托福阅读阅读细节题专题

1, In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years. 考虑到这些事实，科学家们就假设有一个较大的小行星，直径差不多有10到15公里，曾与地球相撞，所以碰撞扬起的灰尘等就形成了这层粘土层。他们的计算表明撞击扬起的灰尘遮挡了阳光达几个月之久，阻止了植物的光合作用，将陆地上的气温降到了零点之下，导致酸雨，通过温室效应造成了长期的、严重的全球升温。这种对食物链和气候的极大扰乱将可使恐龙和其他生物在不到50年的时间内绝迹。

T8 (2) 12#

12. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following effects of the hypothesized asteroid collision EXCEPT

○a large dust cloud that blocked sunlight

○an immediate drop in the surface temperatu res of the continents

○an extreme decrease in rainfall on the continents

○a long-term increase in global temperatures

2, Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea. 一些科学家认为早期的火星上广泛存在着河流，湖泊甚至是海洋。一份2003年的对火星全球的调查照片显示了一个科学家们认为是三角洲的构造——一个扇形的沉积物和水流通道的网络，河流可能是从这里流入了一个更大的水体；在这种情况下，它可能是南部高地的一个火山口湖泊。其他研究者做了更大胆的猜测，他们认为那些数据表明早期在火星表面存在大量的水。一张关于火星北部极地地区的电脑图片说明有可能有一个古老的海洋覆盖了大部分北部的低洼处。那座有大约3000公里宽，9公里深的Hellas 盆地也可能是火星海洋。

T8 (3) 7#

7. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:

○What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?

○Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta (河流的)三角洲emptied?

○Approxima tely how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?

○During what period of Mars’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?

3, Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner. T9(2)4#Wildman 和Niles 都特别喜欢研究在哪种情况下反思可能大量出现——一个几乎没有任何文献指导的课题。他们给维吉利亚的一组教师设计了一个实验策略，并在几年内研究了40位教师。他们担心很多人可能“沉浸在这种全新的教育概念中，结果却发现教师反思的抽象概念和现实之间的鸿沟太大而无法逾越。要反思像教学这样复杂的工作并不容易”。要反思像教学这样复杂的事件不是容易的。老师们都参加了关于教学事件计划的讨论，紧接着在工作人员的协助下去反思具体问题，然后是独立反思。

4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:

○It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from others ○It was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.

○It involved having teachers take part in discussions of classroom events

○It involv ed having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching 4, To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic （漂泊不定的，古怪的）behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.

T10 (2) 8#这些记录中对全球气候的覆盖度已经达到了可以提供气候可变性的方法的程度，它应该至少揭示所有引起气候变化的自然原因是怎样结合的。这些原因包括混乱的大气波动，相对较慢但相当混乱的海洋活动，地表变化和冰雪的覆盖度。还包括任何火山活动、太阳活动将会引起的变化。或许也包括人类活动引起的变化。

8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change EXCEPT

○ atmospheric 大气的changes

○ the slow movement of landmasses

○ fluctuations in the amount of ice and snow

○ changes in ocean activity

5, The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships - an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

由西班牙商船从美国带来的金银成为了促进国际贸易快速发展的资本注入。这些资本资助了商品的生产，存储，交易，甚至是全欧洲乃至海外的贷款。不仅如此，投资，政府向银行家和商人的借贷以及一项英国的革新——股份制公司（第一家主要的股份制公司始于1600年）都增加了贷款的供应。与由投资家组成的以单个商业项目为目的的短期财团不同，股份制公司通过商人和其他投资者购买公司股份所带来的投资提供长期的资金筹集。

12. According to paragraph 8, each of the following was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPT

○ groups of investors engaged in short-term financial cooperation

○ the state

○ wealthy merchants

○ joint-stock companies

6, In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were

producing their art.

为了能深入理解古埃及艺术，极为重要的一点是要尽可能多地了解其精英阶层的世界观以及当时艺术创造的功能和背景。若是没有这些认识，我们只能窥探到古埃及艺术的外在情境而无法理解它们创造出来的目的和所秉持的理念，也无法得知其采用的独特艺术形式的原因。事实上，正是因为人们缺乏对这些根本意义的了解，让古埃及文化艺术在与其他艺术进行对比时往往遭到质疑：为什么古埃及的雕塑作品不像古希腊的经典作品那样，在空间上进行弯曲和旋转？为什么那些艺术家看上去似乎都左右不分？又是为什么，在那些艺术作品里，完全没有体现过文艺复兴时期欧洲艺术里普遍采用的几何透视？然而，这些问题的答案完全不能说明古埃及的艺术家技艺不佳或者缺乏想象力，而恰恰体现了他们创造这些艺术的意义所在。

2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks

○ a realistic sense of human body proportion

○ a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes

○ the originality of European art

○ the capacity to show the human body in motion

3. In paragraph 1, the author mentions all of the following as necessary in appreciating Egyptian art EXCEPT an understanding of

○ the reasons why the art was made

○ the nature of aristocratic Egyptian beliefs

○ the influences of Egyptian art on later art such as classical Greek art

○ how the art was used

7, Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.这些雕塑通常是由石头，木材和金属做成的。石制雕像是用长方形的石料制成，并且保持着原有的形状和比例。站姿雕塑的身体与胳膊之间、两腿之间的石料或者是坐姿石像的大腿与座位之间的石料通常不会去掉。从实际的外形来看通常石像会在背部增加一个支撑柱已达到保护石像的外形以免出现断裂并且在心理上展现并且增强一种力量与权利的感觉。与之相比，木质雕像是把许多块木头钉在一起再进行雕刻而成的，金属雕塑是在木质的内里外涂上一层薄薄的金属，或是

再用蜡抛光。手臂可以离开身体并且保持拿在手中的东西与手之间相隔离。它们也没有背部支柱。效果相比于石质雕塑更亮表述也更自如。但是因为都是用于相同的用途，木质的和金属的雕塑依旧是正面描绘的表现形式。

10. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about wooden statues is true?

○ Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues.

○ Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood.

○ Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front.

○ Wooden statues had a different effect on the viewer than stone statues.

8, Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously同时in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.除此之外，录音的辉煌还是使20世纪20年代同时百家争鸣的视觉影像方面的技术和审美实验的进步相形见绌。在这期间充斥着新技术的发明或者提出，有一些甚至取得了成功，新的色彩处理，更大的和不同尺寸的屏幕，多屏放映的设计，甚至是电视。声音转化的高成本和早期声音技术的局限成为了抑制或妨碍了这些发明的在其所在领域的优势。新型屏幕设计的引进被推迟了25年，彩色，在接下来的20年除了用于特殊生产外，一直到1950年都还不是标准。

7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of the technological and aesthetic experiments of the 1920's?

○ Because the costs of introducing recorded sound were low, it was the only innovation that was put to use inthe1920's.

○ The introduction of recorded sound prevented the development of other technological innovations in the 1920's

○ The new technological and aesthetic developments of the 1920s included the use of color, new screen formats, and television.

○ Many of the innovations developed in the 1920s were not widely introduced until as late as the 1950's.

9, Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones

reaching from Eastem Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modem Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes.

Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

游牧生活有一些更重大的意义。它意味着畜牧主义社会占据着并且影响着非常大的地域。特别是在欧洲内陆的西伯利亚大草原上的以马为畜牧对象的出现更具重大意义，因为它是在所有畜牧业中移动性最强的一种。所以，畜牧社会所变现出来的在较大地域中分享类似的文化、生态以及语言特点并非偶然现象。在公元前4000年的后期，已经有证据显示存在着一个从东欧延伸到蒙古边境的大文化圈。也许在其移动性方面最具说服力的标志是在公元前3000在这个区域的大部分的畜牧者都讲一种与现代印欧语系有关的古老语言。这种值得关注的移动性和畜牧社会的地理范围在某种程度上解释了很多语言学家一直争论的一个问题，那就是为什么印欧语系并不是从Anatolia（现在的土耳其）的农民中传播开来的，而是从早期欧洲内陆的畜牧主义者中产生。这些理论暗示了印欧语系不是从新石器时代的Antolia发展而来，而是在Don 和Dnieper 流域内从事家畜养殖和开发邻近的西伯利亚大草原的畜牧社群中发展而来。

游牧主义者也用便于携带但却严格的规则下征服了畜牧主义者。如果你不断地移动，你就负担不起大量的剩余物资。这样的规则限制了畜牧主义者家用物资的多样性积累（尽管他们也鼓励积累高质量的便于携带的物品，如真丝和珠宝）。所以，大体上来说，游牧民族包含着一个高程度的自给自足社会并且限制宽泛的劳动分工。当然，不公平的财富和社会地位也同样存在，而且是存在于绝大多数的畜牧主义社会里。但是除了在军事征服时段里，他们由于过于弱小而不能形成所想象的稳定的、世袭的统治阶级。畜牧主义社会里也同样存在性别上的不公平，但是由于在大多数社群中缺少严格的财富等级制度，并且由于妇女往往具有男子的技能所以这种不公平性被弱化了。

TPO14(2)

10 According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCEPT:

○ It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societies.

○ It is most marked during periods of military conquest.胜利品

○ It is expressed in the form of a rigid严格的hierarchy based largely on heredity.遗传

○ It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences.

10, Glaciers are slowly moving masses of ice that have accumulated on land in areas where more snowfalls during a year than melts. Snowfalls as hexagonal crystals, but once on the ground, snow is soon transformed into a compacted mass of smaller, rounded grains. As the air space around them is lessened by compaction and melting, the grains become denser. With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn. With additional time, pressure, and refrozen meltwater from above, the small firn granules become larger, interlocked crystals of blue glacial ice. When the ice is thick enough, usually over 30 meters, the weight of the snow and firn will cause the ice crystals toward the bottom to become plastic and to flow outward or downward from the area of snow accumulation.冰川是一种缓慢移动的巨大的冰块，这种冰块是由于每年降雪多于融化而积累起来的。那些如六角晶体的降雪一旦飘落在地表，雪花就迅速压缩成大量的小而圆的颗粒。由于压缩与融化，这些颗粒周围空气空间也随之减少。随着进一步的融化，再结冰，以及承受位于上方的新的降雪的重量，这些积雪达到了一种介于冰片与冰块的中间阶段，该阶段可使颗粒物再次形成晶状体，这个阶段被称作积雪过程。随着不断增加的时间、压力和那些位于上方的融雪重新结冰后，那些较小的积雪颗粒开始变大并与透明的蓝色的冰层相连接。当这些冰块足够厚的时候，往往是超过30米，积雪的重量就会使这些冰晶朝着底部变得具有可塑性，并且会从有积雪的地方流入或者流出。TPO15(3)

2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following does NOT describe a stage in the development of firn?

○Hexagonal crystals become larger and interlock to form a thick layer.

○Snow crystals become compacted into grains.

○Granules recrystallize after melting, refreezing, and further compaction.

○Grains become denser owing to reduced air space around the m.

11, Glaciers are part of Earth's hydrologic cycle and are second only to the oceans in the total amount of water contained. About 2 percent of Earth's water is currently frozen as ice. Two percent may be a deceiving figure, however, since over 80 percent of the world's freshwater is locked up as ice in glaciers, with the majority of

it in Antarctica. The total amount of ice is even more awesome if we estimate the water released upon the hypothetical melting of the world's glaciers. Sea level would rise about 60 meters. This would change the geography of the planet considerably. In contrast, should another ice age occur, sea level would drop drastically. During the last ice age, sea level dropped about 120 meters.冰川是仅次于海洋的第二大水源。地球上有大约百分之二的水源目前处于冰冻状态。但是，百分之二有可能是一个欺骗性的数据，因为全球有超过百分之八十的淡水以冰块的形态存在于冰川中，其中绝大多数的在南极洲。如果我们估算理论上全球冰川融化后所释放的水量，那么冰块的总量会是一个让人叹为观止的数量。海平面将会上升差不多60米。这会显著的改变星球的地理属性。相反的，如果另一个冰川时代来临，海平面会急速的下降。在最近的一个冰河时代，海平面下降了差不多120米。

9.The discussion in paragraph 3 answers all the following questions EXCEPT: ○Where is most of Earth's freshwater?

○What effect would a new ice age have on sea levels?

○What is the total amount of water in Earth's oceans?

○How much of Earth's water is in ice?

12, Throughout most of Earth's history, glaciers did not exist, but at the present time about 10 percent of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers. Present-day glaciers are found in Antarctica, in Greenland, and at high elevations on all the continents except Australia. In the recent past, from about 2.4 million to about 10,000 years ago, nearly a third of Earth's land area was periodically covered by ice thousands of meters thick. In the much more distant past, other ice ages have occurred.纵观地球的大部分历史，冰川并没有存在，直到最近才有百分之十的冰川覆盖在地表。目前，在南极洲、格陵兰岛、以及除了澳大利亚的高纬度地区才能找到冰川。在不久的过去，24万年至1万年前，有差不多三分之一的地表被上千米厚的冰层定期的覆盖。在更遥远的过去，其他冰川时代也存在过。

12.According to paragraph 5, in what way is the present time unusual in the history of Earth?

○There are glaciers.

○More land is covered by glaciers than at anytime in the past.

○There is no ice age.

○No glaciers are found in Australia.

13, A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between 25 and 26°C (77 - 79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F). Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle's body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters. Leatherbacks apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do, or the way birds do, as a by-product of cellular metabolism. A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface; its dark, almost black body

color may help it to absorb solar radiation. However, most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.TPO15(1)

一只温血海龟看起来似乎是一个矛盾的术语。尽管如此，一只成年棱皮龟在只有8摄氏度的海水中可以维持体温在25-26摄氏度之间。要完成这一过程，棱皮龟即需要调节它所产生的体温，又要防止它的温度散失到周围的水域中。棱皮龟产生体内热量的方式显然与我们或者鸟类不同，人类和鸟类产生的热量是细胞代谢的副产物。一只棱皮龟也许可以通过晒太阳来收集身体所需的热量。其深色近乎黑色的体色帮助其吸收太阳光的辐射。然而，它的大部分内部热量来自于它的肌肉运动。

1.Paragraph 2 mentions all of the following as true about the body heat of adult

leatherback turtles EXCEPT:

○Their muscles produce heat for maintaining body temperature.

○Their dark bodies help trap solar radiation.

○Their cellular metabolism produces heat as a by-product.

○Basking at the waters surface hel ps them obtain heat.

14, All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need _ to keep warm.当然，这些只适用于成年的棱皮龟。刚孵化的棱皮龟太小，即使它们拥有绝缘层和逆流交换循环系统也不能保存身体的温度。我们不知道棱皮龟要到多大年龄或者多大尺寸才能从一个冷血动物向一个温血动物转变。然而，棱皮龟长成巨大的身躯的时间要比其它海龟所用的时间较短。棱皮龟也许是为了保暖才向成年过渡的。

2.According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is most accurate

about young leatherback turtles?

○The y lack the countercurrent exchange systems that develop in adulthood.

○Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles.

○They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. ○They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage.

15, At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however,

and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.TPO17(3)有时候，寄生关系的自然选择效应也可能在现实中被观察到。比如说，在二十世纪四十年代时，澳大利亚曾经爆发了极为严重的兔灾，数亿只欧洲兔肆虐了广袤的土地，并给牛羊业带来了极大的威胁。1950年，为了控制兔灾，澳大利亚特意引进了一种名为粘液瘤病毒的寄生虫。通过蚊子，这种寄生虫在兔群中迅速传播开来，使兔子数量急剧减少。然而，这种寄生虫对于生存下来的兔群的后代就没有那么致命了，而且这种伤害作用驻代减少。显然，该兔群的遗传性状（生物体的基因结构）经过了自然选择之后，已经具备了更好地抵抗粘液瘤病毒的能力。与此同时，由于该寄生物更倾向于感染寄主但不致其死，在自然选择之下，这种病毒最致命的品系也逐渐地衰败了。这样自然选择便使得使寄主-寄生虫的关系趋于稳定。

6. According to paragraph 3. all of the following characterize the wav natural selection stabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT:

○The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.

○The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.

○The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline. ○Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored

16, The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.第三种关系，互惠共生，是指共生双方能够互利互惠，其中典型的例子有豆科植物和固氮细菌，以及开花植物和授粉生物。在前者关系中，植物可以为细菌提供其生存所需的碳水化合物以及其他一些化合物，而这些细菌则能产生一种酶，通过催化作用增加土壤中的氮元素从而滋养植物。在后者的关系中，授粉生物（昆虫、鸟类等）从开花植物中获取食物，而植

物则可以通过它们来传递花粉和种子，这比仅仅依靠风来传递要高效得多。还有一个互惠共生的例子是生长在美国中南部的牛角金合欢树。这种树为伪蚁属的一种蚂蚁提供了栖居地。这些蚂蚁住在宽敞下凹的荆棘从中，汲取金合欢树分泌出来的糖分。同时，它们还吃树叶末端的黄色组织——这个部分富含蛋白质，但是除了吸引蚂蚁，似乎对树本身没有任何功能。而这些蚂蚁们则可以帮助它们的寄主攻击外界几乎所有的威胁。它们会叮咬昆虫和食草动物（只以植物为食的动物），甚至可以削减生长在树周围的其他植物。一旦蚂蚁被清除掉，这种树就难以存活，很可能是因为它们被食草动物侵害而无力与周围的其他植物争夺阳光和生长空间。

10. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull s horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?

○Ants defend the host trees against the predatory actions of insects and animals.

○The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.

○The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.

○The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation. 17，The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.TPO18(1)这四个国家的政府没有对工业化和经济的增长设置过多的障碍。而这四国不断发展的民主进程使他们相对平稳地度过了19世纪。这些国家被治理的井井有条，尽管政府在铁路上给予了一定的扶持，比如瑞典政府修建了一些主要的铁路干线，不过在此期间，没有出现重大的腐败和不切实际的国家工程。虽然贸易保护主义在瑞典比较比较明显，但是就如同小国家依赖外国市场一般，这四个国家总体上还是以遵循自由贸易原则为主。在丹麦和瑞典，农业改革始于十八世纪末期，并且一直持续到十九世纪中期，这一改革导致了有着明确市场定位的农民地主阶级的出现。

7. According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT

○generally liberal trade policies

○huge projects undertaken by the state

○relatively uncorrupt governments

○relatively little social or political disruption

18，Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or

physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. V olunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.TPO18(2)

疲劳理论的另一个缺陷是打哈欠并不能像该理论所预期的那样提高人体警觉或者提高生理兴奋性。研究人员在（志愿者）打哈欠的前、中、后三个阶段均测量了心率、肌肉张力以及皮肤传导性，而他们也测得皮肤传导性随着打哈欠的确存在一些变化，这一变化表明生理兴奋性的确存在着轻微的增强。但是，在实验者受到指令张开嘴或深呼吸时，皮肤传导性也发生了相似的变化。打哈欠对于生理兴奋性的状态并无特殊作用。实验结果对于“打哈欠是由血氧水平下降或由血液中二氧化碳含量上升所引起的”这一论断产生了严重怀疑。志愿者被告知当他们吸入普通空气、纯氧亦或是高于正常水平的二氧化碳时要想着打哈欠。如果疲劳理论是正确的，那么当人吸入额外的二氧化碳时，应该能够激发打哈欠；当吸入纯氧时应该能够抑制打哈欠。但实际上，在这两种条件下，打哈欠的频率并无任何差异，均维持在稳定的每小时24个左右。另一个实验证明，即使是可以让呼吸频率翻倍的剧烈运动对于打哈欠频率也毫无影响。这再一次说明打哈欠几乎或完全与氧气无关。

6. Paragraph 2 answers all of the following questions about yawning EXCEPT

○Does yawning increase alertness or physiological activity?

○Does thinking about yawning increase yawning over not thinking about yawning? ○Does the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air affect the rate at which people yawn?

○Does the rate of breathing affect the rate at which people yawn?

EXCEPT题，排除法，A的alertness or physiological

activity做关键词定位至第一句，正确，不选；B的thinking about

yawning做关键词定位至倒数第三句，没有说是否increase，所以B没说，选；C的rate of yawning做关键词定位至倒数第二句，正确，不选；D的rate of

breathing做关键词定位至最后一句，D正确，不选

19，The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within

100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.TPO(3)电子从云层基部涌向地面就会开始形成通道。当这些负电荷距离地面不到100米的时候，会遇到来自地面的带正电的粒子流。一旦正负带电粒子流相遇，就会形成一条连接云层和地面的完整的通道。这个通道直径仅有几厘米，但是已经足以使电子以一道闪电这种可见的形式通过通道到达地面。那些会遇到从云层涌来的电子的带正电的粒子流通常来自于高大的带尖顶的建筑物例如金属旗杆或塔。这就是为什么随后通过完整通道的闪电往往会击中高层建筑的原因。

9. According to paragraph 5. which of the following is true of the stream of charged particles from the ground?

○It prevents streams of electrons from the cloud from striking the ground

○It completes a channel that connects the storm cloud with the ground

○It produces a stream of electrons from the cloud

○It widens the path made by the initial stream of electrons from the cloud

托福阅读错题总结

托福阅读错题总结： 改变计划——从第一套开始做！ TPO24：细节题做完之后，通读文章，了解全文的结构和主要内容层次 一、Lake Water 2、词汇题gains：这里是增量的概念所以应该是increase，而不是存量的概念savings 8、比较细节题：弄清A比B还是B比A，Lake Erie体积小，选择表述相反但正确。 11、解释现象题：定位前后句，前面一句是：Climatic change影响很大，后面一句是： Theslowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences，由further可以推知Theslowing down of water renewal也是前面现象的原因 14、概括多选题：太细节的不选，没有提到的不选，选项一般是文章几个层次的内容。 同一部分的内容不可能选两个答案。 二、Breathing During Sleep 7、注意题目中的限定during NREM，和文章中的比较转折（往后看） 13、归类题：要理解文章的主要内容，对各部分的内容都要熟悉 三、Moving into Pueblos 1、词汇题：traumatic，外力的，受迫的 3、理解推断题：要理解原文想要表达的意思，原来更加自由 5、细节题：定位对应段的内容，同义句的替换 14、概括多选题：表述过于绝对的选项是不正确的 TPO23：定位，理解，替换（分析定位句，转换含义），不要多想（文中没提到的绝对不选） 一、Urban Climates 11、词汇题：modified（改进的——changed）中性的改变，increased修饰不合理。 定位原句：Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds。 13、插入句子题：Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them. 原文环境：■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■ 通过标红的词，以及并列的语义：许多原因，例如XX，另一个XX，判断插入第三处。 14、多选题：分析文章的主要内容：城市热的一个现象——这个热是怎么造成的——形 成热岛效应及其特征——城市表面空气造成的其他现象 此题中其他三个选项都是文中没有提到的！ 二、Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 2、句子同意转述题：Importing the grain, （which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves）, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. 主干：Importing the grainkept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.虽然由and 连接，但其实是因果关系句！ Thus 一词体现出了因果关系！B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer

托福阅读分数对照表

常常有考友询问，为什么托福阅读明明有42个题，总分却只有30分，分数如何计算的呢？其实，每每看到这种问题，小编的内心是疼痛的。 大家准备一个考试，却不看考试指导手册，考得不太理想，简直太正常了。就算天生神勇，也应该有个作战纲领呀！ 打开OG，第一部分就是托福阅读的介绍，编者首先给出了评分标准的表格。 紧接着给出了各类题型的题型解析，这些就是托福阅读的考察内容，众位考友一定要反复研究，在准备考试时，下意识的按照出题者的思路去解题。 那么托福阅读有些什么考察类型？应该怎么解题？

在iBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。 1、词汇题 解题方法：若认识，直接解题，没得说；若不认识，就只能推断了。 但是备考阶段最重要的一点。背单词！首先，考托福没有一定的词汇量等于直接酱油了，所以词汇量是一切的基础。 2、指代题 考点：句子直接词之间的关系 解题方法： （1）代词 a. 从句的主语指代主句的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则) d. some 和 others （2）名词 a. 优先选择题干的上下意词 m is a kind of M, M是m的上意词 b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理 注意: a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 b. 从句开头往后找答案 c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致 d. 指代的传递现象 3、句子简化题 解题方法： （1）确定题干句子中的逻辑成分 逻辑成分主要包括：关联词，动词，状语 而托福最爱考的逻辑主要是：因果，比较、最高级，否定 （2）确定与逻辑相关的语义 要依据最简化原则，抓句子中的逻辑要素。 因果的逻辑要素是：原因结果 比较的逻辑要素是：比较三要素 最高级 否定的逻辑要素是：作用对象 （3）选择与题干逻辑语义一致的选项 先主后次，从逻辑到语义（千万要保证逻辑正确）

托福阅读细节题

托福阅读细节题 细节题是一种看起来简单实际上很考察阅读基本功的题型，通过一道细节题就可以考察出自己的问题在哪里，以及以后学习中需要加以注意的地方。下面就和大家分享托福阅读细节题：最能摸清你阅读基础的一类题，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读细节题：最能摸清你阅读基础的一类题 先给大家普及一下细节题的解题步骤： 1. 读题干，找出题干中的关键信息(就是题干提问的关键词) 2. 到*中寻找关键信息对应的句子 3. 选择一个关键信息对应句子的同义改写选项 我们来看一道例题： T17-1 Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia Paragraph 3: ……Even if they hugged theAfrican coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the IndianOcean Shortly after 1400. Shipbuilders began developing a new type of vesselproperly designed to operate in rough, open water: the

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托福阅读题型分类

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四个选项中有三个选项被原文提及，且与原文语意一致；只有一个未被提及，或与原文语义相矛盾，此选项即正确答案。 提问方式： Official Guide P.22 提问关键词： NOT EXCEPT 解题方法： ①未被提及的选项为正确答案 找出题干中的关键词（key words）,回原文定位key words，精读其所在句，准确理解语意。 例题：

②与原文语义相矛盾的选项为正确答案 找出题干中的关键词（key words）,回原文定位key words，精读其所在句，准确理解语意。 注意总结常用否定词：without, rather…than…, excluding, 例题：

题目特征：

四个选项在原文中都没有被直接提及或明显说明，需要考生在理解原文语境和语义的基础上进行准确推理，以得出答案。 提问方式： Official Guide P.23 提问关键词： infer、imply 解题方法： 找出题干中的关键词（key words）,回原文定位key words，精读其所在句，并理解前后语境，即通读后一句和前一句。（key words→本句→后一句→前一句）之后，遵循作者的原意向原文所涉及的方面进行推理，原文没涉及的方面一定错，与作者原意不符的表述一定错。 例题：

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解决这类考题的方法： 一、清楚文章的论证类型 总分型一般容易出这类考题。我以中文为例，丽丽老师是一个非常好的人。首先，她很乐于助人例如一次我看见她扶一个盲人过马路，其次丽丽老师很慷慨，有一次我看见她为希望工程捐了她当时兜里的全部钱(50元)，第三丽丽很谦虚和平易近人。 这样的文章特别容易出总结题 Lily is a nice person ◆ 1 ◆ 3 ◆ 5 1、丽丽乐于助人

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的词和短语，这样，我们就能快速找到原文的相应句子。所以，题目中的关键词通常是在段落中出现次数较少、较显眼和特殊的词，包括专有名词、大写、斜体、带引号的词和数字等。例如官方真题Official 1-1-2 中问到：where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found? 显然，该题中的关键词即为lower timberline，我们要寻找的信息是lower timberline 出现在什么地方。有些同学可能会纠结lower timberline怎么去理解，其实，我们只需要在原文中找到一模一样出现lower timberline的句子并理解整句话的意思就可以了，而不需要纠结个别词或者短语的意思。 接下来，我们就回到第一段话中，从头进行快速阅读，然后找到相应的句子：In many semiarid areas, there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. 句子意思是：在很多半干旱的地区存在lower timberline，在这里，森林会变成干草原或者沙漠，由于缺乏水分。理解好了原句，我们就可以将四个选项与原文一一进行比较，发现答案是A. In an area that has little water. 此选项虽然与原句所用的词不一样，但是表达了同样的意思，这是托福阅读考察的一个重要技能，叫同义改写。 综上，我们知道了细节题的解题方法：题目中寻找关键词，然后定位原文，最后找出对句进行同义改写的正确选项。

托福阅读解题技巧-细节题 - 副本

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