英语语法之冠词和数词

英语语法之冠词和数词

1.不定冠词a与an的用法

2.定冠词the的用法

3."零"冠词

4.基数词的用法

5.序数词的用法

一. 冠词的用法

冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。

a(an)叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。a用在辅音之前，an用在元音之前。

1. 不定冠词的用法

(1) a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。例如：

John is a student.

Mary is an English teacher.

(2) 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如:

A steel worker makes steel. Pass me an apple, please.

(3) 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：

A student wants to see you.

A girl is waiting for you outside.

(4) 表示“每一”的意思，相当于every。例如：

Take the medicine three times a day.

They go to see their parents once a week.

2. 定冠词用法

(1) 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：

The book on the desk is an English dictionary.

Beijing is the capital of China.

(2) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。

例

如：Open the door, please. Jack is in th e library.

(3) 上文提到过的人或事物。例如：

Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yua n.

(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如：

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

(5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。

例

如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China. Jan uary is the first month of the year.

(6) 用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。

例如：The nurse is kind to the sick.

We should take good care of the old.

the old 老人the young 年轻人the rich 富人the poor 穷人

the sick 病人the dead 死人

(7) 用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如：

the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。

(8) 用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”。

例如：the Browns, the whites等。

3. 不用冠词（零"冠词）的情况

(1) 某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。

例如：China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love 等。

(2) 名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时，不用冠词。

例如：That is my cap.

I have some questions. Go down this street .

(3) 复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。

They are workers. We are students.

(4) 称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例如：

I don’t feel well today, Mother. Bush was made president of the U.S.

(5) 三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词。例如：I have lunch at home.

He often plays football after class. We have English and ma ths every day.

(6) 在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。例如：

By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on f oot, from morning till night 等。

二. 数词的用法

数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目，序数词表示顺序。

1. 基数词的用法

(1) 基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语，例如：

Thirty of them are Party members.（主语）

--- How many would you like？--- Three ，please．（作宾语）

The nine boys are from Tianjing.（定语）

Six plus four is ten.（表语）

We four will go with you.（同位语）

(2) 表示一个具体数字时，hundred, thousand, million一律不用复数；在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如：

Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.

There are three thousand students in our school. After the war, thousands of people became homeless.

Maize is the most important food crop for millions of peopl e in the world.

They arrived in twos and threes．

(3) 表示“……十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代，例如：

He is in his early thirties．He died still in hi s forties．

This took place in 1930s．

(4) 表示时刻用基数词。例如：

We get up at six.

The workers begin work at eight.

表示“几点过几分”，用介词past,但须在半小时以内。例如：

ten past ten, a quarter past nine, half past twelve

表示“几点差几分”用介词to, 但分数须在半小时以上。例如：

twenty to nine, five to eight, a quarter to ten

表示“几点几分”还可直接用基数词。例如：

seven fifteen, eleven thirty, nine twenty

2 序数词

1．英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。

2．表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。

3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first （第五十一）。

4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。

注意：编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。

例如：第一课：Lesson One 第三十二页：Page 32 第305房间：Room 305

第12路公共汽车：Bas No.12

3序数词的用法

1、年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。

如：1999 nineteen ninety-nine 2000 two thousand 2001 two thousand and one

2．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。例如：

在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first.

3.年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。例如：

在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。

4．年代用基数词的复数表示。

例如：20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties 21世纪20年代：twenty twenties

5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。

5：00 five (o’clock)

6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six

12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve

4：30 four thirty half past four

5：50 five fifty ten to six

6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven

注意：

1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用o’clock。

2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。

3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。

例

如：8:20 twenty past eight 8:40 twenty to nine

6．分数的表达法

1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。

2）小数的读法：小数点前面的数按照基数词的读法，小数点后面的数按照数本身读，小数点读point。

例

如：0.38 zero point three eight 96.89 ninety-six poi nt eight nine

3)百分数，在数词后加percent。

例如：15%读作：fifteen percent 60%读作：sixty percent

7．表示语数

1）…几倍大小（长短，数量）=…几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。

例

如：The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

2）…比…几倍=…倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。

例如：His house is three times bigger than mine. 他的房子比我的房子大三倍。

3）…是…倍=…倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。

例如：This factory is four times as big as that one. 这个工厂是那个工厂的四倍。

8．表示约数

1）“多于”用more than或over。

例如：The street is over(more than) 500 metres long. 这条街有500多米长。2）“小于”用less than。

例如：Three are less than 30 people in the classroom. 教室里不到三十人。3）“大约”用about, around, nearly等。

例如：The box weighs about 50 pounds. 这箱子重约50镑。

练习

把下列短语译成英语：

1. 第12课____________________

2. 304号房间_______________________

3. 半小时_______________________

4. 每日三次_______________________

5. 第25页______________________

6. 20世纪90年代___________________

7. 第三册第十三课_____________________ 8. 三分之一__________________

9. 三百英镑___________________ 10. 1994年3月22日__________________

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