2016.6四级真题答案+解析

2016.06四级真题答案+解析

四级写作：

第一版

For thispart, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to express your thanks to one of your friends who helped you most whenyou were in difficulty. You should write at least 120 words but no morethan 180 words.

第一段: 写出写信目的. (表达感谢)

第二段: 阐述感谢的原因.

第三段:再次表达感谢,并可表述希望有机会可以给对方回报.

Dear Mary,

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to you for your help when I was in difficulty. You have been very kind and helpful since we knew each other.

Last week, I caught a bad cold and had to stay at home for a week. When I was worrying about the lessons, you came to my home after school and helped me with every subject. With your help, I didn’t fall behind others.

Again, thanks so much for your enthusiastic help. Even though you are to about to go abroad for further education I know that I will always stay in touch with you. I wish you every success in the future and I hope we can exchange more viewpoints on study.

Please keep in touch, and drop in and visit us whenever you are in this part of the world.

Very sincerely

Peter

第二版

thanks to one of your school teachers upon entering college. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

第一段: 写出写信目的. (表达感谢)

第二段: 阐述感谢的原因.

第三段:再次表达感谢,并可表述希望有机会可以给对方回报.

Dear sir,

I am writing to you to express my thanks for your help in learning English. You are one of the best teachers who I have ever met .There are many good points that I learn from you.

During these days in your class, I have acquired much knowledge from you and it really helps me a lot.

Firstly, you let me know what the west thinking pattern is —straight thinking pattern. As an English learner, it is important for me to understand the difference between them.

There is no denying

the fact that this can help me with my examination and interaction with foreigners. What’s more, I’m glad to be your student, and I am very happy to learn the course under your guidance. English is an important tool, through which we can share our experience with the world. I treasure the chance of learning English, and I enjoy the happiness from your course.

Last but not least.

please forgive those mistakes I have made which may upset you. What I have learned from you will help me pass the coming examinations and also be useful for my further education in abroad. It is not only a progress of learning, but also a cultivation of my ability.

May everything go well around you. Your student,

Li ling

第三版

thanks to your parents or any family members upon making memorable achievement. You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words. 第一段: 写出写信目的. (表达感谢)

第二段: 阐述感谢的原因.

第三段:再次表达感谢,并可表述希望有机会可以给对方回报.

Dear parents,

This letter is to tell you my true feelings from the bottom of my heart. Although we can keep in virtual touch every day, I still feel it not enough to let you know how much I love you and how much I’ve appreciated what you’ve done for me. In the past 20 years, you have done a lot for me. Firstly, thank you so much for bringing me up. I know how hard you've being working in the past. I can imagine how many difficulties and obstacles you've conquered. Second, I want to thank you for your good education on me. There is an old saying goes like this “parents are the first teachers to their children”. Both of you are the typical ones.

The most important thing that I want to say “thank you” is for your great admiration on my own freedom. You told me to look over the horizons and to pursuit my own dreams without hesitation.

I really feel that my pen fails me when I am writing this thank you letter. The only thing I hope you can do for me is to take good care of yourselves and you will be always proud of me.

Yours beloved

Son

四级翻译（功夫）：

功夫（Kung Fu）是中国武术（martial arts）的俗称。中国武术的起源可以

追溯自卫的需要,狩猎活动以及古代中国的军事训练，它是中国传统体育运

动的一种。年轻人，老年人都练，它已逐渐演变成了中国文化的独特元素，

作为中国的国宝，功夫有上百种的风格，是世界上练得最多的艺术形式，

有些风格模仿了动物的动作。还有一些则受到中国哲学思想，神话和传说的启发。

Kung Fu is the folk name of Chinese martial arts, which dates back to the need of self-defense, hunting, and military drill in ancient China. It is one of China’s traditional sports, and all people, old and young, would participate in. It has gradually evolved into a unique element of the Chinese culture. As a national treasure of China, it has hundreds of styles. Meanwhile, it is also the most practiced art form in the world. Some styles imitate the movements of animals, while others are inspired by Chinese philosophy, myth and legend.

四级翻译（木匠）：

在山东省潍坊市，风筝不仅仅是玩具，而且还是这座城市文化的标志。潍坊以“风筝之都”而闻名，已有将近2400年放飞风筝的历史。传说中国古代哲学家墨子用了三年时间在潍坊制作了世界上首个风筝，但放飞的第一天风筝就坠落并摔坏了，也有人相信风筝是中国古代木匠鲁班发明的。据说他的风筝用木头和竹子制作，飞了三天后才落地。

In Weifang, Shandong, kites are not only for entertainment. It also symbolizes the culture o f the city. Weifang is known as the “capital of kites” with a history of nearly 2,400 years in flying kites. It is said that the ancient Chinese philosopher Motze took three years to make the first kite right in Weifang. It fell and broke, however, on its first day of flying. Some also believe that it was the carpenter LuBan that fist invented the kite. It’s said that his kite was made of wood and bamboo and it landed after three days’ flying.

四级翻译（乌镇）

乌镇是浙江的一座古老水镇，坐落在京杭大运河畔。这是一处迷人的地方，有许多古桥、中式旅店和餐馆。在过去一千年里，乌镇的水系和生活方式并未经历多少变化，是一座展现古文明的博物馆。乌镇所有房屋都用石木

建造。数百年来，当地人沿着河边建起了住宅和集市。无数宽敞美丽的庭院藏身于屋舍之间，游客们每到一处都会有惊喜的发现。

Wuzhen, an ancient water town of Zhejiang province, is located near the Beijin g-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is a charming place. Many ancient bridges, Chines e style hotels and restaurants dwell there. In the past one thousand years, the wa ter system and the way of life there haven't changed much, so it is a museum of ancient civilizations. All rooms in Wuzhen are made of stone and wood. Over hundreds of years, the locals have built houses and markets along the riverbank. Numerous spacious and pretty courtyards hide in those houses, serving as surprises and waiting to be found by the tourists.

四级阅读

第一套

Section A

为了在阅读中使备选词一目了然，我们首先对备选词进行分类：

名词A)attendance（出席，参加）； C)current(水流；电流)； H)flow（流动；车流）；I)mood（心情，情绪）； L)performance（表现；表演）； M)review （回顾；评论；审查）动词D)depressing（使沮丧，使不景气）； E)dropping （降低，减少；下落）；H)flow（流动；流传）； M)review（回顾；写评论；审查）； N)survive（生存，存活）； O)tend（to）（往往会发生某事）形容词C)current（当前的，目前的）；D)depressing（令人沮丧的）； F)essential（必不可少的；本质的）； G)feasible（可行的）副词B)consequently（因此，结果）； J)mutually（相互地）；K)particularly（尤其，特别）

26. 【详解】 O)。动词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格位于that引导的宾语从句中，宾语从句中主语children缺少谓语动词，且能够与介词to搭配，所以空格处应填入动词原形。由第一段第一句可知，文章是在讲体育锻炼与大脑机能的关系。空格所在句讲的是锻炼较多的孩子大脑机能的某种“倾向或者可能性”。备选动词中，能与to搭配,又表示该意思的只有tend，故O)为答案。

27. 【详解】 M)。名词辨析题。空格前面有介词In和不定冠词a，所以空格处需要填入名词的单数形式。由空格所在句可知，通过对14个研究的得出了某种结果。由此可知，空格处应该填入表示“梳理，学习”等意思的词。备选名词中，review“回顾”符合句意，故为答案。

28. 【详解】 L)。名词辨析题。分析空格所在的状语从句可知，physical activity and academic 为并列成分，且空格前为形容词，因此其后应该填入名词。备选名词中能够和academic搭配的只有performance 和review。 academic review“学术评论，学术审查”不符合句意，故答案为performance“表现”。 academic performance意为“学业成绩”。

29. 【详解】 K)。副词辨析题。分析空格所在的主句可知，空格前面是一个完整的句子，后面为介词in引导的状语，因此空格处需要填入副词形式，以表示进一步强调。空格前that引导的宾语从句中提到孩子们的活动量越大，他们的学习成绩就越好，空格后面的状语又列出了具体科目。因此空格处需要填入一个表示“举例并进一步强调”的副词。由此确定副词particularly“尤其，特别”为本题答案。

30. 【详解】 N)。动词辨析题。空格前面有不定式符号to，后面有介词短语on smaller budgets，所以空格处应该填入一个动词原形。空格所在句讨论的是体育课取消的原因。由schools和smaller budgets之间的关系可知，只有surviv e“生存，存活”符合句意，故为答案。

31. 【详解】 E)。动词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格在With引导的独立主格结构中，由此可知空格处应填入分词。由句意可知，近年来美国学生的标准化考试成绩，因此，一些管理人员认为学生们应该将更多的时间放在课堂上而不是操场上。由管理人员的看法可以推知，应该是学生考试成绩不如以前了，管理人员才会要求减少锻炼的时间。备选动词中，表示“下降，减少”意思的词只有dropping“降低，减少”，故为答案。

32. 【详解】 J)。副词辨析题。分析句子成分可知，空格所在句结构完整，且空格前面是be动词，后面为形容词exclusive，因此空格处需要填入副词,修饰其后的形容词。空格所在句提到了锻炼和学业这两个事情，备选副词中，只有mutually“相互地”符合句意，故为答案。mutually exclusive意为“相互排斥”。

33. 【详解】 H)。名词辨析题。空格前面有动词improve和名词blood，分析句子结构可知，空格处应与blood搭配作动词improve的宾语，因此空格处需要填入一个名词。备选名词中，只有flow“流动”可以与blood搭配，意为“血液循环”，代入句中符合句意，故为答案。

34. 【详解】 F)。形容词辨析题。空格前面是系动词are，后面为介宾结构to learning，因此空格处需要填入形容词，与介词to搭配。前面提到体育锻炼可以改善大脑的血液循环，从而提高记忆力、注意力和创造力。因此，

空格处需要填入一个表示褒义的形容词，表明这些能力对学习的重要性。备选形容词中，essential“必不可少的”符合句意，故为答案。

35. 【详解】 I)。名词辨析题。分析句子成分可知，improve和relieve stress 是and连接的并列结构，所以空格处需要填入名词，作improve的宾语。由relieve的宾语stress可知，improve的宾语应该和stress在意义上相对。备选名词中，mood“心情，情绪”符合句意，故为答案。

参考译文

体育锻炼对身体好，而且现在越来越多的证据表明它还有助于改善大脑机能。荷兰的研究人员称，不论是在学校还是在家，锻炼较多的孩子往往平均成绩更好，在标准化考试中得分也更高。回顾过去14个关于体育锻炼和学业成绩的研究，调查人员发现，孩子们的活动量越大，他们的学习成绩就越好，尤其是在数学、英语、阅读这些基础学科上。

由于学校因财政预算减少生存艰难，人们开始争论是否要将体育课废除。这些数据无疑会使目前正在进行的这一争论更加热烈。支持将体育课废除的一方担心体育课占用了学生们的学习时间。近年来美国学生的标准化考试成绩有所下降，因此，一些管理人员认为学生们应该将更多的时间放在课堂上而不是操场上。但是，上述发现表明锻炼与学业并不是相互排斥的。体育锻炼可以改善大脑的血液循环，从而提高记忆力、注意力和创造力。这些对学习来说都至关重要。同时，锻炼可以释放改善心情、减轻压力的荷尔蒙，这种荷尔蒙也有助于学习。所以，当孩子们在活动时，看起来好像是仅仅在锻炼身体，实际上他们也在锻炼大脑。

Section B

本文主要介绍了不同类型的养老机构对入住老人的影响

A)-C)段对辅助生活社区和养老院的优劣提出质疑，并提出养老机构的类型对于入住老人来说影响不大。

D)-J)段介绍发表在《应用老年医学杂志》一项研究并引用了研究结论。人和环境是相互影响的，两者结合才是最重要的。

K)-N)段总结全文：挑选养老机构的过程中，主要考虑老人自身与环境匹配程度、身体状况和个人意愿等。

36. Many people feel guilty when they cannot find a place other than a nursing home for their parents.

【译文】很多人为父母找不到除了养老院之外的其他地方时会感到内疚。【详解】 E)。同义转述题。由题干中的guilty和nursing home定位到文章E)段最后一句。E)段是对发表在《应用老年学杂志》上的一项研究的结果预测，即调查结果会因为居住机构类型的不同而有所不同。作者认为这是一个合理的假设，因为很多家庭都努力避免选择养老院，如果不能避免则会心怀内疚。题干中的是对定位句的同义转述，故答案为E)。

37. Though it helps for children to investigate care facilities, involving their parents in the decision-making process may prove very important.

【译文】尽管考察护理机构对子女有帮助，但是在做决定的过程中让父母参与进来可能是非常重要的。

【详解】 L)。细节归纳题。由题干中的care facilities， involving， process 和very important定位到文章L)段第一句和最后一句。L)段第一句提到子女想要去考察机构，与管理者、入住老人和其他家庭交谈，尽一切可能履行他们的职责。最后一句指出，在这个过程中让入住的老人参与进来是非

常重要的。题干中的investigate care facilities是对L)段第一句的归纳总结，their parents是对最后一句中the future resident的同义转述，故答案为L)。

38. It is really difficult to tell if assisted living is better than a nursing home. 【译文】辅助生活社区是否比私立养老院要好，这真的很难说。

【详解】 B)。细节归纳题。由题干中的difficult to tell, assisted living和nursing home定位到文章B)段。B)段前三句使用了三个疑问句对辅助生活社区和私立养老院的优劣提出质疑，最后一句点题：这真的很难说。换句话说，辅助生活社区和私立养老院孰优孰劣很难说清楚。题干是对B）段的概括归纳，故答案为B)。

39. How a resident feels depends on an interaction between themselves and the care facility they live in.

【译文】入住老人的感受取决于他们自己和所入住的护理机构之间的相互影响。

【详解】 H)。同义转述题。由题干中interaction和between themselves and the care facility定位到文章H)段第三句。定位句对上文研究的结果进行总结：人和环境之间是相互影响的，并不是环境本身导致更好或更糟的经历。题干中的between themselves and the care facility是定位句中between the person and the place的具体化，故答案为H)。

40. The author thinks her friend made a rational decision in choosing a more hospitable place over an apparently elegant assisted living home.

【译文】作者的朋友没有选择表面上看起来雅致的辅助生活社区，而是选择了一个更热情友好的地方，作者认为这是一个理性的决定。

【详解】 N)。细节归纳题。由题干中的her friend和made a rational decision 定位到文章N)段。N)段第一句提到，女儿在参观考察完雅致的辅助生活社

区后，担心母亲在那里会被忽视，因此决定把母亲送到一家更热情友好的机构。作者在末句提到，这是一个理性的决定。题干中的choosing a more hospitable place over an apparently elegant assisted living home是对N)段第一句话的同义转述，题干中的made a rational decision对应原文中的that might have been as rational a way as any to reach a decision，故答案为N)。

41. The system Medicare developed to rate nursing home quality is of little help to finding a satisfactory place.

【译文】老年人医疗保健制度开发的对私立养老院的质量进行评估的系统对寻找一个令人满意的地方帮助不大。

【详解】 J)。同义转述题。由题干中的Medicare和little， satisfactory定位到文章 J)段第一句。定位句提到，一家享有盛誉的研究公司刊发的新闻稿横放在我的桌上，稿子宣称老年人医疗保健制度于2008年开发的帮助家庭比较养老院质量的五星级评估系统与入住老人及家庭成员的满意度之间的关系不大。题干中的Medicare developed to rate nursing home quality 是对定位句中Medicare developed...to help families compare nursing home quality的同义转述，is of little help是对has little relationship的同义转述, 故答案为J)。

42. At first the researchers of the most recent study found residents in assisted living facilities gave higher scores on social interaction.

【译文】最近一项研究的研究人员最初发现在辅助生活社区的入住老人在社会交际方面的得分较高。

【详解】 F)。细节归纳题。由题干中的higher scores on social interaction 定位到文章F)段。F）段举例介绍了最初的研究结果。与其他机构的入住

老人相比，辅助生活社区的入住老人较少报告抑郁、无聊和孤独。第三句指出，他们在社会交际方面得分较高。题干是对定位句的概括归纳，故答案为F)。

43. What kind of care facility old people live in may be less important than we think.

【译文】老人所入住的护理机构的类型可能没有我们想象的那么重要。【详解】 C)。同义转述题。由题干中的What kind of care facility定位到文章C)段第一句。定位句提到，我认为老人住什么样的护理机构可能并没有我们设想的那么重要。题干中的may be less important than we think是对定位句中may matter less than we have assumed的同义转述，故答案为C)。

44. The findings of the latest research were similar to an earlier multi-state study of assisted living.

【译文】最近研究的发现和之前一项辅助生活社区的多态研究相似。【详解】 I)。细节推断题。由题干中的findings和multi-state study of assisted living定位到文章I)段第一、二句。第一句提到，这些违背常识的发现以前也曾提出过。第二句举出一项辅助生活社区的多态研究的结果来证明。也就说，第二句中给出的辅助生活社区的多态研究结果与最近研究的发现相似。题干是对定位句的推断，故答案为I)。

45. A resident’s satisfaction with a care facility has much to do with whether they had participated in the decision to move in and how long they had stayed there.

【译文】入住老人对护理机构的满意程度和他们是否参与了搬家决定以及他们的居住时间有很大关系。

【详解】 G)。同义转述题。由题干中的decision to move和how long they had stayed定位到文章G)段最后一句。定位句指出，入住老人是否觉得自己参与了搬家决定及他们的居住时间被证明都有重要影响。题干是对定位句的同义转述，故答案为G)。

找到合适的家，找到满足感

A)当你家年老的长辈需要入住某种长期护理机构时——几乎所有父母或子女这一刻都会感到担忧——你想要做的就是把所有情况都搞清楚。

B)（38）辅助生活社区真的就标志着比私立养老院有巨大的改进吗？或仅仅是因为这个行业雇用了更好的室内设计师？私立养老院真像人们担心的那样糟糕？还是那只是人们一种过时的固定看法？做好准备工作真能引导家庭找到最好的地方吗？这真的很难说。

C)（43）我认为老人住什么样的护理机构可能并没有我们设想的那么重要，这种提议将会使事情变得更加复杂。成年子女开始寻找护理机构时所要求的服务特色对将要入住的老人未必会有影响。我抓紧补充一下：我不是在讨论服务质量。在一个工作人员不负责，安全记录不佳的阴郁环境中，没人能好好生活。但是越来越多的研究表明，不同类型护理养老机构的一些区别对入住老人生活的好坏影响不大。

D)这些研究中，最近的一项发表在《应用老年学杂志》上，该研究调查了康涅狄格州150名生活在辅助生活社区、私立养老院和较小的安老院（在一些州被称为膳宿照顾之家或成人护理之家）的入住老人。康涅狄格大学健康中心的研究人员向这些入住老人询问了大量关于生活质量、情绪健康、社会交际以及机构服务质量等方面的问题。

E)“我们以为调查结果会基于居住机构类型而有所不同，”该研究的第一作者，康涅狄格大学的医学副教授朱莉·罗宾逊说。（36）这是一个合理的假设——很多家庭都努力避免选择养老院，如果不能避免则会心怀内疚，难道不是吗？

F)（42）最初的结果显示，在辅助生活社区的入住老人情况的确最乐观。举例来说，比起其他机构的入住老人，他们不太可能报告沮丧的症状，也不太可能感觉无聊和孤独。他们在社会交际方面得分较高。

G)但是当研究人员加进一些其他变量时，这些差异消失了。他们发现，不是居住机构的类型造成了入住老人回应的差异。“是他们生活的特定环境的特点和他们自身的性格特点——他们对自身健康状况的感知，他们的年龄和婚姻状况——的结合造成了差异。”罗宾逊博士解释道。（45）入住老人是否觉得自己参与了搬家决定及他们的居住时间被证明都有重要影响。H)因此，一位认为自己健康状况不佳的老人住在辅助生活社区并不会比住在私立养老院抑郁程度轻（虽然她的儿女们更倾向于为她选择辅助生活社区）。在其他因素相同的前提下，一位能够全身心投入到将要搬去的地方并有时间去适应的人，在私立养老院和小安老院都能生活的一样好。（39）人和环境之间是相互影响的，并不是环境本身导致更好或更糟的经历。“你不能说，’让我们把这人送到安老院而不是私立养老院——她会过的更好’”罗宾逊博士说。她补充道，重要的是“老人自身所具备的性格和他们在环境中的感受的结合。”

I)（44）这些违背常识的发现以前也曾提出过。例如：在一项辅助生活社区的多态研究中，北卡罗来纳大学的研究人员发现许多变量——机构的类

型，大小或成立了多长时间；是否属于连锁机构；周围街区的吸引力——和入住老人在生病、情绪低落、住院治疗或死亡方面的遭遇没有显著联系。最重要的是入住老人的身体健康和精神状态。老人们搬来时的状态比他们入住之后的遭遇起到的作用更大。

J)（41）当我在考虑所有这些时，一家享有盛誉的研究公司刊发的新闻稿横放在我的桌上，稿子宣称老年人医疗保健制度于2008年开发的帮助家庭比较养老院质量的五星级评估系统与入住老人及家庭成员的满意度之间的关系不大。事实上，消费者对那些被评为最低等级的一星级机构的满意度比五星级的更高。（本研究更多具体内容和星级评定将登在随后的稿件中。）

K)在我们集体崩溃之前，在如此令人困惑的局面中应该怎样找到出路？菲利普·斯隆博士是北卡罗来纳大学的老年病学专家，他的想法是：“在某种程度上，那是对家庭的解放。”

L)（37）当然，子女想要去参观考察机构，与管理者、入住老人和其他家庭交谈，尽一切可能履行他们的职责。但是也许他们不需要把自己变成私家侦探或者国会委员会的专门小组。“家人可以多去寻找能使入住老人感到快乐的地方，”斯隆博士说。(37)而且在这个过程中让要入住的老人参与进来是非常重要的。

M)对于什么会给父母带来幸福，我们都有自己的想法。他们同样也有自己的想法。最近，一个朋友带着她母亲参观考察了我在的镇附近一家昂贵的辅助生活社区/养老院。我去过这个地方，内外设施都很雅致。虽然这次参观考察已经和院方约定好，但是她们母女俩到达的时候，没有人迎接她们，

也没有人向她们介绍其他的入住老人。在餐厅吃午餐时，她们单独坐在一桌。

N)（40）女儿担心母亲在那里会被忽视，因此她决定把母亲送到一家更热

情友好的机构。基于这项研究的发现，这可能是一个理性的决定。

Section C

Passage One

本文主要介绍了机器人的威胁及应对办法。

第1段指出如果能将人类价值观转变为编码，机器人的威胁是可以避免的。第2-4段具体论述将人类道德观念变成人工智能语言的必要性。

第5-10段继续分析这一方法的可行性、关注点以及最大的困难。

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly sophisticated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code. Russell argues that as robots take on mo re complicated tasks, it’s necessary to translate our morals into AI language. For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you wouldn’t want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. “You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values,” said Russell. Some robot s are already programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you would’t think that’s the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would to. It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules. Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless. The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient

testing and they’ve produced a system that will break some kind of taboo (禁忌).One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course

of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opportunity to stop, sent out beeps (嘟嘟声), and ask for directions from a human. If we humans aren’t quite sure about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe is moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for humanity.

46. What does the author say about the threat of robots？

A) It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers.

B) It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.

C) It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.

D) It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated. 【详解】 C)。推理判断题。由题干中的the threat of robots定位到首段第一句。定位句指出，人们越来越担心机器人会变成一种威胁。首段第二句又指出，斯图尔特·罗素教授认为如果我们能够将人类的价值观转变成可以编程的代码，机器人的威胁是可以避免的，故答案为C）。

47. What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author?

A) They are aggressive.

B) They are outgoing.

C) They are ignorant.

D) They are ill-bred.

【详解】 D)。推理判断题。由题干中的our personal space定位到第四段第三句。定位句提到，如果你正在和另一个人谈话，机器人走到离你身体很近的地方，你肯定觉得有教养的人是不会做这样的事情的。由此可见，

当一个人距离我们太近，侵犯到我们的私人空间时，我们会觉得这个人是没有教养的，故答案为D）。

48. How do robots learn human values?

A) By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.

B) By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.

C) By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.

D) By imitating the behavior of properly brought-up human beings.

【详解】 C)。细节辨认题。由题干中的robots learn human values定位到第六段第一句。定位句指出，机器人也会从关于人类行为的大量数据中得出模式，学习价值观念，由此可知答案为C）。

49. What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation？

A) Keep a distance from possible dangers.

B) Stop to seek advice from a human being.

C) Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.

D) Do sufficient testing before taking action.

【详解】 B)。推理判断题。由题干中的when facing an unusual situation 定位到第八段和第九段的第一句。第八段提到一个简单的核查办法就是给一个机器人编程，使其在非正常的情况时可以在人类的帮助下找到正确的行为过程。第九段第一句则举例说明：如果机器人不确定一只动物是否适合放入微波炉内，它有机会停下来，发出嘟嘟声，寻求人类的指导。由此可见，机器人会停下向人类寻求建议，故答案为B）。

50. What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?

A) Determine what is moral and ethical.

B) Design some large-scale experiments.

C) Set rules for man-machine interaction.

D) Develop a more sophisticated program.

【详解】 A)。推理判断题。由题干中的most difficult to do定位到第十段第一句。定位句提到，将人类价值观进行编程最困难的一步就是如何准确界定我们认为什么是道德的，以及如何创造一套伦理准则。由此可见，这个过程中最难的一步是界定什么是道德的、符合伦理的，故答案为A）。参考译文

随着人工智能变得越来越精密，人们越来越担心机器人会变成一种威胁。

(46)计算机科学教授斯图尔特·罗素则认为如果我们能够将人类的价值观转变成可以编程的代码，这种威胁是可以避免的。

罗素认为，随着机器人承担越来越复杂的工作，我们有必要将人类的道德观念翻译成人工智能语言。

例如：如果一个机器人在家里做家务，你不会想它将宠物猫放进微波炉内做成晚餐给饥饿的孩子吃。罗素说：“你会想让这个机器人提前载入一套好的价值观”。

一些机器人已经被编入了一些基本的人类价值观。例如：移动机器人装有与人类保持适当距离的程序。(47)显然，这里存在文化差异，但如果你正在和另一个人谈话，机器人走到离你身体很近的地方，你肯定觉得有教养的人是不会做这样的事情的。

只要我们能找到一个办法将人类的价值观设置为清晰的规则，制造更多精密的具有人类道德观的机器人是有可能的。

(48)机器人也会从关于人类行为的大量数据中得出模式，学习价值观念。仅仅在编程者粗心大意时，它们才是危险的。

对于机器人会对抗人类价值观的最大的担心在于人类未能进行充分的测试，却已经生产出一套能打破某种禁忌的系统。

一个简单的核查办法就是给一个机器人编程，使其在非正常的情况时可以在人类的帮助下找到正确的行为过程。

(49)如果机器人不确定一只动物是否适合放入微波炉内，它有机会停下来，发出嘟嘟声，寻求人类的指导。如果我们人类对某个决定犹豫不决时，也会询问别人的意见。

(50)将人类价值观进行编程最困难的一步就是如何准确界定我们认为什么是道德的，以及如何创造一套伦理准则。但是如果我们能够解决这个问题，机器人将有益于人类。

Passage Two

本文主要介绍性格影响人们的寿命。

第1-4段指出外向的性格可以使人们变得长寿。

第5段指出母亲的性格会影响孩子的寿命长短。

第6段总结全文，指出人类的寿命不仅仅与身体健康有关，还与心理健康有关。

Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity (长寿)？ Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing， more active and less neurotic （神经质的） than other people.

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