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非谓语动词的用法比较

非谓语动词的用法比较

非谓语动词的用法比较

6. 不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别

(1) 不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别

不定式作结果状语可以表示出乎意料之外的结果,不定式前加上only表示强调;现在分词作结果状语主要表示一种顺承的因果关系(即前面是后面的原因)。

He left home, never to return. 他离家出走,再也没有回来。

We arrived there only to find the meeting over. 我们到达时却发现会议已经结束。

The rain lasted a week, causing great damage. 下了一个星期的雨,导致了巨大的损失。

The pop star didn’t turn up, disappointing all her fans. 明星未出面,这使她的歌迷都很失望。

(2) done, being done, having been done作状语的区别

三者都表示被动,一般说来表示伴随的状语可以用being done,但一般被done取代。having been done往往强调发生在主句谓语动作之前完成,或已经持续一段时间的动作或状语,如果不强调时间先后或持续一段时间,则直接用done形式。

The boy was running along the street, (being) followed by a dog.

小男孩沿着街道跑着,后面跟着一条狗。

(Being) Led by the local guide, we went further into the virgin forest.

在当地向导的带领下,我们走进了原始森林的深处。

Brought up abroad, he knows little about his hometown.

他在国外被抚养大,因此对自己的故乡了解的很少。

Having been well tended for half a year, the patient became far better.

被精心照料半年后,这位病人情况好转。

但有时过去分词会有歧义,如:

Asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 我被邀请留下,遂不便离开。

这一句中的过去分词asked可能意味着having been asked,也可能意味着when(或since) I was asked。但如用现在分词完成被动式having been asked,就不会有歧义。

下面两句中的过去分词所表的时间与谓语动词所表的时间相同,所以不能代之以其时间先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式:

Covered with confusion, I left the room. 我很窘地离开了房间产。

Convinced that they were going to poison him, he refused to eat anything. 他相信他们要毒死他,所以他拒绝进食。

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否定形式: not +不定式,not + 动名词,not + 现在分词

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