proposal_的写法

proposal 的写法

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。How to write a research proposal? 能否写出漂亮的propos al，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Pr oposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Re search Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利

文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada).

题为：How to Write a Research Proposal.

全文转载如下：

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research p roposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s rese arch is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the proje ct even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high qualit y proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also i mpresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.

大多数学生并开始研究不充分了解研究的建议意味着什么，也不理解其重要性。说穿了，一个人的研究只是作为一个良好的建议。不周的建议注定的项目，即使它在某种程度上通过监事会的论断得到。另一方面，高质量的提案，不仅承诺为项目的成功，但也令人印象深刻。

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile rese arch project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the r esearch process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the pr oposed study.

研究提案的目的是说服别人，你有一个值得研究的项目和你有能力和工作计划来完成它。一般情况下，研究提案应包含在研究过程中所涉及的所有关键要素，包括为读者足够的信息来评估拟议的研究。

Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research pr oposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why yo u want to do it and how you are going to do it.

无论您的研究领域和您选择的方法，所有研究建议必须解决以下几个问题：你计划如何来完成，为什么你想这样做，你将如何做到这一点。

The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you h ave an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literatu re and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.

建议应该有足够的信息来说服你的读者，你要有一个重要的研究思路，你已经把握好了相关文献和重大问题，和你的方法是健全的。

The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your prop osed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research proj ect may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. The refore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.

This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.

你的研究提案的质量不仅取决于你的建议项目的质量，同时也对你的建议写作质量。因为写得不好的建议是一个很好的研究项目可以运行简单地排斥风险。因此，支付，如果你的写作是一致的，明确的和令人信服的。

本文侧重于书面建议，而不是对发展的研究思路。

TITLE:题目

It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stat ed in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. Howev er, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pri cks the reader’s interest, but also predi sposes him/her favourably towards the propo sal.

（简单翻译一下了）它应当简明扼要，例如，短语“什么什么的调查”标题通常表示功能的关系。。。。

ABSTRACT:摘要：

It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research q uestion, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the m ain findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sa mple and any instruments that will be used.

约300字的简要介绍。它应包括研究问题，研究的理由，假设（如有），方法和主要结论。方法描述可能包括设计，程序，样品和将要使用的任何文书。

INTRODUCTION:简介：

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or co ntext for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.

If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature re view, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if t he same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research a rea, its significance will become evident.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research que stion just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly a nd the depth of your understanding of problem areas.

However, try to place your rese arch question in the context of either a current “ho t” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in w hich your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “ke y players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, t ry to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.

The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justificati on for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements: 1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the stu dy.

2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.

3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.

4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your res earch.

5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Altern atively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.

6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological res earch, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis wi th the statistical null hypothesis.)

7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide

a clear focus.

8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. Howev er, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.

The literature review serves several important functions:

1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.

2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.

3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.

4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related t o your research question.

5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.

6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.

7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual fra mework for your research.

8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and s ubstantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).

Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:

* Lacking organization and structure

* Lacking focus, unity and coherence

* Being repetitive and verbose

* Failing to cite influential papers

* Failing to keep up with recent developments

* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers

* Citing irrelevant or trivial references

* Depending too much on secondary sources

Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above a pplies to your proposal.

There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheading s to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may d evote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instru ments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.

It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try t o tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may l ead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)

METHODS:

The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and descr ibe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.

The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficie nt information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some ev en argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.

You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the cas e that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your r esearch question.

Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative resear ch. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qu alitative method.

Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qual itative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is requi red for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection proces s in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to qu antitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you w ill collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative re search is a topic for another paper.)

For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sectio ns:

1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of desi gn do you choose?

2. Subjects or participants –Who will take part in your study ? What kind of samp ling procedure do you use?

3. Instruments –What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?

4. Procedure –How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are invol ved? How long does it take?

RESULTS:

Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to hav e some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical pro

Research Proposal 的模板、写作建议以及样本 计算机

Research Proposal N.Mavaddat Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering The University of Western Australia Crawley,W.A.6009 navid@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9a17232426.html,.au April2002 A.Proposed Study 1.Title Automatic Determination of Vanishing Points and Geometric Cues for Single View Recti?cation and Metrology. 2.Contribution From a single two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object or scene it is possible to extract substantial information about the original object or even partially reconstruct the image of the object from a di?erent viewing angle.[4]This has many applications in the?elds of architecture, archaeology,forensic science and many others.This analysis can provide,in the case of metrology, measurement of the original scene,and in the case of recti?cation,the necessary information to construct a virtual model of the scene.A critical part of the analysis process is to accurately identify attributes of interest. One such attribute of interest are the‘vanishing points’of a scene.These are de?ned as points at which the extensions of parallel lines appear to converge in the perspective view of the image. In practice the detection of the vanishing points is made by visual inspection of the image and is both cumbersome and not very accurate.An automatic method of the vanishing point detection would eliminate the subjective inspection of the image and expedite the process. In my Honours project I was able to advance a method for automatic detection of the vanish-ing points through the combination of image analysis techniques and projective geometry.The method was successfully applied to the detection of the vanishing points for several images and reconstruction of images from di?erent perspectives.However,the above method can only be readily implemented when there are su?cient straight lines in the image that can be detected by computational methods and their convergence point determined.In general the two-dimensional images may contain none or a very few straight lines.Hence the proposed method has to be much improved and augmented to be a useful tool for practical applications.The attributes of interest are not con?ned to vanishing points.Other attributes such a horizon lines are also useful for single view image analysis.These attributes have yet to be explored and their detection processes automated.Further work includes the development of prototypes for proposed applications of single view metrology and recti?cation. In addition to vanishing points,other geometrical cues can greatly assist the accuracy and feasi-bility of single view metrology.These geometrical cues include determination of right angles and

Research_proposal 格式

How to write a research proposal You are to write a research proposal of about 2000 words, maximum 8 type-written pages (including figures and tables), double-spaced. Fonts should be set at 12-point. Objectives The idea behind this research proposal is I would like to see whether you are able to identify outstanding issues that more research could help to clarify. Writing the proposal will then help you achieve four important objectives: (1) to expand your knowledge of cognitive neuroscience by focusing on two areas that are of particular interest to you, (2) to further develop your skills as a critical reader of psychological research, and (3) to develop your scientific writing skills. General Requirements In this research proposal, you are asked to demonstrate your ability to integrate information across topics covered in the course. In the proposal, you should critically review two areas of cognitive neuroscience and then propose an experiment that would help to address an integrative question or issue. Choose any two sections from the course outline, such as Attention and Memory, and discuss how they are (or might be) related. For example, you might want to discuss the role of attention in memory. Alternatively, you might wish to discuss some general principles of cortical organization, such as modularity and central processing, and how they apply to two different areas you have studied. I guess you will find that there are a great number of potential topics you could pick. The best way would be to take something that interests you. You should then try to define what you picked narrowly. You need not deal with the entire topic area (e.g., all of language, all of perception), but choose smaller, more manageable topic (e.g., perception of living things and spatial attention; the function of the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). If you define your topic too generally there will simply be too much relevant research, making it very difficult to decide which the most relevant papers are. Required sections of the proposal The proposal must contain the following sections: Title page – Abstract – Introduction – Methods – Predicted Results – References. ? Title page ? Abstract: One (1) paragraph that briefly describes the area of interest and the research question that will be addressed in the proposal. Put the abstract on a separate page, immediately following the title page. ? Introduction: This section should describe the research area and findings from previous studies. Write in a goal-directed manner. By this I mean you will eventually be proposing some experiment in your proposal. Therefore, the literature review should be designed so that it discusses an issue or question that needs to be addressed in that area and provides a rationale for your proposed study. Moreover, you should structure your Introduction so that the motivation for your proposal becomes clear. To achieve that you should begin with a relatively big issue and then focus down to the specific issue you are interested in, highlighting the aspects of previous research (e.g. some methodological flaw in previous approaches) that your proposal is meant to address. By the end of the Introduction the reader should have a very good idea of what the central issue of your proposal will be. Your Introduction should reference at least three research articles (see the section about references). (Maximum length of the Introduction: 3 double-spaced pages).

英文Proposal 范文

To: College of Business Administration Dean’s Office From: Zihao Fu Subject: A Proposal for setting up a food truck beside the new business building Introduction As the construction began in September, the new business building is finally coming to us. Taking up 140,00 square feet of space the building will have one 250-person lecture hall, three tiered 80-person classrooms, thirteen 50-person classrooms, three 50-station computer labs and many other features. This is definitely exciting for students, as they will be enjoying the business education in a fresh environment with brand new facilities. Faculties should also be pleased with bigger and brighter offices. The new business building can also work as an attraction that appeals to potential future K-State students. Since this is still a very early stage of the construction, it is still feasible for us to add more practical features to the building to better dealing with potential problems. Meanwhile the proposal can also increase the overall attractiveness of College of Business. Problem Description In the blueprint of the new business building we could see that a coffee shop is included. However, having only one coffee shop may not be sufficient. At a round 11 o’clock to 1 o’clock is the “peak hours” f or lunch. Long-winded lines are very common in Union’ food court, Einstein Bros Bagels as well as Derby Dining Center. It is hard to imagine a coffee shop with limited capacity can serve the whole business school, which has the biggest amount of undergraduate students in the university, efficiently. Taking a close look at the campus map I could not help but notice that the new business building is located at the Southeast side of the campus and seems to be alienated from other major buildings. With only one dining facility near the building can result in students who are taking classes at noon in the building has very limited choice for lunch. In addition, they will have to walk a long way to other dining facilities around the campus. Some other students might decide not to have lunch due to the intense schedule and the tiring long way. However, the lacking of essential nutrition and energy intake can cause really negative impact on students’ brain function. The lacking of concentration and reduce students’ attention in class, which ultimately affects their academic performance. Hence, I am proposing a solution to the problem.

Project Proposal 项目建议书 英文 模板

Proposal for Junior Achievement Project Yanqin Fu Xiaoping Hu South Westfalia University of Applied Science

Table of Contents Executive Summary (1) Statement of Need (2) Project Description (4) Project Evaluation (7) Budget (8) Organization Profile (12) Timeline (13) Conclusion (14) Appendices (15)

Executive Summary With the fast growth of college graduate population, it is more and more difficult for students to find a job. Under this circumstance, setting up new businesses is becoming an effective way out. The government of China is laying great effort to encourage students to start up businesses. “Booming private capital is key to overall economic development”, says Prime Ministry Wen Jiabao. However, the lack of knowledge and experience is setting obstacles for the students. Therefore, we need urgently to strengthen students’ability in doing business. This proposal aims at introducing how the organization “Brilliant” plans to carry out the project of fostering entrepreneurship of college students in Hangzhou, and asking for a fund of 833,000 yuan to support the project.

怎样写好research-proposal(中文)教学文稿

大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。简单的说，一个人研究计划的好坏决定了其研究的好坏。一个构思欠佳的研究计划会毁了整个项目，即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。另一方面，一个高质量的研究计划，不仅确保了研究项目的成功，你作为一个研究者的潜力也会给论文委员会留下一个好印象。 一个研究计划是为了说服别人你有一个有价值的研究计划，同时你有这个能力和相应的工作计划来完成它。总之，一个研究计划应包含所有研究过程中的关键步骤，同时也会给读者足够的信息来评估这个拟定的研究。 不论你的研究领域是什么，你选择了什么样的方法，所有的研究计划必须解决以下问题：你打算完成什么，为什么你要做这件事，以及你打算怎样去完成它。 研究计划应该有足够的信息来向你的读者证明你有一个重要的研究想法，你对相关文献和主要问题有很好的把握，同时你的方法是切实可行的。 研究计划的质量不仅取决于研究项目本身，同时也取决于你的计划书写作。一个好的研究项目也可能会有仅仅因为不好的写作而被否决的风险。因此，非常值得你去写得连贯，清晰并且令人信服。 这篇文章强调的是计划书的写作，而非研究思路的开展。 标题： 标题应该简明扼要。比如，“一个关于…的研究”，这样的句子就应该避免。通常，标题是表达功能关系，因为这样的标题清晰的表达了独立和相关的变量。然而，应尽可能，想一个内容翔实又吸引人的标题。一个有效的标题不仅会激发读者的兴趣，也预示了他们会喜欢这个计划。 摘要： 摘要是一个300字左右的简要归纳。它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），方法以及主要发现。对方法的描述可能包括试验设计，步骤，样本，还有任何将被用到的手段。 引言： 引言的主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。如何设定研究问题可能是计划书写作最难的部分。 如果研究问题被限定在一个概括的，不着边际的文献回顾里，研究问题就会显得琐碎和无趣。然而，如果同样的问题被设定在一个当前非常被关注的研究领域里，它的重要性就变得不言而喻了。 不幸的是，对如何设定你的研究问题并没有任何硬性规定，正如没有对如何写出有趣和翔实的开头段的规定一样。很大程度上要靠你自己的创造力，要取决于你清晰思维的能力和你对问题领域理解的深度。 首先，尝试着把你的研究问题放到当前的热门领域，或是一个陈旧但依然可行的领域；其次，你需要提供一个简要而适当的历史背景；再者，提供该问题的当下背景，在这里，你提出的研究问题应该是关注的焦点。最后，确定“关键角色”（key players），参考最相关和最有代表性的论文。总之，把你的研究问题放到

Proposal模板

Project Title Team Leader: Members: Project Time In troducti on: Stateme nt of Problem Project Objectives Project Plan s(Acti ons &Man ageme nt) Feasibility(Capability&Cost) Schedule Example 1: (Note: It ' s only an example. There are three rows in the table,

but defi nitely, you may add more lines to it. And duri ng the same period, differe nt people may work on differe nt tasks in stead of all the people doing the same thing. Please refer to the 2 nd table.) Example 2: Con clusi on Refere nces Prepari ng Stage for a Proposal Project scope -A developme nt(bike,car,airpla ne,ship,robot) -A mecha ni cal desig n(tool,system,toy) -An improveme nt of a mecha ni cal product -A prototype of an inven ti on -An engin eeri ng research Choose model

Research Proposal的写作步骤及组成部分

STEP 1 定研究题目的大方向 选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。 注意： 1. 浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。 2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。 到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。 STEP 2 找文献&阅读文献 文献选择的几个标准 1. 以英语文献为主。参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，方便了解相关研究背景。以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。 2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊上发的文章； 3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）； 4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低； 5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。 6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看 7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。

找文献的方法： 英文：通过Google学术搜索; 如果你所在的学校买了该数据库，就可以直接下载。 中文：一般是通过中国知网搜索。 需要看多少篇文章:写一篇研究计划书，需要精读15篇以上英文论文。中文的5-10篇，多看一些也无所谓（看得快嘛），但要避免看垃圾文章。 看文献的Tips 1. 将觉得需要认真看、反复研究的重点文章打印出来，反复看，也方便做记号和前后对照翻阅。 2. 在读的过程中，遇到写得好的、关键的、觉得有可能在研究计划书中用上的句子，复制粘贴到一个word文档里并简要标明出处。 3. 读文献的过程中有任何想法都要赶紧记下来。可以用笔记本手写，也可以建一个word文档记。 4.认真研究英文文献的句子，模仿他们的行文和表述方式。在此推荐一本英语学术写作的书，可以先简要阅读一遍，名字叫The elements of style，网上能搜到英文原版和中译版。 STEP3 开始写 1. 写的过程中，记得随时翻阅相关文献。觉得写不下去时，就再去看文献，也可以求助于老师或学术能力比较强的师兄师姐。 2. 字数在1500-2000字左右为宜（不包括参考文献）

bec proposal范文

May 21,2013 Dear Mr.Michael James, Re:Application for Most Improved Organisation Award I am writing to apply for the Most Improved Award which I have seen advertised in "China Daily" of Monday 14th April 2013. We are LDs Car Ltd Company.Our headquarter is located in No.569,Yuelu Road,Yuelu District,Changsha,Hunan,China.And we have 40 branches,13 in China and the other 27 branches in US,UK,Australia and Canada respectively.We are specialize in producing user-friendly cars in the world.Although our company has 50 years long history,being considered as traditional car brand,we never stop the step by developing new technologies and updating our products in coincide with up-to-date technology.Innovation and Low-Carbon Concept are new corporate philosophy. Last year,our research and development department designed a new model car which is called "Solar Powered Auto".This new model car has a attractive appearance and comfortable interior layout.The most breaking point is that we use solar energy rather than traditional petrol to power car itself.Thus we have built a important landmark in the car field. Through our promotion we have tried in the Chinese market ,we can easily find that the district economy has considerably improved due to the fact that our new products had increased the domestic consumption.Also,the feedback of field surveys from our customers shows that most of them satisfied with the environment-friendly cars. If we can win this award,we will make full use of the prize money to benefit our staff.Basically,the cash gifts will be given to those highly hardworking employees.We will also offer sticky rewards ,such as an all-expense-paid trip for an employee and his or her spouse,physical health check-ups,memberships or discounts on membership fees at health clubs and fitness centers and so on. With this great improvement our business has made,I believe that our company is totally qualified for this award. In the meantime,if you require any further information about our company,please do not hesitate to call me.My phone number is 342566658.I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely,

研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义 何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说， 好的是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的很烂，可能根本就不会有开始 研究的机会。 a ? 能否写出漂亮的，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。 英文的自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到 最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于以及、写作的网上资源] 文章作者 T. P. , ., . ( , . , , ). 题为： a . 全文转载如下： a , . , ’s a ’s . . A , , , a . A a . , a . , : , . , a , . , . A . , , . . : . , , “ . . .” . a , . , , . ’s , . : a 300 . , , ( ), . , , . : . . a , , . , a , . , . A , . , a “” , . , a . , . , “ ” . , .

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英语proposal范文

Introduction This proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the brand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots. Findings The following points summarise our key findings. ?It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is not widely spoken. ?Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries. This has serious implications for the benefits we wish to publicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing to purchase such a high quality, product, farmers in some countries would be unlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However, the very Britishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of the French and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classes and country houses. ?Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.

英语的建议书范文

英语的建议书范文 不知道英语的建议书怎么写？别着急，下面整理了英语的建议书，欢迎大家阅读学习！ Dearclassmates: Noweverybodyadvocatesprotectingtheearth,protectourhomes,sol etusalsostarttoact,withourwisdom,useourhandstoprotecttheear thtogether,savenaturalresources.ThefollowingismySuggestions . Thefirstpoint:theuseofpaper 1,willnotrunoutofpaperinoldexercisebooksbound,dothedraft 2,savepaper,writeadraftpaperfull,notjustwriteafewwordsjustt hrowitaway.

3,trytosavepaper,toiletpaperandpapernapkin,useahandkerchief insteadofjustreplacewithahandkerchief. 4,inthewastepaperpracticewritingbrushcalligraphyandpainting traditionalChinesepainting. Thesecondpoint:theuseofwatersaving 1,canbeusedbutrelativelycleanwaterflushthetoilet,cleanthefl oororwatertheflowers. 2,waterintermittentcanturnoffthefaucet,avoidunnecessarywast e. 3,asmallamountofclothestowash,avoidwashingmachineswashwithp lentyofwater.

Proposal 模板

Project Title Team Leader: Members: Project Time Introduction: Statement of Problem Project Objectives Project Plans(Actions &Management) Feasibility(Capability&Cost) Schedule lines to it. And during the same period, different people may work on different tasks instead of all the people doing the same thing. Please refer to the 2nd table.)

Example 2: Conclusion References

Preparing Stage for a Proposal Project scope -A model development(bike,car,airplane,ship,robot) -A mechanical design(tool,system,toy) -An improvement of a mechanical product -A prototype of an invention -An engineering research Choose is small and management is somewhat novel does not duplicate existing products search the web for possible competitors