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基于单片机的电动智能小车外文翻译

基于单片机的电动智能小车外文翻译
基于单片机的电动智能小车外文翻译

基于单片机的电动智能小车

通过研发实现了一种以光电传感器为敏感元件,以AT89C51 单片机为控制核心的电动循迹小车的智能控,该系统还包括直流电机、L9110 芯片和LM324 比较器等。

本设计采用AT89C51 单片机作为智能小车核心控制器。本系统以单片机为控制核心,实现电动车的前进、退、左转和右转功能.通过角度传感器[ 1 ]检测跷跷板角度的变化,利用增量式PI算法[ 2 ]控制电动车寻找平衡点,同时运用光电传感器检测黑线,使电动车在行驶过程中保持直线运动且不会脱离跷跷。

一.方案设计

电动车的速度、位置、运行状况的实时测量,并将测量数据传送至单片机进行处理,然后由单片机根据所检测的各种数据实现对电动车的智能控制。这种方案能实现对电动车的运动状态进行实时控制,控制,灵活可靠,精度高,可满足对系统的各项要求。

直流调速系统采用脉宽调速系统,其主电路采用脉宽调制式变换器,简称PWM变换器。由于PWM调速系统的开关频率较高,仅靠电枢电感的滤波作用就可以获得脉动很小的直流电流,电枢电流容易连续,系统的低速运行平稳,调速范围较宽,可达1:10000左右。由于电流波形比V-M系统好,在相同的平均电流下,电动机的损耗和发热都比较小。同样由于开关频率高,若与快速响应的电机相配合,系统可以获得很宽的频带,因此快速响应性能好,动态抗扰能力强。根据以上综合比较,以及本设计中受控电机的容量和直流电机调速

的发展方向,本设计采用了H型单极型可逆PWM变换器进行调速。

1.1光电检测模块设计

该智能小车在贴有黑线的白纸“路面”上行驶,因此本模块设计需要检测铺在行驶区的黑胶带,包括直线行驶区和沿弧线行驶区两个区域。由于黑线和白纸对光线的反射系数不同可根据接收到的反射光的强弱来判断“道路”---黑线。本文采用的是简单实用的检测方法,即红外探测法。

红外探测法,即利用红外线在不同颜色的物理表面具有不同的反射性质的特点。在小车行驶过程中不断地向地面发射红外光,当红外光遇到白色地面时发生漫发射,反射光被装在小车上的接收管接收;如果遇到黑线则红外光被吸收,则小车上的接收管接收不到信号。

1.2信号比较模块设计

输送给单片机,用于检测传感器的敏感性,电路图如图 5 所示。当两个传感器同时检测到光时,直线前进。当传感器检测不到光时,处于截止状态,双运算放大器LM324 输出低电平给单片机,由程序处理;若左路未检测到光,则向左纠正方向;若右路未检测到光,则向右纠正方向。

1.3电机控制与驱动模块设计

由于采用的是双驱动的小车,这部分电路必须能够输出两个不同的电压值,分别去控制小车的左、右两个驱动电机,使小车的两个车轮的转速和方向相同或不同,从而来控制它的前进和转弯。在系统的设计过程中,用两个L9110 芯片来分别连接单片机和直流电机。

L9110 是为控制和驱动电机设计的两通道推挽式功率放大专用集成电路器件,将分立电路集成在单片IC 之中,使外围器件成本降低,整机可靠性提高。该芯片有两个TTL / CMOS 兼容电平的输入,具有良好的抗干扰性;两个输出端能直接驱动电机的正反向运动,它具有较大的电流驱动能力,每通道能通过800mA 的持续电流,峰值电流能力可达1.5 ~2.0A;同时它具有较低的输出饱和压降与静态电流;内置的钳位二极管能释放感性负载的反向冲击电流,使它在驱动继电器、直流电机、步进电机或开关功率管的使用上安全可靠。

循迹小车系统以常见的AT89C51 单片机为核心,辅以较简单的元器件和电路设计,在顺利完成循迹功能的前提下,又充分考虑到了外观、成本等问题,因此小车的大部分电路由手工焊接完成。在设计中,我们没有在电路中增加冗余的功能,但是保留了各种硬件接口和软件子程序接口,方便以后的扩展和开发。

二.系统硬件设计系统硬件设计

2. 1 电机驱动模块设计

在制作智能小车时, 后左、右轮分别用两个转速和力矩基本完全相同的直流减速电机进行驱动, 车头前部装一个方向轮, 然后通过I/O 口控制两个直流减速电机的转速和转向就可以实现小车的左转、右转和直行。

电机驱动采用片集成电机驱动芯片L 298N。L298N是ST公司的产品, 内部包含4通道逻辑驱动电路, 是一种二相和四相电机的专用

驱动器, 即内含二个H桥的高电压大电流双全桥式驱动器, 接收标准TTL逻辑电平信号, 可驱动46V、2A 以下的电机。

2. 2 寻迹模块设计

寻迹模块主要由光电反射式传感器组成。光敏电阻的阻值随周围环境光线的变化而变化, 当光线照射到白线上面时, 光线发射强烈; 光线照射到黑线上面时, 光线发射较弱。因此当光敏电阻在白线和黑线上方时, 阻值会发生明显的变化, 将阻值的变化值经过比较器就可以输出高低电平。但是这种方式受环境影响大, 工作不稳定。本文实际采用的是RPR220 型反射式传感器制作的寻迹模块。

RPR220是一种一体化反射型光电探测器, 其发射器是一个砷化镓红外发光二极管, 而接收器是一个高灵敏度硅平面光电三极管。当发光二极管发出的光反射回来时, 三极管导通并输出低电平。

2. 3 避障模块设计

避障模块主要由红外反射式传感器组成。红外反射式传感器由 1 个红外发射管(发射器)和1个光电二极管(接收器)构成, 红外发射管发出的红外光在遇到反光性较强的物体后被折回, 被光电二极管接收, 引起光电二极管光生电流的增大, 将此变化转为电压信号, 就可以被处理器接收并处理。

2. 4 遥控模块设计

本模块发射端采用高灵敏的H L - 5000型万能电视遥控器, 接收端采用接收频率为38kH z的万能接收头1838, 该模块与单片机接口非常方便。另外, 对于经红外接收后的编码信号, 本系

统设计时运用AT89C52单片微机的外部中断来接收, 信号的下降沿触发外部中断。为了识别一个完整的键信号, 必须对每一个编码脉冲的宽度进行测量, 以判别接收到的脉是! 0?还是! 1?, 利用单片机中的定时器/计数器来测量脉冲宽度。定时器/计数器的除分比是可以设定的, 从除2到除2048, 可测量的脉冲宽度可达500m s。本文设定的除分比为12, 即12分频, 因为外部时钟约为12MH z, 时钟周期为1 s, 所以定时器/计数器每计时一次为1 s。

2. 5 报警模块设计

报警模块的核心芯片选择110报警IC, 可应用于汽车、摩托车、防盗器、个人防暴器、门磁报警器等场所。

三.系统软件设计

本系统软件采用模块化结构, 由主程序﹑初始化子程序、中断子程序、延时子程序、按键发音子程序、按键扫描子程序构成。

3. 1 寻迹子程序设计

寻迹模块设计是通过把左右光电传感器的输出端分别接到单片机的P 22 和P23 管脚上, 然后通过单片机编程, 产生PWM 控制信号, 通过L 298控制电机的转速, 让小车达到前进、左转、右转及停止行驶的目的。

3. 2 避障子程序设计

避障模块设计是通过把左右红外反射式传感器模块的输出端分别接到单片机的P20和P21管脚上, 然后通过单片机编程, 产生PWM 控制信号, 通过L298控制电机的转速, 让小车达到前进、左

转、右转及停止行驶的目的。

3. 3遥控子程序设计

遥控模块设计是通过把红外接收头1838的输出端接到单片机的P32管脚上, 然后用万能遥控器对其进行遥控, 接着让单片机解码, 产生PWM 控制信号,通过L298控制电机的转速, 让小车达到前进、左转、右转及停止行驶的目的。

四.总结

采用单片机为核心, 利用光电传感器和红外反射式传感器作为探测系统, 设计了可以实现自动寻线行走、自动避障、报警以及遥控等功能的智能小车。该设计的显著优点是电路简单、可靠性强、成本低, 并且非常易于功能进一步完善和扩展。

Electric intelligent car based on SCM

Through research and to realize a photoelectric sensor for sensitive components, with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car,The system is also including dc motor, L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc. The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controller。

The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter, back, turn left and right turn function. Through the Angle sensor [1] detection The seesaw Angle change, use incremental PI algorithm [2] to control the electric Car for balance, and using photoelectric sensor detection black line, make the electricity Actuation

vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don't skip from atrium。

1. Project Design

light by a sensor, the reality of the electric car is moving quickly degrees, bit, buy, transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condition, and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monolithic machine into line processing, but by single chip machine according to the measured by root different forms of several inspection according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdom can control system. This kind of square case can real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system, control system spirit alive, can depend, pure degree is high, can full foot of each item of the stockings to beg. (1) straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pulse width modulation experience.meanwhile gather speed is experience.meanwhile, its main electrical pulse width modulation by road system type variable change device, Jane says PWM variable change device. Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience. meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high, only on electricity barnado electricity sense of filter wave can be use to get to move very small straight pulse electric flow, electricity flow barnado electric capacity easily even tantras, department of low speed operation

flat experience.meanwhile, adjustable speed stability van is surrounded relatively wide, can reach 1 000 left right. By on electrical flow wave shape than V - M system, be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine, electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small. With the sample by in open shut frequency rate is high, and if a fast speed of electrical machine ring should match close, fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frequency band, because of the fast speed ring should be good, dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful. According to the root, with more than ensemble close and this set of electrical machine control project by tolerance of the quantity and electrical machine speed straight flow of hair, the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed.

1.1 photoelectric detection module design

The intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper "road", so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area, including Run straight along the arc district and driving district two area. Because of the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different, can according to receive reflected light.

The strength of the judge "road" - the black line. This paper USES is simple and practical detection methods, namely the infrared detection method.

Infrared detection method, i.e. use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties characteristics. In the car driving process Continually to the ground to launch the infrared, when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light, aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving; if Fruit is met black line is absorbed, and then the infrared cars receiving tube receiving less than signal.

1. 2 signal comparative module design

This part design USES a LM324 comparator, of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified, and will compare the results after Feed to the microcontroller, used to detect sensor sensitivity, diagram shown in figure 5 shows. When two sensors simultaneously detect light, straight forward. When the sensor can't detect light, in cut-off state, double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller, by program processing, If left Not detected light, then left correct direction; If the right has not been detected light, then turn correct direction.

1. 3 motor control and driving module design

Because use is double drive cars, this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values, respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive, the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different, thus to control its advance and turning. In system design process, use two L9110 chips to connect SCM and dc

motor respectively. L9110 is for control and drive motor design two channels push-pull power amplifier application-specific integrated circuit device, discrete circuits in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high. The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into, have good anti-jamming, Two output terminal can pick flooding dynamic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force, each call way can pass over 800mA continuous current, peak current capacity of 1. 5 ~ 0A; At the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity, The built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse, making it the drive relays, dc motors, stepping motor or switch power tube the use of safe and reliable.

Follow tracing car system to common AT89C51, complementary with relatively simple components and circuit design, the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function, and fully considered appearance, costs, so most of the circuit car by manual welding is complete. In the design, we never in a circuit increase redundant functions, but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.

2. System hardware design

2. 1 motor driver module design

In making intelligent car, after left, right wheel respectively with two speed and Torque basic identical dc motor driven deceleration, bolt-on trunk-lid spoiler Department to install a direction wheel, then through the I/O mouth to control two dc slowing down Motor speed and steering can be achieved on the car to the left, turn right and straight Line.

Motor driver using a integrated electrical machine flooding dynamic core slice L 298N. L298N is ST the product of the company, the internal containing four channel logical drive circuit, it is a kind of two phase four phase motor drive, namely the special contains two H bridge of high voltage large current commander bridge type drive, acceptance criteria TTL logic level signals, be driven 46V, 2A below the motor.

2. 2 tracing module design

Tracing module mainly composed by photoelectric sensor reflex. Photoconductive resistance of the resistance of the light with the surrounding environment changes, when the LTT white lines above, light emission strongly; The LTT black line above, light emission are relatively weak. So when photoconductive resistance in white line and black line above the elements will occur significantly changes, the resistance changes value after comparator can output high level. But this way

environmental influences big, work is not stable. This article actual use is RPR220 type reflex sensors made tracing module.

RPR220 is an integration of reflective photoelectric detector, the transmitter is a gaas infrared light emitting diode and the receiver is a high sensitivity silicon photoelectric triode flat. When the light emitting diode reflected back, triode conduction and output low level.

2. 3 obstacle avoidance module design

Obstacle avoidance module mainly composed by infrared reflection sensor. Infrared reflection sensor by one infrared tubes (launchers) and 1 photoelectric diode (receiver) constitute, infrared tubes out to meet the infrared object reflective sex strong after be turned back, by photoelectric diode receiving, cause photoelectric diode current increases, light born this change into voltage signal, it could be processor receives and processing.

2. 4 remote control module design

This module will launch end USES high sensitive H L - 5000 type universal television remote control, the receiver using receive frequency for 38kH z's receiving head 1838, this module and the single chip computer interface is very convenient. In addition, for the red outside meet after harvest of plait code letter number, the department tasseled set when shipped with project of AT89C52 single chip microcomputer external interruption to receive, signal the falling edge of trigger

external interruption. In order to recognize a complete key signal, must for each coding pulse width were measured with discriminant receives the pulse is! 0 still! 1 ?, the microcontroller timer/counter to measuring pulse width. Timer/counter except ?points than can be set, from except 2 to except 2048, measurable pulse width can reach 500m s. This paper set except points for 12, namely than 12 points frequency, because the external clock is about 12MH z, clock cycle for 1 s, so the timer/counter for 1 per timing once s.

2. 5 alarm module design

Alarm module core chip 110 IC, can choose application in automobile, motorcycle, alarms, personal riot device, door magnetic alarm device and etc.

3. System software design

This system software modular structure, the main program, initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines, delay subroutines, buttons pronunciation subroutines, buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.

3. 1 tracing subroutines design

Tracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic machine respectively, P 22 and P23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L 298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.

3. 2 avoid barrier of programming

Obstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflection sensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively P20 and P21 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.

3. 3 remote subroutines design

Remote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MCU P32 tube feet, then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control, then let microcontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.

4 . Summary

Adopts singlechip, using photoelectric sensor and infrared reflection sensor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to walk, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantages of simple circuit, reliability, low cost, and very easy to function of further perfecting and expansion

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011):14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期:14~28

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智能车中英文外文翻译

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步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译

外文文献: Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor: Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-: In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative: The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.

新能源电动汽车英文翻译

湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目在采用PWM逆变器下的变速感应电机驱动器中的传导性排放轴承电流的减少和鉴定 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班级机制0911 姓名杨成杰 学号2009116140 指导教师 职称周立文(学校)冯南(企业) 2013年5月10日

┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter Abstract. The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modem power electronic devices,the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor,electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current,bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs,line voltage in dB μV,common mode voltage in dB μV and the bearing current in dBμA without and with minimizing circuits. Keywords. EMI;a.c.drives; bearing current.

外文文献翻译:汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

智能汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献

智能汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译: 基于智能汽车的智能控制研究 摘要:本文使用一个叫做“智能汽车”的平台进行智能控制研究,该小车采用飞思卡尔半导体公司制造的MC9S12DG128芯片作为主要的控制单元,同时介绍了最小的智能控制系统的设计和实现智能车的自我追踪驾驶使用路径识别算法。智能控制智能车的研究包括:提取路径信息,自我跟踪算法实现和方向和速度控制。下文介绍了系统中不同模块的各自实现功能,最重要部分是智能车的过程智能控制:开环控制和闭环控制的应用程序包括增量式PID控制算法和鲁棒控制算法。最后一步是

基于智能控制系统的智能测试。 关键词:MC9S12DG128;智能控制;开环控制;PID;鲁棒; 1.背景介绍 随着控制理论的提高以及信息技术的快速发展,智能控制在我们的社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。由于嵌入式设备有小尺寸、低功耗、功能强大等优点,相信在这个领域将会有一个相对广泛的应用,如汽车电子、航空航天、智能家居。如果这些技术一起工作,它将会蔓延到其他领域。为了研究嵌入式智能控制技术,“智能汽车”被选为研究平台,并把MC9S12DG128芯片作为主控单元。通过智能控制,智能汽车可以自主移动,同时跟踪的路径。 首先,本文给读者一个总体介绍智能车辆系统的[2、3]。然后,根据智能车辆的智能控制:提取路径信息,自我跟踪算法实现中,舵机的方向和速度的控制。它提供包括了上述四个方面的细节的智能车系统信息。此外,本文强调了智能车的控制过程应用程序包括开环控制、闭环增量PID算法和鲁棒算法。 2.智能车系统的总体设计 该系统采用MC9S12DG128[4]作为主芯片,以及一个CCD传感器作为交通信息收集的传感器。速度传感器是基于无线电型光电管的原理开发。路径可以CCD传感器后绘制收集的数据,并且系统计算出相应的处理。在同时,用由电动马达速度测试模块测量的智能汽车的当前速度进行响应的系统。最后,路径识别系统利用所述路径信息和当前的速度,以使智能汽车在不同的道路条件的最高速度运行。图1示出了智能车辆系统的框图。

单片机外文翻译

杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 毕业设计(论文)题目用单片机实现的数字时钟电路设计文献综述题目单片机控制系统系电子工程 专业电子信息科学与技术 姓名郭筱楠 班级08091911 学号08919115 指导教师王维平

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电动汽车应用前景(外文翻译)

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汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求,但是在大多数州(新罕布什和威斯康星州除外)都要求必须购买汽车保险;在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州,如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求,那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定,买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示,一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定,有些是可以选择的,具体如下: 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如,你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10,这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元,每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元,每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险,佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故,你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资;财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用,但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

单片机外文文献翻译

外文文献一单片机简介 单片机是一种集成在电路芯片,是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能(可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路)集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。单片机也被称为微控制器(Microcontroller),是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中,使计算机系统更小,更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器,从此以后,单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 二、单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放,百家争鸣的时期,世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机,从8位、16位到32位,数不胜数,应有尽有,有与主流C51系列兼容的,也有不兼容的,但它们各具特色,互成互补,为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程,可以预示单片机的发展趋势,大致有: 1.低功耗CMOS MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW,而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右,随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低,现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低,但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高,而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点,这些特征,更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 2.微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口,中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上,增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上,这样 单片机包含的单元电路就更多,功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做,制造出具有. 自己特色的单片机芯片。此外,现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻,这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外,还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式,其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎,使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。 3.主流与多品种共存 现在虽然单片机的品种繁多,各具特色,但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流,兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品,ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾

新能源汽车外文文献翻译

文献出处:Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726. 原文 The prospects for global green car mobility Patrick Moriarty, Damon Honnery Abstract The quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel. Keywords:Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution 1. Introduction Provision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures

汽车变速器设计外文翻译

汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道,汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态,此时发出的功率比较大,燃油经济性也比较好。因此,我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是,汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度,这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括,就叫做变速变扭,即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭,而增速又要减扭呢?设发动机输出的功率不变,功率可以表示为 N = w T,其中w是转动的角速度,T是扭距。当N固定的时候,w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭,减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理,分成各个档位对应不同的传动比,以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴,又称三轴式,另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构,输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速,输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比,也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器,它的传动比分别是:1档3.704:1;2档2.202:1;3档1.414:1;4档1:1;5档(超速档)0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上,动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮,1档齿轮带动输出轴,输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上(红色箭头)。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈,输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上,动力传递路线相似,所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1,输入轴转2.2圈,输出轴转1圈,比1档转速增加,扭矩降低。

单片机外文翻译----基于单片机的电动智能小车

基于单片机的电动智能小车 通过研发实现了一种以光电传感器为敏感元件,以 AT89C51 单片机为控制核心的电动循迹小车的智能控,该系统还包括直流电机、L9110 芯片和 LM324 比较器等。本设计采用 AT89C51 单片机作为智能小车核心控制器。 本系统以单片机为控制核心 ,实现电动车的前进、退、左转和右转功能.通过角度传感器 [ 1 ]检测跷跷板角度的变化 ,利用增量式 PI算法 [ 2 ]控制电动车寻找平衡点 ,同时运用光电传感器检测黑线 ,使电动车在行驶过程中保持直线运动且不会脱离跷跷。 一.方案设计 电动车的速度、位置、运行状况的实时测量,并将测量数据传送至单片机进行处理,然后由单片机根据所检测的各种数据实现对电动车的智能控制。这种方案能实现对电动车的运动状态进行实时控制,控制,灵活可靠,精度高,可满足对系统的各项要求。(1)直流调速系统直流调速系统采用脉宽调速系统,其主电路采用脉宽调制式变换器,简称PWM变换器。由于PWM调速系统的开关频率较高,仅靠电枢电感的滤波作用就可以获得脉动很小的直流电流,电枢电流容易连续,系统的低速运行平稳,调速范围较宽,可达1:10000左右。由于电流波形比 V-M系统好,在相同的平均电流下,电动机的损耗和发热都比较小。同样由于开关频率高,若与快速响应的电机相配合,系统可以获得很宽的频带,因此快速响应性能好,动态抗扰能力强。根据以上综合比较,以及本设计中受控电机的容量和直流电机调速的发展方向,本设计采用了H型单极型可逆 PWM 变换器进行调速。 1.1 光电检测模块设计 该智能小车在贴有黑线的白纸“路面”上行驶,因此本模块设计需要检测铺在行驶区的黑 胶带,包括直线行驶区和沿弧线行驶区两个区域。由于黑线和白纸对光线的反射系数不同可根据接收到的反射光的强弱来判断“道路”---黑线。本文采用的是简单实用的检测方法,即红外探测法。 红外探测法,即利用红外线在不同颜色的物理表面具有不同的反射性质的特点。在小车行驶过程中不断地向地面发射红外光,当红外光遇到白色地面时发生漫发射,反射光被装在小车上的接收管接收;如果遇到黑线则红外光被吸收,则小车上的接收管接收不到信号。 1.2 信号比较模块设计 输送给单片机,用于检测传感器的敏感性,电路图如图 5 所示。当两个传感器同时检测到光时,直线前进。当传感器检测不到光时,处于截止状态,双运算放大器 LM324 输出低电平给单片机,由程序处理;若左路未检测到光,则向左纠正方向;若右路未检测到光,则向右纠正方向。 1.3 电机控制与驱动模块设计 由于采用的是双驱动的小车,这部分电路必须能够输出两个不同的电压值,分别去控制小车的左、右两个驱动电机,使小车的两个车轮的转速和方向相同或不同,从而来控制它的前进和转弯。在系统的设计过程中,用两个 L9110 芯片来分别连接单片机和直流电机。L9110 是为控制和驱动电机设计的两通道推挽式功率放大专用集成电路器件,将分立电路集成在单片 IC 之中,使外围器件成本降低,整机可靠性提高。该芯片有两个 TTL / CMOS 兼容电平的输入,具

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