺怎便把全身现！

赏析：写杜丽娘对镜试妆，准备游园。本曲首二句是承上曲末句而来的。本曲写一个娇滴滴的少女在春光的招引下含情默默的微妙心理。娇羞之情，溢于言表。

【醉扶归】你道翠生生出落的裙衫儿茜，艳晶晶花簪八宝填，可知我常一生儿爱好是天然。恰三春好处无人见。不提放沉鱼落雁鸟惊喧，则怕的羞花闭月花愁颤。

赏析：写杜丽娘对自己美貌的赞赏，充分写出杜丽娘由自我觉醒到自我热爱的激情，体现了杜丽娘对自己青春年华的珍爱，流露出主人公对自由生活的向往，也是下面感春伤怀的重要心理基础。

【皂罗袍】原来姹紫嫣红开遍，似这般都付与断井残垣。良辰美景奈何天，赏心悦事谁家院！恁般景致，我老爷和奶奶再不提起。朝飞暮卷，云霞翠轩；雨丝风片，烟波画船。锦屏人忒看的这韶光贱！

赏析：杜丽娘步入后院，开始了全曲的第二部分。大自然灿烂绚丽把杜丽娘吸引了，杜丽娘情不自禁唱出了自己的心曲。作者通过场景的变换揭示了人物的内心世界，用姹紫嫣红概括出喧闹春景，接着又着意描写断井残垣的荒凉颓败，在强烈的极不协调的对比中，寄寓了深沉的感伤。是作者惊才绝艳之作，历来传唱不衰。

【好姐姐】遍青山啼红了杜鹃，荼蘼外烟丝醉软。春香呵，牡丹虽好，他春归怎占的先！成

对儿莺燕呵。闲凝眄，生生燕语明如剪，沥沥莺歌溜的圆。

【隔尾】观之不足由他缱，便赏遍了十二亭台是枉然。倒不如兴尽回家闲过遣。

赏析：准确的展示了杜丽娘突然跌落的心境，在一阵无可奈何的“枉然”，哀叹中结束了游园，是杜丽娘内心的情感痛苦从向往和自卑自怜中幡然猛醒而达到饱和，未下半出《惊梦》做铺垫。试试

精读篇目的知识点都是需要会背的，各章节概述中的的指点，文学常识。写译题不仅有翻译还有词语，就是词语解释和给拼音些字的类型。大家要留意一下！！！

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