陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》配套题库【课后练习】(英语语言变体(I))【圣才出品】

第10章英语语言变体（I）

课后习题详解

Check your understanding.

State whether each of the following statements is True or False.

(1) A language often has some dialects.

【答案】T

(2) London Cockney is very prestigious in Britain.

【答案】F

(3) Different social classes often have their own dialects.

【答案】T

(4) Spoken English is informal in style.

【答案】F

In-Class Activities

1. Regional dialects used to coincide with geographical barriers, like mountains and

rivers. However, as modern communications technology develops, such physical barriers seem to disappear.

Ask

(1) Do you speak any local dialect(s)? Demonstrate a little bit.

Key: Omit.

(2) How did dialects come into existence?

Key: People speaking the same language are long separated and then variations occur.

(3) What do you think about the future of dialects? Should we take measures to protect our dialects?

Key: Dialects will be disappeared, if we ban speaking dialects or without

transmitting to next generation. Yes, we should take measures to protect our dialects, because it’s our valued culture legacy.

2. T emporal dialects are also one dimension of linguistic variation. For example, English has gone through several major stages of development, from Old English, through Middle English, to Modern English. Study the following passage from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Act IV, Scene iii.

HAMLET: A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm.

KING: What dost thou mean by this?

HAMLET: Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts era beggar.

KING: Where is Polonius?

HAMLET: In heaven. Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him in the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.

Ask:

(1) Can you identify any linguistic difference between Elizabethan and current

Modem English? (e. g., in line 3, thou is now you.)

Key: The differences are underlined below:

HAMLET: A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm.

KING: What dost thou mean by this?

HAMLET: Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar.

KING: Where is Polonius?

HAMLET: In heaven. Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not

there, seek him in the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find

him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the

stairs into the lobby.

(2) Since Shakespeare (1564-1616), do you think the English grammar has changed

profoundly? Justify your judgment with evidence from the above excerpt.

Key: Not much. The basic patterns are the same. A noticeable difference lies in the position of “not” as in “If your messenger find him not there”. (3) How does modern English differ from Old English and Middle English?

Key: You may refer to George Yule, The Study of English, pp. 218-223 For examples, Sound changes: One of the most obvious differences

between Modern English and the English spoken in earlier periods is in the

quality of the vowel sounds. Here are some examples of words, in phonetic transcription, whose general form has remained the same, but whose vowel sounds have changed considerably. (Note the use of the colon which

indicates that the vowel sound is long.)

3. The speech of an individual may develop into a personal style or an idiolect, characterized by some linguistic pattern unique to him or her. Thus we may talk about Shakespeare’s language or Lu Xun’s language. Study the following excerpts from two well-known authors.

Excerpt 1 (Opening paragraph of Chapter 1 of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)

YOU don’ t know about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; but that ain’t no matter. That book wa s made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never seen anybody but lied one time or another, without it was Aunt Polly, or the widow, or maybe Mary. Aunt Polly-Tom’s Aunt Polly, she is-and Mary, and the Widow Douglas is all told about in that book, which is mostly a true book, with some stretchers, as I said before.

Now the way that the book winds up is this: Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece-all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, Judge Thatcher he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece all the year round--more than a body could tell what to do with. The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I c ouldn’t stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back.

Excerpt 2 (Opening paragraph of Chapter 1 of Henry James’ The Portrait of a Lady)

Under certain circumstances there are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea. There are circumstances in which, whether you partake of the tea or not--some people of course never do--the situation is in itself delightful. Those that I have in mind in beginning to unfold this simple history offered an admirable setting to an innocent pastime. The implements of the little feast had been disposed upon the lawn of an old English country-house, in what I should call the perfect middle of a splendid summer afternoon. Part of the afternoon had waned, but much of it was left, and what was left was of the finest and rarest quality. Real dusk would not arrive for

many hours; but the t7ood of summer light had begun to ebb, the air had grown mellow, the shadows were long upon the smooth, dense turf. They lengthened slowly, however, and the scene expressed that sense of leisure still to come which is perhaps the chief source of one’s enjoyment of such a scene at such an hour. From five o’clock to eight is on certain occasions a little eternity; but on such an occasion as this the interval could be only an eternity of pleasure. The persons concerned in it were taking their pleasure quietly, and they were not of the sex which is supposed to furnish the regular votaries of the ceremony I have mentioned. The shadows on the perfect lawn were straight and angular; they were the shadows of an old man sitting in a deep wicker-chair near the low table on which the tea had been served, and of two younger men strolling to and fro, in desultory talk, in front of him. The old man had his cup in his hand, it was an unusually large cup, of a different pattern from the rest of the set and painted in brilliant colors. He disposed of its contents with much circumspection, holding it for a long time close to his chin, with his face turned to the house. His companions had either finished their tea or were indifferent to their privilege; they smoked cigarettes as they continued to stroll. One of them, from time to time, as he passed, looked with a certain attention at the elder man, who, unconscious of observation, rested his eyes upon the rich red front of his dwelling. The house that rose beyond the lawn was a structure to repay such consideration and was the most characteristic object in the peculiarly English picture I have attempted to sketch.

Ask

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

英语语言学概论精选试题学生版

《英语语言学概论》精选试题1 1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language A. Symbolic B. Duality C. Productive D. Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in . A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 11. Minimal pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of language 12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 三、判断

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》配套题库【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(英语语言变体(I))【圣才出品】

第10章英语语言变体（I） I.Fill in the blanks. 1. Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field，mode and _____.（中山大学2003年研） 【答案】tenor 【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个方面。 2. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by _____. 【答案】women 【解析】语言使用的性别差异。 3. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, _____ language. 【答案】vernacular 【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。 4. A linguistic _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use. 【答案】taboo 【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。

5. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist. 【答案】social 【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。 6. In terms of sociolinguistics, _____ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language. 【答案】idiolect 【解析】从社会语言学的角度讲，个人习语指个人语言风格。 7. English belongs to the _____ subfamily of the _____ family. （上海交大2003年研）【答案】Gemanic; Indo-European 【解析】英语属于印欧语系日耳曼语的一支。 8. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist. 【答案】social 【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。

自考语言学---简答题

【题型：简答】【100分】 [1] Why is language not entirely arbitrary? 得分：100分 答：imitating natural sounds|compound words|not entirely arbitrary 【题型：简答】【100分】 [1] Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary? 得分：100分 答：spoken and written|spoken is prior to written|written is derived from spoken [1] Why do you think the sound produced by human is the language in a sense? 得分：100分 答：arbitrariness|productivity|duality|displacement| cultural transmission [1] What is the major difference between Saussure's distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky's distinction between compe 得分：100分 答：langue is social product|competence as a property of the mind |sociological point of view |psychological [1] Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. 得分：100分 答： A phone is phoentic unit or segment| phones may or may not distinguish meaning| A phoneme is not any part representented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context|The phones representing a ph allophones 【题型：简答】【100分】 [1] What are the major periods in the history of English and how is it classified? 得分：100分 答：old English|middle English| modern English|conventional and arbitrary [1] What is the difference between a pidgin and Creole? 得分：100分 答：variety of language|native speakers|medium of communication|practical purpose|native language|some speec 【题型：简答】【100分】 [1] What are the two major functions of language? 得分：100分 答：interpersonal communication|intrapersonal coummunication

英语学科知识与能力精编WORD版

英语学科知识与能力精 编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】

第一章英语语言基础知识 第一节中学英语语音知识 一，字母，音素（phoneme）和音标（phoneme symbol）： 1. 根据发音时是否受到发音器官的阻碍以及阻碍程度，将26个英文字母分为 元音字母： a e i o u 半元音字母：w y 辅音：其他 （注）区分元音vowels的方法： 舌头抬起的高度——高中低 舌头最高部分的位置——前中后 元音的长度或紧度——长元音短元音 唇的圆展度——圆唇非圆唇 2.英语音素： （注）英语音标发音方法巧记： · /p/ ，/t/，/k/，/f/ ，/s/，/b/，/d/，/g/，/z/，/h/，/r/，/m/，/n/，/j/，/ w/与汉语拼音了的声母发音一致。 · /θ/像一张嘴，咬住舌头，正是这个音标的发音。/e/与之相同，只不过清浊有变 化。 · /v/就是拼音的w（乌）。 · /?/是拼音的sh（师）。

· /ts/是拼音的c（次）。 · /t?/是拼音的ch（吃）。 · /tr/发音像汉字“戳” · /?/是拼音的r（日）。 · /dz/很难表达啊...有z（资）的音，但是前面浊化了。· /d?/是拼音的zh（知）。 · /dr/读“捉” · /?/是拼音的ng（就是ang eng ing ong的后半部分）

二，语音的变化： 1.音节：一个音节至少有一个元音字母 1）重读：Stressed 2）连音：liaison 辅音+元音 R/re+元音 辅音+半元音 元音+元音 4）音的同化：assimilation 1 因唇形的影响而发生的同化： （1）[n], [d], [t]在双唇音[m], [b], [p]前面被同化，如ten men (十个人) 音 鼻辅音 舌侧音 （浊辅音） [l]齿 龈边音 [r]舌尖 齿龈后部 摩擦音 半元音 （浊辅音） [w]舌 后软颚半元音 [j]舌前硬颚半元 音 双唇音：bilabial 软腭：velar 齿槽：alveolar 上颚：palatal 齿音：dentals

英语语言学概论复习

《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization

自考语言学Chapter5

Chapter5 Semantics Ⅰ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)”. This is the _____ view concerning the study of meanig. ( ) A.naming theory B.conceptualist C.contextualist D.behaviourist 2. Semantics can be defined as the study of _____. ( ) A.naming B.meaning https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9617081592.html,munication D.context 3. The meaning of a language form is as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” is proposed by ____. ( ) A.Plato B.Firth C.Chomsky D.Bloomfield 4. ____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( ) A.Sense B.Reference C.Symbol D.Thought 5. In the study of meaning, the ____ are interested in understanding the relations between linguistic expressions and what they refer to in the real world. ( ) A.linguists B.philosophers C.psychologists D.phoneticians 6. The linguistic ____ is sometimes known as co-text. ( ) A.context B.situation C.contextualization D.situation of context 7. “Expensive, valuable, precious” are a group of words bearing the same meaning, but indicating the different attitude of the user toward what he is talking about. They are ____ synonyms. ( ) A.dialectal B.stylistic C.emotive D.semantic 8. Bloomfield drew on ____ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. ( ) A.contextual B.conceptualist C.behaviorist D.naming 9. Sound (adj.) and sound (n.) are identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are ____. ( ) A.homophones B.homographs C.hyponyms https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9617081592.html,plete homonyms 10. _____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. ( ) A.Sense B.Reference C.Meaning D.Semantics 11. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ____ dialects. ( ) A.personal B.regional C.social D.professional 12. We call the relation between “animal” and “horse” as ____. ( ) A.synonymy B.polysemy C.homonymy D.hyponymy 13. A word with several meanings meanings is a ____. ( ) A.synonymy B.polysemic word C.co-hyponym https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9617081592.html,plete hyponym 14. Hyponyms of the same ____ are co-hyponyms. ( ) A.word B.lexical item C.superordinate D.hyponymy 15. Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning, which is proposed by the British linguist ____. ( )

英语学科知识与能力)

《英语学科知识与教学能力》（初级中学） 一、考试目标 1. 英语学科知识与能力 具有扎实的英语语言基础知识和语言能力；具备从事初中英语教学所需要的英语语言能力；能理解有关英语国家的语言、历史和文化等相关知识。 2．英语学科教学知识与能力 掌握基本的、适合初中英语教学的学科教学知识和英语课程标准知识，并能用以指导初中英语教学。 3．英语学科教学设计能力 能够根据英语学科特点，针对初中学生的认知特点、语言水平和学习需要选择并设计合理的教学内容，形成完整合理的教学方案。 4. 英语学科教学实施能力 理解初中英语课堂教学实施的基本原则和方法，具备实施语言课堂教学的基本能力；能够依据教学设计，根据教学实际情况，采用恰当的教学手段，引导学生进行有效学习。 5. 英语学科教学评价知识与能力 了解初中英语课堂教学评价的基本知识和方法，能够对学生的语言学习进行恰当的评价；了解教学反思的基本方法和策略，能够对自己的课堂教学实践进行反思，提出改进的思路。 二、考试模块内容与要求 (一) 语言知识与能力 1．掌握英语语言的基础知识，了解语言研究中与英语教学相关的基本概念和内容，并能在课堂教学中加以运用。 2．具有良好的英语语言运用能力，包括用英语进行书面表达、获取教学资源和信息、表达思想情感和与学生良好沟通的能力；能够筛选并改编适合初中学生英语水平的教学材料。 3. 能在语篇中理解英语国家的语言、历史和文学等相关的社会文化知识。

（二）语言教学知识与能力 1．了解英语教学基本理论，包括语言观、语言学习观、语言教学观等对初中英语教学的指导作用。 2．理解《全日制义务教育普通初级中学英语课程标准（实验）》的目标内容（语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识），以及课程标准的其他相关知识，并能在教学设计与实施中运用。 3．掌握英语语言知识（语音、词汇、语法等）的教学基本原则、讲解和练习方法。 4．掌握英语语言技能（听、说、读、写）的教学原则和训练方法。 5．能结合英语社会文化语境，设计并实施英语知识和技能的教学与训练。 （三）教学设计 1．了解初中学生的认知特征、已有的英语知识、语言能力和学习需求，能够说明教学内容与学生已学知识之间的联系。 2．理解课程标准的目标要求，能够根据学生的特点选择恰当的教学内容。 3．掌握根据恰当的教学内容，设定合理、明确与具体的教学目标。 4．能根据教学目标，创设教学情景、设计有效的教学活动、安排合理的教学过程、编制辅助教学材料。 5．能够根据教学内容和教学过程，设计有效的学习评估活动。 （四）教学实施与评价 1．掌握英语课堂教学的基本步骤与方法，能够创设教学情景，激发学习动机，引导学生参与语言学习活动。 2．掌握指导学生学习的方法和策略，能依据英语学科特点和学生的认知特征，根据教学实际情况，恰当地运用语言讲解、互动练习、提问、反馈等方法，帮助学生有效学习。 3．掌握课堂管理基本方法，熟悉课堂活动常用组织形式，能在教学活动中以学生为中心组织教学，能在课堂教学的不同阶段中发挥教师的作用。 4．掌握课堂总结的方法，能适时地对教学内容进行归纳、总结与评价，科学合理地布置作业。

英语语言学试题库

英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9617081592.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title

英语语言学概论期末复习【通用】.docx

第一章绪论 1.1什么是语言 1.2语言的性质 （1）语言具有系统性（systematic） （2）语言是一个符号系统 语言符号是一种象征符号。 （3）语言符号的任意性（arbitrariness）与理据性（motivation） （4）口头性 （5）语言是人类特有的 （6）语言是用于交际的 寒暄交谈（phatic communion）马林诺夫斯基提出的，认为语言除了用于表达思想、交流感情外，还可以用语言营造一种气氛或保持社会接触。这种不用于表达思想、交流感情的语言使用，叫寒暄交谈。 1.3语言的起源 1.4语言的分类 1.4.1系属分类（Genetic Classification） 历史比较语言学通过比较各种语言在不同时期语音、词性、曲折变化、语法结构上的相同特点来建立语言族系。 将语言分为语系（family）——语族（group）——语支（branch）——语言 英语、德语属印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支。法语属印欧语系罗曼语族中罗曼语支。 汉语属汉藏语系汉语族。 1.4.2 类型分类（Typological Classifacation） 根据词的结构类型，可分为 （1）孤立语（isolating language）又叫词根语，一个词代表一个意思，缺少形态变化，语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段。汉语是典型的孤立语。 （2）粘着语（agglutinative language）简单词组成复合词，而词性和意义不变。在词根前、中、后粘贴不同的词缀实现语法功能。日语、韩语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。 （3）屈折语（inflectional language）词形变化表语法关系的语言。英语是不太典型的屈折语。 （4）多式综合语（polysynthesis language）把主、宾和其它语法项结合到动词词干上以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。因纽特语是典型的多式综合语。 根据句子的语序类型，可分为SVO、SOV、OSV、OVS等 1.5语言的功能 1.5.1 一般功能 1.5.2元功能（metafunction） 1.6什么是语言学（linguistics）

英语语言学 语域定义 中英文

Discourse analysis, belongs to applied linguistics, came to prominence in translation studies in the 1990s. Text analysis: normally concentrates on describing the way in which texts are organized( sentence structures, cohesion, etc. Discourse analysis: looks at the way language communicates meaning and social and power relations. Register(语域: the style of a piece of writing or speech (colloquial, formal, literary, etc. usually used in particular circumstances. 语域（Register）是语言使用的场合或领域的总称。英国语言学家韩礼德（M. A. K. Halliday）将语域定义为，语言变体可以按照使用的情况划分为语域。语言使用的领域的种类很多，例如：新闻广播、演说语言、广告语言、课堂用语、办公用语、家常谈话、与幼童谈话、与外国人谈话、口头自述等。在不同的领域使用的语言会有不同的语体。 语域的三个社会变量：语场（field），语旨（tenor）和语式（mode）。具有某种具体用途的语言变体，它与社会或区域（因说话者的不同而异）相对。使语言行为适应于某一特定活动类型、正式程度等的一种倾向。语域是由多种情境特征------特别是指语篇语场、语篇方式和语篇基调------相联系的语言特征构成的。语域是语篇针对特定的交际场合,为达到某一交际目的而产生的一种功能变体,它是多种参数------语篇语场、方式和基调------的综合体现，不只是一种单纯的语篇方式变体。

27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology

Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on