英文论文范例

Introduction

A fourteen-year-old black girl Celie is repeatedly raped by her stepfather and her two children were taken away by her stepfather. Her sick mother who does not know the truth at all gets extremely angry with her and dies finally. After her mother’s death, Celie is forced by her stepfather to marry a widower, Mr. who has three children. To Mr., the fact that he marries Celie isn't because he loves her but because he needs someone to look after his three children. So, Celie becomes Mr.’s servant and an occasional sexual convenience. For a time, Celie endures Mr.’s abuse and domination silently. Mr. has a mistress, her name is Shug, Shug’s arrival has a great impact upon Celie’s gloomy life. Celie gives Shug a good attendance while Shug is seriously ill, Shug is quite moved by what Celie has done for her and decides to do something for Celie to help her to get out of the oppression and win the independence. Under the influence of Shug, Celie leaves Mr. and goes with Shug to Memphis and starts a business of making pants eventually. Thus, Celie becomes independent physically and spiritually. Generally speaking, Celie’s growth in her self-awareness and her fighting against racism and sexism represents the road to self-liberation of many black women.

The Color Purple is a novel that reflects the protagonist Celie’s growth from the oppressed to the liberated physically and spiritually. Clearly, there are several stages in Celie’s psychological development through the novel. What stimulates Celie to stand up to fight for independence and freedom? This is her fate and it is determined by many factors: Mr.’s oppression to her, Nettie’s sisterhood, Shug’s help, and Sofia’s courage, etc. On the one hand, Celie’s road is from oppression to liberation roots in her identification with herself and with her own personality development. One the other hand, the tough road to liberation is also induced by her time. It will be discussed in detail about the processes of Celie’s psychological

changes.

1. The Background of the Novel

1.1 The Brief Introduction of the Author

The Color Purple is written by American author Alice Walker. She is one of the most important and prominent contemporary black American woman writers. She is a novelist, a critic, and a poet at once. Her novel The Color Purple causes the critics’ attentions due to her new conception and unique techniques. After its publication in 1982, the novel immediately became the best seller in the United States. In 1983, it won both the Plitzer and the American Book Award. In 1984, it was adapted into film by Steven Spielberg. Alice Walker became the first Plitzer winner among the American black woman writers. She rose in the stage of the American literature like a brilliant star and became known to every family in America.

1.2 The Plot of the Color Purple

Celie, the protagonist and narrator, is a poor, uneducated, fourteen-year-old black girl living in rural Georgia. Celie starts writing letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats and rapes her. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once. Celie gave birth to a girl, whom her father presumably killed in the woods. Celie has a second child, a boy, whom her father also abducts. Celie’s mother becomes ill and dies. Alphonso brings home a new wife, and continues to abuse Celie.

Celie and her bright, pretty younger sister, Nettie, learn that a man known only as Mr. wants to marry Nettie. Mr. has a mistress named Shug Avery, a sultry lounge singer whose photograph fascinates Celie. Alphonso refuses to let Nettie marry, and instead offers Mr. Johnson the “ugly women”Celie as a bride. Mr. eventually

accepts the offer, forcing Celie into a difficult and joyless married life. Nettie runs away from Alphonso and takes refuge at Celie’s house. Mr. still desires Nettie, and when he advances on her, she flees. Never hearing from Nettie again, Celie assumes her death.

Mr.'s sister Kate feels sorry for Celie, and tells her to fight back against Mr. rather than submit to his abuses. Harpo, Mr.'s son, falls in love with a large, spunky girl named Sofia. Shug Avery comes to town to sing at a local bar, but Celie is not allowed to go to see her. Sofia gets pregnant and marries Harpo. Celie is amazed by Sofia’s defiance in the face of Harpo’s and Mr.’s attempts to treat Sofia as an inferior. Harpo, kinder and gentler than his father, still assumes this means that he is doing something wrong and under the advice of Mr. and a momentarily jealous Celie, attempts to beat Sofia into submission. However, he consistently fails, as Sofia is at least as strong and a more experienced brawler.

Shug falls ill and Mr. takes her into his house. Shug is initially rude to Celie, but the two women become friends as Celie takes charge of nursing Shug. Celie finds herself infatuated with Shug and attracted to her sexually.

Frustrated by Harpo’s consistent attempts to subordinate her, Sofia moves out, taking her children with her. Several months later, Harpo opens a juke joint where Shug sings nightly. Celie grows confused over her feelings toward Shug.

Shug decides to stay when she learns that Mr. beats Celie when Shug is away. Shug and Celie’s relationship grows intimate, and Shug begins to ask Celie questions about sex. Sofia returns for a visit and promptly gets in a fight with Harpo’s new girlfriend, Squeak. In town one day, the mayor’s wife, Miss Millie, asks Sofia to work as her maid. Sofia replies with a sassy "Hell no!" When the mayor slaps Sofia for her "insubordination", Sofia returns the blow, knocking the mayor down, for which she is sent to jail. Squeak’s attempts to get Sofia released are futile. Sofia is sentenced to work for 12 years as the mayor’s maid during which

she is eventually released six months earlier.

Despite her new marriage, Shug instigates a sexual relationship with Celie, and the two frequently share the same bed. One night Shug asks Celie about her sister and Celie tells her she assumes Nettie is dead because she'd promised to write Celie but never did. Shug helps Celie recover letters from Nettie that Mr. Johnson has been hiding from her for decades. Overcome with emotion, Celie reads the letters in order, wondering how to keep herself from killing Mr. Johnson.

The letters indicate that Nettie befriended a missionary couple, Samuel and Corrine, and accompanied them to Africa to do ministry work. Samuel and Corrine have two adopted children, Olivia and Adam. Nettie and Corrine have become close friends, but Corrine, noticing that her adopted children resemble Nettie, wonders if Nettie and Samuel have a secret past. Increasingly suspicious, Corrine tries to limit Nettie’s role within her family.

Nettie becomes disillusioned with her missionary experience, as she finds the Africans self-centered and obstinate. Corrine becomes ill with a fever. Nettie asks Samuel to tell her how he adop ted Olivia and Adam. Based on Samuel’s story, Nettie realizes that the two children are actually Celie’s biological children (whom Alphonso -her father- abducted), alive after all. Nettie also learns that Alphonso is actually only Nettie and Celie’s stepfa ther, not their biological father, who was a storeowner whom the white men lynched because they resented his success. Alphonso told Celie and Nettie he was their real father because he wanted to inherit the house and property that was once their mother’s.

Nettie confesses to Samuel and Corrine that she is in fact their children’s biological aunt. The gravely ill Corrine refuses to believe Nettie. Corrine dies, having accepted Nettie’s story and reconciled there to just before her death. Meanwhile, Celie vis its Alphonso, who confirms Nettie’s story, admitting that he is only the sisters' stepfather. Celie begins to lose some of her faith in God, but Shug

tries to get her to reimagine God in her own way, rather than in the traditional image of the old, bearded white man.

Celie moves to Tennessee and designs and sews tailored pants, turning her hobby into a business. She returns to Georgia to learn that Mr. has resorted back to his old ways and that Alphonso has died. Celie inherited that land and moved back into the house.

Meanwhile, Nettie and Samuel marry and prepare to return to America. Before they leave, Samuel’s son, Adam, marries Tashi, an African girl. Following African tradition, Tashi undergoes the painful rituals of female circumcision and facial scarring. In solidarity, Adam undergoes the same facial scarring ritual.

Celie and Mr. reconcile, and begin to genuinely enjoy each other’s company. Now independent financially, spiritually, and emotionally, Celie is no longer disturbed by Shug’s passing fling s with younger men. Sofia remarries Harpo and now works in Celie’s clothing store. Nettie finally returns to America with Samuel and the children. Emotionally drained but exhilarated by the reunion with her sister, Celie notes that though she and Nettie are now old, she has never in her life felt younger.

1.3 Historical and Cultural Background

Walker's works are all inseparable from her deep understanding of the history and culture of the South which provides her with a way of seeing the contemporary world and a field of expressing the true meaning of life for the black people, especially black women. Walker sensed the misery of black people, especially women, many of whom have lived the most miserable life at the bottom of American society for long. Black people suffered from inhumane slavery, plunder and oppression. And today, they still live in a dreadful plight under racial discrimination and segregation, which has been difficult to ravel out since the black stepped on the land. The history of black people itself has been imbued with

humiliation. The division of lines of color was, and is still rigidly in place, though the civil rights movement constantly claims credit for desegregation in schools, housing and public transportation.

In the state Georgia where Walker grew up, it was illegal for a black person to enter a public restaurant, library or swimming pool. Her marriage to a white man was also illegal in the state of Mississippi. It is thus clear that, black females, together with black males have undergone great hardships from racial prejudice, yet they have also been fretted by sexual discrimination inside. Black men frequently vent depression, frustration and indignation on their long-suffering wives, who can find nowhere to take it out. Suffering from racial and sexual oppression, black women have to endure more than black men and white women. They even live beyond the margin where black men and white women are respectively kept, in the white patriarchal society. Miserable life experiences stimulated black women to write for themselves. However, it had been excluded out of the “mainstream” of American literature for a long time.

2. Literature View

2.1 The Relationship Between Mr. and Celie

2.1.1 The Brief Introduction of Celie

Celie is the main character, who has been oppressed by men in her whole life. As an adolescent she is raped by her stepfather and soon thereafter gives birth. Her children are taken away. Her stepfather gives her away to be married to Albert. She becomes friends with Shug, which leads to a sexual relationship between the two. Celie learns many things about herself and her body due to Shug. She models herself after Shug and becomes more independent the more she listens to Shug's views and opinions. Shug influences not only the way that Celie allows Albert to treat her, but also her religious views. In showing Celie that it is all right to commit

sin but still believe in and live for God, she broadens Celie's view on religion. It is also Shug who frees Celie from Albert's bondage, first by loving her, then by helping her to start a custom sewing business. From Shug, Celie learns that Albert has been hiding letters written to her from Africa by her sister Nettie, a missionary. These letters, full of educated, firsthand observation of African life, form a moving counterpoint to Celie's life. They reveal that in Africa, just as in America, women are persistently oppressed by men.

2.1.2 Who is Mr.

Mr. has his own name-- Albert, but in order to show her respect and fear, Celie calls him “Mr.”. Albert is the man to whom Celie is married. Albert was married previously, but his wife was murdered by a lover. Originally, he seeks a relationship with Nettie, but settles for Celie. Albert mistreats Celie just as her father had, and she allows it, not understanding that she doesn't have to. Albert uses Celie to help raise his children, who gives her a hard time for not being their real mother. When Albert's mistress Shug Avery comes to town, he falls all over her as he normally does. Shug begins to take an interest in Celie, and leads Albert to start treating her better. In the end, Albert realizes that he has mistreated Celie and seeks a friendship with her.

2.1.3 Their First Meet

Their first meet happens in her father`s wedding in a church. There is a man looking at her little sister---Nettie, and that man is Mr. After meeting in church, Mr. comes to see Nettie on every Sunday evening.

2.1.4 After Their Marriage

One day, Mr. comes with a horse, and seriously says to her father “I want to marry you, Nettie”. But Alphonso refuses to let Nettie marry, and instead offers Mr. the “ugly women" Celie as a bride. After seeing Celie, Mr. eventually accepts the offer, forcing Celie into a difficult and joyless married life. Thus, when Celie is 22,

she is discarded by her stepfather like discarding an old thing and marries Mr. who has three children. Mr. does not love her at all, and he marries her just for the sake of the children, the household chores and his farm. He beats Celie arbitrarily. At this time Celie has become accustomed to suffering already. It represents Celie's emotion from pain and suffering to numbness. Celie finds that she has just moved to another place, and also has no status. Her husband treats her as a worker. All the work in the house and farm need her to do. And her husband doesn`t love her. She also feels alone.

2.2 Nettie and Celie

2.2.1 Who is Nettie

The sisterhood plays an important role in Celie`s growth. Nettie is Celie's younger sister, whom Celie saves from living the tragic life that she had to endure. Due to the fact that Nettie is prettier than Celie, who has been dubbed ugly, "Mr." is originally interested in Nettie as a wife, but settles for Celie. When Nettie finds life at home unbearable, she runs away to stay with Celie. When "Mr." forces Nettie to leave, she promises to write to Celie and that only God can keep them apart. Nettie is eventually taken in by Samuel and Corrine, a missionary couple. She travels to Africa with them as a missionary. In Africa, she writes Celie a series of letters which depict the life that she is living. Nettie finds that while there isn't a racial disparity there, a gender disparity exists. The women of the tribe aren't treated as equals, and aren't permitted to attend school. When Corrine, the mother, dies, Nettie fills her role and marries her husband. In the end, Nettie travels back to America, and brings Celie's children with her. By telling Celie the things she has seen and done, she helps Celie become more enthusiastic about how the world can be.

2.2.2 The Sisterhood’s Effect on Celie

Although the story is full of sorrow, grief and gloom, it seems to me that it is a story filled with warmth and love. At the beginning of the film, the heroine Celie and her sister Nettie were singing a children`s song and playing pat-a-cake in the field. They loved each other always and forever. When Celie suffered the pain of childbirth, Nettie was worried and panic. What she could do was to kiss Celie and gave her courage. When Celie was in pain, Nettie was always around her. They were young girls. Maybe accompanying is the best love for them two. Nettie can`t bear her father, and turned to Celie for help. Because of their low position and gender, Celie and Nettie were forced and doomed to separate. When Mr. carried weak Nettie to the outdoor and drived her away, I am moved and full of tears. Celie and Nettie were crying and screaming at the top of their voice. They didn`t want to separate any more and hugged tightly with each other like conjoined infants seemed they can`t be separated by anyone. The touching and sincere sister-love was exposed. At this moment a cast occurred to me that Nettie was teaching Celie new words in the kitchen. Nettie tagged a note to each obstacle in order to teach Celie. They interacted happily. Maybe the good times of studying became their best memory and the most carefree and sweet time of their whole life. When Nettie ran out of the yard and shouted out, “Why? Why?”. Mr. raised his fist to her. Actually Nettie was scared. She ran farther and shouted out “Nothing but death can make us apart.”Mr. was conquered by this powerful sentence to some extent, as he put down his fist. Nettie song the children`s song again”You and me are never apart......”.This song kept their contacted. And it is the symbol of their happy times. After that, Nettie seems to disappear, and Celie didn`t receive any letters.

2.3 Shug and Celie

2.3.1 Who is Shug

Shug is a very extroverted and transcendental character. She is Albert's mistress, the one who always got away. When she comes back to visit Albert, she shakes up not only his feelings, but also those of Celie. Celie harbors an admiration for Shug and the life that she has lived. Shug enters and exits Celie's life, normally making it for the better. She influences Albert to the point that he ends up treating Celie better than he ever had. Eventually, Shug herself develops a physical relationship with Celie. By showing Celie the wonders of life and her body, she helps Celie develop herself emotionally and spiritually. Shug also helps Celie discover the long lost letters that her sister Nettie had written to her. In allowing Celie to view these letters, Shug is supplying her with even more hope and inspiration, letting Celie see that in the end, everything works out for the best.

2.3.2 Shug’s Love to Celie

Later, under the influence of Mr.’s mistress Shug, Celie's character has undergone great changes. At the beginning of the story, Shug seems to be a showy and florid blues singer, a selfish and arrogant lady. But she has the quality that Celie doesn`t have. She is confident and beautiful sexy, and most of all, she is independent. Shug and Celie are both black women, but their difference is that Shug refuses to obey the fate, to bow to the bad luck, and refuses to be slaves of men. Celie`s character begins to change a lot since Shug came to her home. Shug is ill seriously when Mr. brings her back home. Celie and Mr. try their best to help her to recover. This is the very first time that Celie can collaborate with Mr..Shug`s existence changes Celie`s life. She also appreciates the joy to her for her help, she begins to care about her and love her, this is the beginning of Celie’s personality changes.

Shug helps Celie to explore her own body, especially her own generative organ.

Shug finds it surprising that Celie doesn`t know her own body, and she defines that Celie is a virgin. In addition, she helps Celie to attract other`s attentions. Shug writes a song in the name of Celie. It is Miss Celie. This song plays an important role in the process of Celie’s self-understanding. In a letter she wrote: "This is the first time someone writes things with my name." Later, with Shug`s help, Celie finds the letters that Nettie wrote to her. These letters are hidden by her husband for nearly 30 years. The discovery of these letters has a great influence on the development of character and her religious faith. She hates the mean man and even wants to kill him. Shug stop Mr. beating Celie, at the same time, she helped her get rid of religion faith crisis, and also help her to rebuild a new god in mind. Shug tells Celie: "god is in your heart and people around you in the heart of god. You come down to the company of this world, but only those who search for god's talents in vest to find god. And sometimes even if you don't find him he would also automatically visions, or don't know what you are looking for." Celie began to understand the important thing in life is more than love, she learned to appreciate the beauty in the life. This is good for her to get rid of male pressure in the mental preparation. Shug brings strong power to Celie. And then Celie controls her anger, and starts to go on the road of the financial independence. Celie makes a decision to leave Mr., and together to Memphis for development with Shug. She wants to depend on her own strength to make a living. She learns to make trousers, and soon makes a success. She finds herself a very capable woman. She wins the economic independence, and get more social knowledge. Her character has changed tremendously. She won the dignity of herself and also won the respect of her husband.

2.4 Sofia and Celie

2.4.1 Who is Sofia

Sofia is the wife of Harpo, the Daughter of Mr. Johnson. She loves Harpo well, but she insists "she killed dead before he hits her." She is a strong, independent, and feisty character who takes pride in what she does, and cannot be controlled by men, no matter who they are. She is humbled -- and perhaps even broken -- when she is beaten by the white people for hitting the mayor, and then forced to work for his wife.

2.4.2 Sofia’s Affection

After Celie gets married to Mr., the only person she can tell private things directly is Sofia. Sofia, Harpo’s wife, is the only woman in the novel who never stops fighting against men. She grows up in a family of men, so she learns that only by fighting can she survive. Both Harpo and Celie are confounded by Sofia’s strong will. Because Sofia is so strong-willed and Harpo is in shock, they often fight. Sophia’s coming shows the influence of woman's rights on Celie. Celie’s stepson Harpo falls in love with Sophia. But both of their fathers oppose their marriage. Sophia is one of the representative womanists in the novel. She has strong resistant spirit since her childhood. She will not allow others to order her as they do to Celie. She runs away with Harpo and gets married. Harpo wants his wife to be like his servant, but Sophia has her own personality and dignities and never lowers the head towards men, she says, “all my life I had to fight. I had to fight my daddy. I had to fight my cousins and my uncles.”Now she has to fight against her husband. Celie envies Sophia’s spirit of fighting. She is aware of her benumbed female consciousness. Sophia educates Celie with action. She lets her know that women also have their own consciousness and can protect themselves. Sophia refuses to be the maidservant of the mayor and strikes back, so she is sentenced to prison for twelve years. She suffers a lot in the jail and her life is close to death.

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

学术论文英文摘要模板

学术论文英文摘要模板 Abstract Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

英文版通用学术英语论文格式样张

英文版通用学术英语论文格式样张 封面页

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摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19

E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19

学术论文中英文写法

英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non f uzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presente d in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the ne ed for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and