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美国纽约州律师资格考试复习笔记证据法

E VIDENCE (33Q S)

Issues identified in practice:

?Judicial notice: 司法认知

?generally known in the jurisdiction or capable of ready and accurate determination;

?in civil case, conclusively established (mandatory) ; and, in criminal, may be taken by jury (discretionary)

?Impeachment by character for untruthfulness (reputation/opinion, bad act, prior conviction) →rehabilitation

?In civil fraud case, prior fraud is permitted either for character evidence (??) or for proving intent

?Business records: judge may exclude business records if (i) source of information lacks truthfulness, (ii) no

first-hand knowledge, (iii) purposed to prove what happened or not (for potential litigation) (note: this item (iii) is okay in NY)

?Dying declaration: in criminal case, victim must die because dying declaration is admissible only in homicide

case (if victim is not dead, no homicide case). Watch for attempted murder

Mini Review:

1.Character evidence

?Criminal case:

(1)Prosecutor can’t introduce bad character for the purpose of proving action in conformity with character;

(2) D is allowed to introduce good character to prove he acted in conformity with good character;

(3)If D provided good character evidence, Prosecutor is allowed to show bad character evidence (reputation

and opinion) and cross-examination of character witness by means of intrinsic evidence of “specific act”

(4)Evidence of other crimes are inadmissible for conformity purpose, but likely admissible for MIMIC

purpose;

(5)If D takes the stand, P may impeach D with character evidence of untruthfulness.

?Civil case:

(1)You can’t introduce character evidence to show conformity;

(2)Character evidence may be introduced for other purposes, such as negligent hiring/entrustment,

defamation, fraud, and MIMIC…;

(3)Watch for the difference between character evidence and habit evidence.

2.Impeachment

?Prior inconsistent statement

?Extrinsic evidence allowed

?Impeached witness must be given opportunity to comment, before or after the offer of such extrinsic evidence

?Bias

?Extrinsic evidence allowed

?Witness must be cross-examined for the facts showing bias/interest prior to introduction of extrinsic evidence

?Prior crime conviction (10 years limitation for FRE)

?Involving dishonesty/false statement

?Other felony→balance test

?Extrinsic evidence by means of conviction record

?Prior bad act – only intrinsic evidence allowed, no asking about arrest

?Untruthfulness

?Reputation/opinion

?Specific evidence only by cross-examination, if denied, no extrinsic evidence

3.Hearsay (note, party admission is nonhearsay under FRE)

a)Method: hearsay? →prior inconsistent statement, prior consistent statement, effect upon people, verbal

act→exception

b)Prior identification (nonhearsay under FRE)

Present sense impression d)

Excited utterance e)

Medical treatment statement f)

Biz records g)

Former testimony h)

Dying declaration i)

Party admission: vicarious admission (employee, partner, co-conspirator), adoptive admission

I. Relevance 相关性

A. Logical Relevance (Probativeness)

1. Standard of admissibility – does the evidence have any tendency to make a material fact more or less

probable than it would be without the evidence (relate to time / person / event)是不是和争议的人，事，或

者时间有关

2. Exceptions where admissible – similar occurrences 相似事件通常具有较小的相关性

a. Prior accidents or claims

(i) P’s prior accident history – inadmissible; EXCEPT

(a) Prove common plan & scheme of fraud ; or 原告以前提出过类似的欺诈性/错误的诉讼请求

(b) When cause of P’s damages is in issue 确定是否有因果关系

(ii) D’s prior conditions – ONLY involving the same instrumentality or condition, and occurring under

substantially similar circumstances , to prove:由同样条件引起的相似事故或者伤害

(a) Existence of a dangerous condition

(b) D had prior notice

b. Intent is issue – draw inference of intent from prior conduct e.g. gender discrimination 意图或者思想状

态

c. Similar sales to establish value 价值

d. Habit Evidence – to infer a person acted on the occasion at issue 特定性和经常性

(i) Disposition evidence – NOT admissible

(ii) Prior Act evidence (propensity) – NOT admissible

(iii) Habit – Admissible (key words – always, invariably, automatically, instinctively)

(a) particularity ; AND (b) frequency (judge’s discretion how often is enough)

e. Industrial or Business Routine (business habit) – admissible 工商业惯例

f. Industrial Custom as Standard of care (what do other similar companied do)行业惯例

B. Judicial Discretionary Exclusion 法官行使自由裁量权排除的相关性证据

1. Probative value is substantially outweighed by danger of – (1) danger of unfair prejudice ; (2) confusion of

issues ; (3) misleading the jury ; (4) undue delay ; (5) waste of time ; (6) unduly cumulative

2. NOT – unfair surprise 这个不是！！

C. Public Policy Based Exclusion 因为公共政策原因而被排除的证据

1. Liability Insurance

a. Not admissible to show negligence // ability to pay

b. EXCEPTIONS

(i) prove ownership or control (when disputed, get limiting instructions); OR 证明所有权，控制权

(ii) impeachment – bias due to interest 证明有无偏见或者利益关系--如保险理赔人员作为证人

2. Subsequent Remedial Measure

a. Not admissible to show negligence / culpable conduct / product or design defect / need for warning

NY Distinctions – Habit Evidence (more suspicious)

1. Personal habit on issue of due care in negligent – INADMISSIBLE

2. Personal habit in use of product – Admissible (in products liability case)

b. EXCEPTIONS

(i) prove ownership of control (when disputed); OR

(ii) rebut or impeach a claim that precautions were not feasible (when feasibility is disputed)采取预防措施的可行性

c. Subsequent remedial measures by 3rd parties – admissible 弹劾证人--声称产品不可能更好

* NY Distinctions – Subsequent Remedial Measures (Strict Liability case) 1. Manufacturing Defects – Admissible to establish defectiveness of product when made

2. BUT, design defect OR failure to warn – NOT admissible (except for feasibility dispute)

3. Settlements

a. Civil Cases (i) Not admissible – evidence of a settlement of offer to settle , to prove liability or weaken other party

(ii) Not admissible – statements of fact made in course of settlement 不能分离事实

(iii) Requirements (at the time of settlement discussion)

(a) There must be a claim – if someone admits before claim, it’s admissible; AND 必须对方当事人

有迹象已经提出了权利主张（并不需要很正式），否则就构成承认

(b) There must be a dispute as to liability or amount 必须对责任或者数额有争议– if D admits to

full liability, it’s admissible

(iv) EXCEPT – for impeachment b. Criminal Cases 已经撤回的有罪承认

(i) Offer to plead guilty – Not admissible (all criminal & subsequent civil cases based on same facts)

(ii) Withdrawn guilty plea – Not admissible (all criminal & subsequent civil cases based on same facts)

(iii) Plea of nolo contendere (No contest)不反驳承认

(iv) Statements made during the course of negotiation

NY Distinctions – Withdrawn guilty pleas

Admissible in subsequent civil litigation based on same facts as party admission.

4. Offer to pay Medical Expenses 可以分离事实

a. Not admissible – to prove culpable conduct

b. BUT, admissions of fact accompanying an offer to pay medical expenses are Admissible 伴随的事实可

作为证据

5. Prior Sexual Conduct of Victim

a. In any civil or criminal proceeding involving sexual misconduct, the following is NOT admissible

(i) Opinion or reputation about the victim’s sexual propensity , or

(ii) Evidence of specific sexual behavior of the victim

b. Exceptions

(i) Specific sexual behavior to prove someone other that D was the source of semen or injury ;用于证明是第三人而非被告是精液，伤害的来源

(ii) Victim’s sexual activity with D if the defense of consent is asserted; or

(iii) Where exclusion would violate D’s right of due process (placed in controversy by victim)

D. Character Evidence 品格证据

1. Purpose of character evidence

a. Direct evidence – person’s character is a material element in the civil case (character can never be an

element in criminal case)性格本身就是案件争议的事实

b. Circumstantial evidence – infer conduct in conformity with character at time of litigated event 证明性格

与特定行为相一致

c. Impeach witness credibility 弹劾证人的可信性

2. Method of proving character

* NY Distinctions – Prior Sexual Conduct

Conviction of prostitution within last 3 years allowed

a. Specific acts

b. Opinion testimony

c. Reputation testimony

3. Civil Cases 除非性格本身就是案件争议点，一般不允许使用

a. Circumstantial evidence – NOT admissible to prove conduct in conformity (even civil case involving

criminal conduct)

b. Direct evidence – admissible where essential element of a claim or defense (e.g. defamation ,child custody,

negligent hiring or entrustment, deceit , assault/battery (for self defense purpose) ); methods – Specific

acts, Opinion, or Reputation 损害名誉权//有过失的委托//错误致死//决定监护权

4. Criminal Cases 通常只能以名誉或意见证据的形式出现，不能用特定的行为//注意和质疑证人可信性区别

a. D proves character

(i) Evidence to prove conduct in conformity is NOT admissible during prosecution’s case -in-chief (D’s

character trait is never an element)

(ii) BUT, D may introduce evidence of a relevant character trait, which opens the door for rebuttal - Methods – Opinion & Reputation 不能以过去特定行为证明

b. Prosecution’s Rebuttal – when D opens door (only through character witness ), prosecution may:

(i) Cross-examining character witness (specific acts ) – inquiring D’s relevant specific acts (but can not

prove them in trial) that reflect adversely on particular character trait introduced by D – to impeach

character witness; and/or 可以就被告特定行为质证，但不能引入外部证据

(ii) Calling its own character witness (opinion or reputation ) – to contradict D’s witness

c. Victim’s Character – SELF-Defense Case

(i) D may introduce victim’s BAD character (opinion or reputation 不能就特定行为) – opens door for

prosecution

(ii) Prosecution may rebut by showing:

(a) Victim’s Good character ; and/or

(b) D’s Bad character for the same trait (opinion or reputation )

(iii) Separate rule of relevance – if D, at the time of alleged self-defense, was aware of the victim’s violent

reputation or prior specific acts of violence, such awareness may be proven to show D’s state of mind

– fear – to infer that D acted reasonably in responding as he did to victims’ aggression

5. Specific Acts of Misconduct – for non-character purposes 特定的不当行为作为证据；不作为品格或性情

使用

a. Prior acts are admissible if they are relevant to some issue other than D’s character or disposition (not

dependent on D’s introduction of character evidence because MIMIC is not character evidence)

(i) M otive 动机：吸毒需要赌资是抢银行的动机

* NY Distinctions – Victim in self-defense criminal case

Character evidence of victim is NOT admissible to prove that victim was the first

aggressor. * NY Distinctions – Prosecution rebuttal against character witness

1. Cross-examining – can only begin to ask “ Have you heard”

2. Calling own witness – introduce (1) reputation evidence; and (2) introduction of

prior convictions which reflect adversely on the character trait in issue. * NY Distinctions – Character witness in criminal cases

Only REPUTATION as circumstantial evidence is allowed – both for D & prosecution

(ii) I ntent 主观意图

(iii) M istake or accident, absence of 错误不存在或者不是意外

(iv) I dentity (modus operandi)身份：犯罪后留下的标志

(v) C ommon Scheme or Plan 犯罪准备；计划

b. Criminal case – on D’s request, prosecution must give pretrial notice of intent to introduce MIMIC

evidence

c. Requirements for admissibility 对其使用的要求 (i) Sufficient evidence to support a jury finding that D committed the prior act; AND

(ii) Court must weigh probative value v. prejudice (must give limiting instruction)

6. Prior acts of sexual assault or child molestation of D 性骚扰案件或者性骚扰儿童的案件---可以用于证明

被告具有某种犯罪倾向

- In sexual assault or child molestation case, evidence of D’s prior acts of such conduct is admissible for

any relevant purpose, including defendant’s propensity for sex crimes

================================================================================

II. Writings & Documentary Evidence 书证

A. Authentication 确认：首先确认书证是否是所声称的书面文件

1. Writing is not admissible until authenticated – proof must be sufficient to support jury finding of genuineness

(jury makes the ultimate determination of fact, i.e., whether the evidence is authentic)

2. Method 确认书证的外在方法

a. Party Admission 书证对其不利的一方当事人的承认

b. Witness personal knowledge

c. Proof of handwriting 如果是声音的话，可以是因为诉讼的目的而去熟悉

(i) Lay Opinion – based on personal knowledge of handwriting (such knowledge must be acquired before

the proceedings) (note: knowledge of voice/sound may be acquired after the proceedings commence.)

不能仅因为诉讼目的去熟悉笔迹

(ii) Expert Opinion – compared with genuine samples (exemplar)

(iii) Jury comparison – jury compares with genuine sample

d. Ancient Document – presumption of authentication

(i) At least 20 years old;

(ii) Facially free of suspicion; AND

(iii) Found in place of natural custody e. Reply Letter Doctrine – document can be authenticated by evidence that it was received in response to a

prior communication to the alleged author

3. Self-Authenticating Documents – presumption of authentication 自我确认的书证

a. Official publications 公共文件

b. Certified copies of public records (e.g., car registration form) or business records

c. Newspaper or periodical

d. Trade inscriptions and labels [this can be offered as circumstantial evidence of ownership,

manufacturer… no requirement of BER for such purpose]

e. Acknowledged document – notarized document

f. Commercial paper 商业文件

g. Certified genuine foreign public documents

* NY Distinctions – Ancient Document

Requires 30 years *

NY Distinctions – sexual assault or child molestation Does not allow prior acts of sexual assault or child molestation

4. Authentication of Photographs 对照片的确认

a. Witness testifies on the basis of personal knowledge that “fair and accurate representation” of objects or

people – need not be the photographer. Photograph in this sense is just like an illustrative drawing or

map.

b. Unattended camera – show properly installed, proper removal of film, show chain of custody. Videotape

and tape are admissible like photograph, but their authentication should follow the requirements. c. Other mechanical records 其他仪器测量结果 (similar to videotape) – (i) the process or system is

accurate in its results; (ii) operated by qualified people and properly operated (if operation is necessary);

(iii) no tampering 篡改in the chain of custody

B. Best Evidence Rule (Original Document Rule)最佳证据规则

1. Definition ? a party seeking to prove the contents of a writing, must either produce the original writing or

provide an acceptable excuse for its absence

a. Only applies to writings – including sound recordings, X-ray, films 包括录音，照片，X 光

b. If excuse is acceptable – may introduce secondary evidence (e.g. oral testimony or a copy)一定情况下允

许二手资料

2. When the Best Evidence Rule applies

a. Writing is Legally Operative Document – writing itself creates rights and obligations (deed, mortgage)

b. If not following in item a, where witness is testifying to facts learned solely from reading in a writing

3. When NOT apply

a. Fact to be proved exists independent of non-legally operative writing when a witness with personal

knowledge testifies (e.g. birth date – no requirement of birth certificate)

b. Writing is collateral to litigated issue 涉及争议事实的附属事实

c. Certified copies of Public Record 公共文件

d. Summaries of Voluminous Record – provided that original records would be admissible and available and

the original/duplicates shall be made available for examination or copying.文件摘要

4. What qualifies as the “original writing ”

a. Writing itself

b. Duplicates 文件副本与原本可以作为证据被同等程度的采纳– any counterpart produced by any

mechanical means that accurately reproduced the original (e.g., photocopy, carbon copy) – duplicate is

admissible to same extent as original (a print-out of saved data in a computer is treated as original)

(i) UNLESS a genuine question is raised as to authenticity of original , OR

(ii) it would be unfair to admit the duplicate (e.g., blurry)

- Handwritten copy is NEITHER an original nor duplicate 5. Excuses for non-production of original (persuaded by preponderance of evidence)可以不提供原始文件的几

种例外情形

a. Lost or cannot be found with due diligence 遗失且找不到

b. Original held by adversary who, after due notice, fails to produce the original

c. Destroyed without bad faith

d. Cannot be obtained with legal process

III. Witness & Testimonial Evidence

* NY Distinctions – Duplicates

Only photographic copies, made, kept or recorded in ordinary course of business, not

for litigation

A. Competency of Witness

1. Requirements

a. Communicable personal knowledge

b. Take oath or give an affirmation

2. Dead Man’s Statute 死者条例---针对民事案件

a. In civil action, an interested party is incompetent to testify in support of her own interest against the estate of a decedent concerning communications or transactions between the interested party and the decedent

- There is no federal dead man’s s tatute, this witness ordinarily not incompetent; BUT, must apply a

state’s dead man’s statute where substantive law applies in diversity cases

b. Requirements

(i) Civil Action ;

(ii) Witness must have a direct stake in the litigation;

(iii) Witness must be testifying for his interest (not against it);

(iv) Witness must be testifying against the decedent, or his representatives;

(v) Testimony concerns a personal transaction or communication with the decedent – the interested

survivor isn’t barred from testifying against everything tha t’s relevant, but only as to manners which

the decedent could contradict if he were alive (in other words, if he couldn’t contradict you when he

was alive, you can testify about it when he’s dead )

(vi) Unless waiver – which usually occurs when the testimony of the decedent somehow gets before the

jury through a deposition of the decedent taken before he died

B. Form of Examination of Witness 质证

1. Kind of questions asked – largely matter of judicial discretion (e.g. narrative questions maybe allowed)

2. Leading Questions 诱导性问题

a. Generally NOT allowed on direct examination ; BUT allowed

(i) For preliminary introductory matters 前提事实

(ii) Youthful or forgetful witness 年幼或者易遗忘的证人

(iii) Hostile witness – witness is adverse party or someone under control of adverse party 有敌意的有利

益冲突的证人

b. Generally allowed on cross-examination

3. Writings in Aid of Oral Testimony

a. Refreshing Recollection 唤起记忆(Present recollection revived)

(i) Any writing (or any other tangible item) or item may be used to refresh a witness’ memory; then

witness must testify from present recollection – Best Evidence Rule not applicable for refresher

(ii) Witness can NOT read from the writing while testifying

* NY Distinctions – Dead Man’s Statute (Automobile Exception)

Dead Man Statute NOT applicable to facts of automobile accident case based on

negligence

1. An interested survivor may testify about the facts of negligence, or contributory

negligence in an accident arising out of the operation of an automobile, airplane, or

boat;

2. BUT the exception does not extend to conversation with decedent

* NY Distinctions – Oath Obligation

1. Civil Case – ALL testimony must be sworn (including children)

2. Criminal Case –

a. Child under age of 9 and anyone with mental defect, who does not understand

nature of oath may testify

b. BUT, this unsworn testimony needs corroboration for conviction

(iii)Safeguards against abuse – adversary has right to:

(a)Inspect the memory-refresher

(b)Use it on cross-examination

(c)Introduce into evidence 对方可以把提示物引入证据(as an exhibit)

(iv)No hearsay problem

b.Past Recollection Recorded 过去回忆的备忘录(Past recollection recorded)

(i)Only writing that meets foundational requirements may be used

(a)Witness fails to refresh memory even shown the writing

(b)Witness had personal knowledge at former time

(c)Writing was either made by witness, or adopted by witness

(d)Statement must have been made or adopted when event was fresh in witness’s memory

(e)Witness can vouch 保证for accuracy of writing when made or adopted

(ii)Writing itself is read into evidence (writing itself cannot be introduced as evidence – unless by opposing party)以朗读的方式，书面文件本身不能作为证据（除非是另一方当事人提出）[NY:

it can be shown to the jury and introduced into evidence as exhibit by the offering party.] (iii)Hearsay Exception

C.Opinion Testimony意见证据

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/95813094.html,y Witness非专家证人通常不能给出意见证据Opinion – admissible if (e.g. emotions of others,

handwriting, intoxication, speed of car):

a.Rationally based on the witness’s perception (personal knowledge);

b.Helpful to jury in deciding a fact in issue; AND

c.Not based on scientific / technical / other specialized knowledge

2.Expert Witness Opinion (must describe in general terms) – admissible if

a.Qualifications – education or experience (need not be formal – e.g. skill witness);

b.Proper Subject Matter –scientific / technical / other specialized knowledge helpful to jury;

c.Proper Basis of Opinion –opinion based on “reasonable degree of probability or reasonable certainty”

AND 3 permissible data sources

(i)Personal Knowledge

(ii)Evidence in trial record, made known to expert by hypothetical question

(iii)Facts outside record if a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field

d.Reliability –sufficiently reliable (TRAP factors)

(i)Testing of principles or methodology

(ii)Rate of error

(iii)Acceptance by other experts in same discipline

(iv)Peer review and publication

NY Distinctions – Reliability (General Acceptance Rule)

Principles/methodology must be generally accepted as reliable by relevant professional

community

e.Opinion on Ultimate Issues案件争议的最基本问题--基本可以

(i)Civil Case – opinion testimony permissible for ultimate issue

(ii)Criminal Case – expert can NOT give direct opinion on the mental intent of D in issue如果被告人的精神状况是犯罪构成的要件时，专家证人不得宣布被告有没有精神病。

f.Learned Treatise权威著作in Aid of Expert Testimony (Hearsay Exception)

(i)Relevant portions only read into evidence 只能以朗读的方式，不能展示给陪审团(and NOT

introduced in as exhibit) in:

(a)Direct examination of party’s own expert –as substantive evidence

(b)Cross examination of opponent’s expert – both (a)as substantive evidence & (b) to impeach

(ii) Reliable authority 权威著作 must be established by

(a) Opponent’s expert admits; or

(b) Own expert testifies; or (c) Court takes judicial notice

D. Cross-Examination 交叉质证

1. Party has right to cross-examine any opposing witness who testifies at trial

2. Restrictions on Scope – subject to discretion of judge waste of time, undue harassment, embarrassment

a. Matters within the scope of direct examination (brought out in direct examination or by inference); and

b. Matters that test witness’s credibility (perception, memory, honesty)

E. Credibility – Impeachment 弹劾证人//注意:被告也能成为证人！一旦被告作证，控方就可以弹劾其可信

性：注意和品格证据区别

1. General

a. Impeachment ? casting of an adverse reflection on the credibility of the witness, including his perception,

memory and honesty

- Can impeach either by cross-examination of the target witness or by extrinsic evidence 交叉质证或

者使用外部证据

b. Bolstering Own Witness 支持自己的证人

(i) NOT allowed until after witness ’s credibility has been attacked

(ii) EXCEPTION – prior statement of identification (Hearsay Exception)

(a) Comes in as substantive evidence

(b) Prior statement of identification must be made by trial witness in court AND subject to

cross-examination 需要是法庭证人并经过交叉质证

c. Impeachment of Own Witness – permitted without limitation

2. Impeachment Methods

a. Prior Inconsistent Statements 之前的不符陈述

(i) Extrinsic evidence allowed

(ii) Foundation – witness must be given opportunity to explain or deny the inconsistent statement 必须给予否认或者解释的机会

(iii) Exceptions (Hearsay Exception) – can be used as substantive evidence 可以作为实体证据的例外情

形

(a) Prior inconsistent statement given under oath, AND as part of formal trial, hearing, proceeding,

deposition---legal proceeding

(b) Prior party admissions

b. Bias, Interest or Motive to Misrepresent 偏见，利益

(i) Extrinsic evidence permitted

* NY Distinctions – Learned Treatises (NOT hearsay exception)

1. Direct examination of own party’s expert – only used as basis of opinion (NOT

substantive E)

2. Cross examination of opponent’s expert – only be used to impeach expert’s

credibility (NOT substantive E)

* NY Distinctions – Statement of Identification

Only in criminal cases

* NY Distinctions – Impeachment of Own Witness

In criminal case, permitted only when testimony of the witness did affirmatively damage

the case of the calling party (not merely a cloud on credibility)

(ii) Foundation – witness must be asked on cross-examination about facts showing bias or interest before

extrinsic evidence is allowed 在使用外在证据前，必须先质证

(iii) Method to overcome exclusionary rules – e.g. liability insurance, settlement conferences, arrests

(trumps other exclusion) c. Sensory Deficiencies 感官退化

(i) NO foundation requirement – Extrinsic evidence allowed, no need to get intrinsic evidence first

d. Conviction of Crime 证人被定罪

(i) Types of conviction

(a) Any crime (felony or misdemeanor) involving dishonesty or false statement – can be used against

any witness; OR 法官不能排除

(b) Felony not involving dishonesty or false statement – trial judge has discretion 法官有裁量权

Note: indictment is not sufficient

(ii) Conviction must be within 10 years of trial 从刑满释放的那天开始计算！！！

(iii) Extrinsic evidence (record of judgment) allowed, but not more.

(iv) NO foundation requirement e. Bad Acts 不良品行--法官有裁量权排除

(i) Specific acts (e.g. lying, deceit, NOT arrests ), which are probative of truthfulness can be used in

cross-examination

(a) Must have good faith basis; 必须有合理理由相信，被告曾实行该行为

(b) Admissibility lies in court ’s discretion

(ii) Cross-examination ONLY – NO extrinsic evidence allow 不能引入外部证据（物证/证人证言，只

能质证!!!!

(iii) NO foundation requirement (not applicable)

(iv) Trial judge has discretion in deciding whether a witness can be impeached by a bad act.

(v) On MBE at least, arrests are not bad acts.被逮捕不算不良品行

f. Bad Reputation or Opinion for Truthfulness 不良的关于诚实方面的意见和名声

(i) Extrinsic evidence allowed; Call character witness to testify (in NY reputation evidence only)

(ii) NO foundation requirement

3. Rehabilitation – can show 恢复证人的可信性

a. Good Reputation for Truthfulness

(i) Can use when under direct attack on the witness – (d) (e) (f)

(ii) Other witnesses may be called to testify that impeached witness has good character

b. Prior Consistent Statement 一般不允许，只有下面这种特定情况

(i) Use to rebut a charge of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive – statement must be

made before the motive to fabricate arose 使用动机形成前的前后一致的陈述

(ii) Hearsay Exception – becomes substantive evidence 可以成为实体证据, not merely to rehabilitate

- NOTE: difference between character evidence & impeachment evidence 注意两者区别！！

(1) Methods of proving character when character is “in issue ” – extrinsic evidence is Allowed

* NY Distinction – Conviction of Crime

1. Any crime can be used to impeach – no balancing

2. BUT, Criminal Defendant – court must balance prejudice v. probative value on

issue of credibility

* NY Distinction – Bad Acts

Broader standard allows inquiry into immoral, vicious, or illegal acts that effect

credibility. * NY Distinction – Prior Consistent Statement

Admissible only to rehabilitate.

(2)Impeaching credibility of a witness by evidence of character– may NOT be proved by extrinsic evidence

Types of Proof

Occasions for Use of Proof

Initial information about

credibility

Direct

Examination

Cross

Examination

Convictions untruthfulness O O O

Opinion/Reputation

untruthfulness

O O O Specific Acts untruthfulness O X O Opinion/Reputation

truthfulness

X O O Specific Acts truthfulness X X O

F.Privilege免于作证的特权

1.General

a.Federal action based on federal law – apply common law for privilege

b.Federal diversity action applying state substantive law – apply

(i)State Privilege Law;

(ii)State Law on Competency;

(iii)Dead Man’s Statutes;

(iv)State Burdens of Proof Law

2.Attorney-Client Privilege律师客户特权?communication between an attorney and client, made during

professional consultation, are privileged from disclosure

a.Elements

(i)Confidential communications– not intended to be disclosed to third parties

(a)NO privilege to underlying information, pre-existing document, or physical evidence

-#Note: words and acts intending to convey message (exhibition of physical characteristic) are communications)

-#Note: pre-existing documents, especially those prepared voluntarily by or for the owner at an earlier time, are not self-incrimination need to consider the warrant issue.

-#Note: billing records are not protected because the privilege applies only to the client’s statements.

(b)Joint client rule – if 2 or more clients with common interest consult attorney

-Privilege against as to third parties

-BUT Privilege doe not apply as between them

(ii)Between Attorney (or his assistant) and Client (or representative of either); [Note: the attorney must be licensed or at least the client reasonably believes that the attorney is licensed. The same is to the

physician-patient privilege.]

(iii)Made during professional, legal consultation; AND

(iv)Unless privilege is waived by the client or an exception is applicable

-Client is the holder of privilege, and alone has power to waive

b.EXCEPTIONS

(i)Future crime or fraud用于将来的犯罪和欺诈

(ii)Client puts legal advice in issue –if D defends on ground that D relied on advice of attorney

(iii)Attorney-client dispute

3.Physician-Patient Privilege (including psychotherapists)医生患者特权

a.Elements

(i)Confidential communication or information acquired from patient in the course of treatment; and

(ii)For the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of medical condition以诊断和治疗为目的

b.EXCEPTION

(i)Patient expressly or impliedly puts his physical condition in issue– patient is suing for damages for

personal injuries, or defendant asserts insanity defense

id wrongdoing; physician-patient dispute

4. Husband-Wife Privilege 配偶特权

a. Spousal Immunity Privilege 配偶作证豁免特权– spouse cannot be compelled to testify against the defendant spouse

(i) Applies only in all criminal case / proceedings 只适用于刑事案件

(ii) Witness-spouse , not defendant, is holder of privilege (may voluntarily testify)

(iii) Requires valid marriage (privilege ends with divorce)

(iv) Covers all information learned before & during marriage 一切证词，不限于秘密交流

b. Martial Communications Privilege 婚内秘密交流特权 (confidential communications between spouses)

– spouse is not required, and is not allowed in the absence of consent by the other spouse, to disclose

confidential communication made during marriage

(i) Applies in any type of case

(ii) Both spouses hold privilege (requires consent to voluntarily testify)双方持有

(iii) Privilege survives divorce

(iv) Covers only confidential communications made only during marriage

(v) Communication broadly interpreted: information secured by a spouse through observation as to

health, habit, mention condition and other information unavailable unless as a spouse should be

treated confidential.

c. EXCEPTIONS (to both)不适用于针对另一方配偶或者未成年子女的犯罪或者侵权行为

(i) Communications or acts in furtherance of future crime or fraud; or

(ii) Communications or acts destructive of family unit

IV. Hearsay Rule 传闻证据 ? out of court statement, offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted

A. Definition

1. Out-of-court statement of person (oral or written); AND

2. Offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted Crime ends when asking is done

- Hearsay Rule – hearsay is inadmissible unless any exception or exclusion applies

#hearsay statements are made by human beings . Animals’ statements are inadmissible. Note: a dog’s behavior may be admissible. It is not hearsay though.

B. NON-Hearsay 非传闻证据

1. Not offered to prove the matter asserted 不是为了证明所宣称事实的真实性

a. Verbal Act or Legally Operative Fact – legal rights & obligations attach because words were spoken

- E.g. words of contract, making gift, bribe, perjury, misrepresentation, defamation

b. Statements offered to show effect on the hearer or reader – not offered for truth

- E.g. notice in negligent case, potential motive

c. Statements offered as circumstantial evidence of D’s relevant State of Mind – not offered for truth

- E.g. evidence of insanity or knowledge 显示被告的精神状态

2. EXCLUSION under FRE

a. Witness’s prior statement 证人之前的陈述

(i) Prior Inconsistent Statement – for substantive evidence, must be made under oath , made in formal

trial , hearing, proceeding, deposition 既可以用来弹劾，也可以作为实体证据; otherwise, only for

impeachment

(ii) Prior Consistent Statement – to rebut charge of recent fabrication or improper motive of influence

(iii) Prior Statement of Identification 对一个人身份的指认; 该证人需发生在审判中，并经过交叉质

* NY Distinction – impeachment purpose only in criminal case * NY Distinction – only to rehabilitate

* NY Distinction – NO Spousal Immunity Privilege

b. Party Admissions 利益冲突当事人的承认? statement made or act that amounts to a prior acknowledgment by one pf the parties of one of the relevant facts (e.g., bribery of witness, pleadings made

by a party in any case)

(i) Adoptive Admissions 被采纳的承认：采纳他人的承认作为自己的承认 – by expressly or impliedly

adopting or acquiescing (e.g. silence – can be deemed admission in which a reasonable person would

have responded)

(ii) Vicarious Admissions 替代承认– a statement made by an employee concerning a matter within the

scope of employment is admissible against the employer if made during the employment relationship,

also partners and other principal-agent relationships

(iii) co-conspirator made in furtherance of a crime 同案犯的承认

C. HEARSAY EXCEPTIONS 传闻证据的例外

1. Declarant Unavailable 陈述人不能作证；出示传闻证据的人负有证明陈述人不能作证的责任===三种

- Unavailability “PAILS”

(i) Death or Illness

(ii) Absent from jurisdiction

(iii) Privilege

(iv) Refusal to testify 拒绝作证

(v) Lack of memory

a. Former Testimony (i) The party against whom the testimony is offered, or a 3rd party who is in privy with that party, had opportunity to cross-examine or develop the testimony in the 1st trial 证词对其不利的当事人必须

是前一个程序中的当事人

(a) Grand jury testimony inadmissible because not cross-examined [grand jury testimony, however,

may be non-hearsay for impeachment (FRE and NY) and substantive evidence (FRE) if it is a

prior inconsistent statement.]

(b) BUT allowed against a party when “declarant unavailable by wrongdoing” of the party

- Burden of proof of wrongdoing (FRE): preponderance of evidence

- Burden of proof of wrongdoing (NY): clear & convincing evidence

(ii) Issue is essentially the same 证词所涉及的对象一致

* NY Distinction – Former Testimony

In civil cases, additional grounds for unavailability

1. Witness is located 100 miles or more from courthouse

2. Permits prior testimony of a physician without the need to show unavailability

New York Distinction (criminal case s only): former testimony by now-unavailable witness must

have been given at a criminal trial, a hearing on felony complaint or at conditional deposition.

Defendant and charge must be the same in both former and current case. Former testimony

given at a suppression hearing is not admissible against the defendant.

* NY Distinction – Party Admissions are EXCEPTION not exclusion to hearsay

* NY Distinction – only in criminal case

* NY Distinction – Vicarious Admissions

“Speaking Authority” employee was authorized to speak on the employer’s behalf

* NY Distinction – Unavailability

1. NOT allow (i) refusal to testify; or (ii) lack of memory

2. Can be by virtue of “Dead Man’s Statute” (BUT, DMS is not a hearsay

exception)

3. Declarant is located 100 miles or more from the courthouse.

b. Statement against Interest 违反利益的陈述

(i) Statements against declarant’s pecuniary, proprietary, or penal interest when made

(ii) Criminal case – statements against penal interest, when offered to exculpate D, must be supported by

corroborating circumstances

- NOTE: difference from party admission 承认

(a) Must be against interest when made 作出陈述时，必须违反当事人的利益

(b) Any person (not merely party) can make statement against interest 陈述人不必是一方当事人

(d) Declarant must be unavailable 陈述人必须不能作证

c. Dying Declaration 死前声明

(i) Statements made while declarant believed death was imminent,

(ii) Must only concern the cause or circumstances of the impending death

(iii) Declarant need not actually die

(iv) Admissible in homicide case, or any civil case

2. Availability Immaterial 证人不必出庭作证--当时的证言更可信

a. Excited Utterance 脱口而出的陈述– statement made while under stress of excitement of startling event

b. Then Present Sense Impression 当时对某件事/事物的感觉印象 – statement made concurrently or immediately thereafter with perception of event described

(i) Note: the event or condition may take a variety of forms such as playing of recorded music, failure of

a train to sound its whistle, even someone’s statements overheard and described by the declarant.

E.g., an employee jotted down some notes while she negotiated with her boss on employment terms

and such notes may work as “present sense impression”.

c. Then Present State of Mind – statement of declarant’s then-existing (contemporaneous) state of mind , emotion, sensation, or physical condition (intent, plan, motive, design, mental emotion)当时的打算，情

绪

d. Declaration of Intent – statement of declarant’s intent to do something in the future , including the intent

to engage in conduct with another person 将来打算去做某件事

e. Then Present Physical, Emotional, or Mental Condition – statement made to anyone about declarant’s

current physical condition

f. New York Distinctions:

(a) If a statement of present physical condition is made to a layperson (not a doctor), the declarant

must be unavailable .

g. Statement for purpose of medical treatment or diagnosis – statement made to medical personal

concerning past or present symptoms or general cause of condition for purpose of treatment or diagnosis

可以是过去的也可以是现在的：为治疗的目的

(i) Declarations to doctor made solely for the purpose of diagnosis for giving testimony Allowed

(ii) Not apply to accusations of personal fault or responsibility of cause 不包括事故原因或者责任！！

(a) [Note: identity of offender in domestic child abuse is deemed pertinent for the purpose of physical

and psychological treatment – tender year exception.]

* NY Distinction – Present Sense Impression

Requires corroboration

* NY Distinction – Declaration of Intent

Requires corroboration + declarant unavailable * NY Distinction – Dying Declaration

1. Declarant must die

2. Only in homicide case

h. Business Records 如果记录有一部分被引入作为证据，另一方有权要求引入全部;对于凶手的指认通常不能直接引入 – the (i) any type of record , (ii) made in regular course of business (germane to

business), (iii) business regularly keeps such records , (iv) contemporaneously made , (v) matters made

within personal knowledge or statement falls with independent hearsay exception, (vi) by person with a

business duty (need chain linkage)

- Foundation – witness testifies (need not be author, can be custodian), or written certification under

oath

- Note: party admission made to an officer is admissible (and nonhearsay on MBE), while a statements

in a police report that attributed to witnesses or to prove conclusions of the investigating officer is

inadmissible hearsay.证人在警方的报告中的证词属于传闻证据

i. Other Exception

(i) Public Records

(ii) Judgment records: records of felony conviction admissible for both criminal and civil cases to prove essential facts, whether the judgment is based on trial or plea of guilty. Plea of guilty may also act as

party admission, a nonhearsay.

(iii) Past Recollection Recorded – only read (NY: exhibit okay)

(iv) Ancient Documents

(v) Learned Treatises

(vi) Market reports and commercial publications

(vii) R ecords of religious organization; Marriage, baptismal or similar certificates; public records

affecting property interest; statements in ancient documents;

(viii) Reputation of personal or family history, reputation among members of his family, associates,

community concerning about his birth, adoption… e.g., a mother often confided in her butler that sb. is

her son. Hearsay exception.

3. Residual / Catch-All Exceptions 剩余例外；法庭具有较大的裁量权

a. Hearsay statement not falling within one of recognized exceptions must satisfy the following conditions:

(i) Have circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness;

(ii) Statement is strictly necessary; AND

(iii) Notice given to adversary as to nature of the statement

4. The credibility of the declarant who makes the admitted hearsay statements can be impeached to the same

extent as those of an in-court witness. For example, his prior inconsistent statements can be used to impeach him. He has no opportunity to explain or deny such prior statements.

V. Procedural matters

A. Preliminary questions of fact 对前提事实的确定 (competency, privilege, hearsay), upon which admissibility

depends

1. Determined by the judge, who is not bound by the rules of evidence (excluding rules of privilege);

2. Presence of jury during preliminary determination is generally within the discretion of the judge;

3. Note:

a. Evidence of conditional relevance is to be determined by the jury. 证据的相关性由陪审团决定：文件

或物证的真实性//个人知悉

b. Sometimes, judge also determines some preliminary facts. E.g., “the judge should make the preliminary

* NY Distinction – Statement for purpose of medical treatment or diagnosis

1. Declarations for past symptoms NOT recognized;

2. Diagnosis for purpose of giving testimony not allowed

* NY Distinction – Business Records

Accident reports prepared in the regular course of business operations or practice are

admissible, even if made in anticipation of future litigation on MBE, this is wrong

unless the record is used by the opponent party.

determination whether a conspiracy existed and whether the defendant and declarant were members of it,

before admitting an alleged declaration by a co-conspirator”.

B.If hearsay is admitted (under an exception), the credibility of the hearsay declarant can be impeached to the same

extent as an in-court witness – can use any impeachment methods to attack the credibility of a hearsay declarant (no need to confront the declarant)

C.Judicial Notice – (i) generally known in the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (ii) capable of accurate and

ready determination

1.Civil – mandatory

2.Criminal – discretionary (jury may or may not accept)

Note: Radar can be taken judicial notice of.

D.Burden of Persuasion (never shifts)

1.Civil –preponderance of the evidence

2.Fraud –clear & convincing evidence

3.Criminal –beyond a reasonable doubt

* * * Issues located in practice* * *

Cross-over between evidence and contracts: when dealing with UCC, course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade evidence may explain or supplement language in a writing.

To prove the non-existence or nonoccurrence of the matter, evidence that such matter is not included in the relevant business records if it should be regularly recorded in case of occurrence. [hearsay exception]

To prove the absence of public records, evidence in the form of certification or by testimony after diligent search.

[hearsay exception]

When a person with personal knowledge provides testimony descriptive of non-written transaction (which is videotaped or other recorded, e.g., TV, tape, newspaper) is offered, the BER does not apply. But, be careful whether the statement is hearsay.

Once a defendant demonstrates that he has testified, under a state grant of immunity, to matters related to the federal prosecution, the federal authorities have the burden of showing that their evidence is not “tainted” by establishing that they had an independent, legitimate source for the disputed evidence.

With regard to evidence proffered at grand jury proceedings, substantive objections (e.g., relevancy, hearsay) may be raised for the 1st time when the deposition is offered in evidence at trial; however, procedural objections (e.g., nonresponsive or leading) must be made at the time the deposition is taken.

Though relevant, absence of similar accidents is usually excluded due to the danger of unfair prejudice if D offers it to prove the non-existence of unduly dangerous condition. However, by showing fixed or stable conditions, safe use, and an extensive number of experiences, the similarity requirement may be satisfied, and on balance of the

Probativeness will justify admission. E.g., a heavily traveled intersection has remained the same for 14 years without any accidents→relevant and admissible to show non-existence of dangerous condition.

Prosecution asked D to show if his arm has any needle marks, in light of D’s testimony that he has not used drugs for years→admissible for impeachment purpose, not self-incrimination.

Failure to call witness should not be mentioned, because this could lead to an adverse inference, which is unfair and often prejudicial, especially where the witness is equally available to both parties. →Missing witness doctrine: witness available, favorable to D..?

Where a presumption establishes guilt, the judge should instruct the jury that each element should be found beyond reasonable doubt to a guilty verdict. Note: however, radar readings can amount to proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Sample presumptions:假定：要求陪审团除非对方当事人出示证据进行反驳，否则必须接受假定的事实----使出示证据的责任转移到对其不利的一方当事人的身上。

?Letter regularly addressed and mailed→received by addressee

?Vehicle lawfully stopped is struck from rear by second vehicle→driver of the second negligent

?Violent death from external means→ death at accident, not a suicide

?Absent for 7 years without explanation or any communication to family friends, inquiring unavailing→ deceased

?Will cannot be found→revoked by testator

?Employee in a ccident while driving boss’ vehicle→acting within the scope of employment

?Goods delivered to bailee in good condition, but damaged when returned→bailee negligent

?Goods damaged during transit provided by more than one carrier→last carrier caused damage

E VIDENCE –E SSAY Q UESTIONS

I.Q UESTION –25

A.Whether a plaintiff’s action may be dismissed for properly invoking the 5th Amendment privilege against

self-incrimination

B.Whether witness may be questioned as to extrinsic facts

C.Whether opinion testimony is admissible

D.Whether statement is hearsay–party admissions

E.Whether statement is hearsay –statement against self-interest

F.Whether assertion of a 5th Amendment privilege in a civil case can lead to adverse inference by the jury

1.In a civil case, when the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, it is up to the plaintiff to prove each and every

element of the case.

2.Failure to testify on an issue in the case when the plaintiff was able to testify give rise to an inference adverse

to that plaintiff’s interests

II.Q UESTION –80(&C RIMINAL L AW /P ROCEDURE)

A.Whether statement is hearsay – dying declarations

III.Q UESTION –86

A.Whether the New York’s Dead Man’s Act operates to preclude Plaintiff from testifying

B.Whether the New York’s Dead Man’s Act prevents, a non-party witness, from testifying as to his observations

C.Whether, a lay witness, is competent to testify as to his opinion of Defendant

D.Whether statement is hearsay – former testimony

E.Whether a reputation witness is competent to testify regarding adverse party’s witness reputa tion for truth and

veracity –impeachment

F.Whether a reputation witness may testify to prior bad acts –impeachment

1.Limited to cross-examination

2.Extrinsic evidence is not admissible to prove witness engaged in specific instances of misconduct

G.Whether the N ew York’s Dead Man’s Act prevents Plaintiff from rebutting an opponent’s case – after the other

party has opened the door.

IV.Q UESTION –90

A.Whether a withdrawn guilty plea in a criminal action is admissible in a civil action arising out of the same

transaction as the criminal action

B.Whether a statement to a doctor regarding causation of injuries is admissible

1.Hearsay– party admissions

2.Hearsay– business records exception

C.Whether a written record of an admission made by witness, who heard it, but cannot recall

1.Hearsay –party admission

2.Hearsay –past recollection recorded

3.Refreshing recollection

4.Physician-patient privilege

D.Whether transcript of acquittal from criminal charges is admissible in a civil action arising from the same

transaction as the criminal action

1.Hearsay –public records

2.Hearsay –acquittal (inadmissible because of different standards)

E.Whether a witness’s specific instances of misconduct can be raised on cross-examination

V.Q UESTION –21

A.Whether statement is hearsay – dying declaration

B.Whether defendant who takes a stand in his own defense may claim 5th Amendment protection (NO)

C.Whether use of collateral evidence to prove prior bad acts of D (NO except for conviction)

D.Whether D’s acquittal in a criminal case can be used to show nonliability in a civil case (NO because of burden of

proof)

E.Whether NY Dead Man’s Act precludes all testimony be a party to litigation against the estate of deceased person

(only facts in automobile accident case allowed)

VI.Q UESTION –27(&C RIMINAL L AW/P ROCEDURE)

A.Legally sufficient evidence presented to grand jury

1.hearsay – con-conspirators

VII.Q UESTION –21

A.Whether an out-of-court statement made immediately prior to death is admissible

B.Whether a defendant who takes the stand in his own defense may claim 5th Amendment protection

C.Whether the prosecutor may use collateral evidence to prove prior bad acts of D

D.Whether a D’s acquittal in a criminal case can be used to show non-liability in a civil case

E.Whether the “Dead Man Act” precludes all testimony by a party to litigation against the estate of a deceased

person

VIII.Q UESTION –60(&C RIMINAL L AW /P ROCEDURE)

A.Whether evidence of a victim’s character may be introduced to rebut a charge of rape

IX.Q UESTION –95(&C RIMINAL L AW /P ROCEDURE)

A.D2’s confession would be inadmissible in D1’s trial as hearsay.

B.Whether A County DA can properly use evidence from B County scam to help convict D in a A County scam

1.NOT for criminal disposition –but allow for “signature” (modus operandi)

X.Q UESTION –77(&C RIMINAL P ROCEDURE &C OMMERCIAL P APER)

A.When may prior bad acts of a D be used to impeach the D by cross-examination

1. D maybe interrogated in cross-examination, with respect to any immoral, vicious, or criminal act – inquiry

into bad acts is permitted even though D was never convicted (extrinsic evidence not permitted)

2.If D denies the act, prosecution must accept the answers because cannot bring in extrinsic evidence

XI.Q UESTION –5(&T ORTS &NY P RACTICE)

A.Whether post-accident design modification may be admissible as evidence

1.Admissible ONLY in manufacturing defect/product liability

2.NOT admissible in design defect/product liability

XII.Q UESTION –8(&D OMESTIC R ELATIONS /C OMMERCIAL P APER)

A.Whether hearsay evidence is admissible in a judicial hearing covered by the Family Court Act

1.Family Court Act – provides that only competent, material, and relevant evidence may be admitted in a

fact-finding hearing

2.Entire case file of social worker – though the business records exception may apply, under NY case law, the

admissible only if made by someone in the ordinary course of business; thus it is necessary that the statements

in the case file have been made by witnesses whose job it was to evaluate (it will be necessary to determine the

admissibility of each item in the file individually)

[笔记]证据法学案例分析题

[笔记]证据法学案例分析题 (2011) 三、(本题22分) 案情:2010年10月2日午夜，A市某区公安人员在辖区内巡逻时，发现路边停靠的一辆轿车内坐着三个年轻人(朱某、尤某、何某)行迹可疑，即上前盘查。经查，在该车后备箱中发现盗窃机动车工具，遂将三人带回区公安分局进一步审查。案件侦查终结后，区检察院向区法院提起公诉。 (证据)朱某——在侦查中供称，其作案方式是3人乘坐尤某的汽车在街上寻找作案目标，确定目标后由朱某、何某下车盗窃，得手后共同分赃。作案过程由尤某策划、指挥。在法庭调查中承认起诉书指控的犯罪事实，但声称在侦查中被刑讯受伤。尤某——在侦查中与朱某供述基本相同，但不承认作案由自己策划、指挥。在法庭调查中翻供，不承认参与盗窃机动车的犯罪，声称对朱某盗窃机动车毫不知情，并声称在侦查中被刑讯受伤。何某——始终否认参与犯罪。声称被抓获当天从C市老家来A市玩，与原先偶然认识的朱某、尤某一起吃完晚饭后坐在车里闲聊，才被公安机关抓获。声称以前从没有与A市的朱某、尤某共同盗窃，并声称在侦查中被刑讯受伤。公安机关——在朱某、尤某供述的十几起案件中核实认定了A市发生的3起案件，并依循线索找到被害人，取得当初报案材料和被害人陈述。调取到某一案发地录像，显示朱某、尤某盗窃汽车经过。根据朱某、尤某在侦查阶段的供述，认定何某在2010年3月19日参与一起盗窃机动车案件。何某辩护人——称在案卷材料中看到朱某、尤某、何某受伤后包有纱布的照片，并提供4份书面材料:(1)何某父亲的书面证言:2010年3月19日前后，何某

因打架被当地公安机关告知在家等候处理，不得外出。何某未离开C市;(2)2010年4月5日，公安机关发出的行政处罚通知书;(3)C市某机关工作人员赵某的书面证言:2010年3月19日案发前后，经常与何某在一起打牌，何某随叫随到，期间未离开C市;(4)何某女友范某的书面证言:2010年3月期间，何某一直在家，偶尔与朋友打牌，未离开C市。 (法庭审判)庭审中，3名被告人均称受到侦查人员刑讯。辩护人提出，在案卷材料中看到朱某、尤某、何某受伤后包有纱布的照片，被告人供述系通过刑讯逼供取得，属于非法证据，应当予以排除，要求法庭调查。公诉人反驳，被告人受伤系因抓捕时3人有逃跑和反抗行为造成，与讯问无关，但未提供相关证据证明。法庭认为，辩护人意见没有足够根据，即开始对案件进行实体审理。法庭调查中，根据朱某供述，认定尤某为策划、指挥者，系主犯。审理中，何某辩护人向法庭提供了证明何某没有作案时间的4份书面材料。法庭认为，公诉方提供的有罪证据确实充分，辩护人提供的材料不足以充分证明何某在案发时没有来过A市，且材料不具有关联性，不予采纳。最后，法院采纳在侦查中朱某、尤某的供述笔录、被害人陈述、报案材料、监控录像作为定案根据，认定尤某、朱某、何某构成盗窃罪(尤某为主犯)，分别判处有期徒刑9年、5年和3年。问题: 1(法院对于辩护人提出排除非法证据的请求的处理是否正确,为什么? 2(如法院对证据合法性有疑问，应当如何进行调查, 3(法院对尤某的犯罪事实的认定是否已经达到事实清楚、证据确实充分,为什么, 4(现有证据能否证明何某构成犯罪,为什么,

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证据法期末复习

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证据法期末考试复习题(案例)

对象？并说明理由。（1）3辆汽车的性质（2）公司销售行为的合法性（3）B公司购买行为的合法性（4）工商局处罚决定的合法性三、案情：原告在沈阳某商厦买了一批黑木耳，发现质量不好，送技术监察局检验，鉴定为不合格，原告诉至法院，但被告否认原告在其商场购买。问：（1）案件证明对象有哪些？（2）应当如何分明证明责任？四、深圳市A公司将3套进口设备卖给长沙市B 公司，B公司将成套设备运回至长沙以后，被长沙市工商局查处。长沙工商局以A公司无进成套设备相关文件和证明材料，B公司也没有准运证从事非法运输为由，决定对A公司和B公司进行处罚。A公司不服该决定提起诉讼。请问：法院受理应当审查的主要对象是什么？并说明理由。五、赵某被杀害在家中，侦查人员发现一个笔记本和一张纸条，但与案件几乎每一关系。侦查人员通过对笔记本和纸条的笔迹鉴定分析，最后找

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