中国功夫英文简介
中国功夫之所以受到世界瞩目,与它的文化历史渊源是分不开的。功夫不是单纯的拳脚运动,它是民族智慧的结晶,也是民族传统文化的体现。如果你结识了外国朋友,想打开话匣子,给他们讲讲功夫的历史吧,绝对能吸引他们的注意。但功夫的历史源远流长,非三言两语可以说清楚。
In the center of the vast Chinese nation lies the Mountain of Songshan, one of the country’s holiest
spots and home to the Shaolin 1)Monastery, the birthplace of kung fu.
The Buddhist monks of Shaolin were 2)pacifists, who mastered a deadly art using kicks, weapons and well-placed 3)punches. They were able to kill a man with the palm of a hand. These deadly skills are 4)in line with their faith and 5)spirituality, because Buddhists believe that, in order to follow the path of 6)compassion, they must 7)root out the heart of evil.
In AD 527 the religious teacher, Da Mo, traveled from India to Shaolin to spread the word of Buddha. He spent nine years living alone and 8)meditating in a cave above the Shaolin temple. To keep his muscles healthy, he developed a series of movements and breathing exercises based on the movements of
animals. These were to become the basis of kung fu.
When Da Mo returned to the Shaolin temple, he began to teach the monks these techniques, and his tool of meditation evolved into a tool of 9)combat. Kung fu was born.
As Shaolin’s 10)reputation grew, more and more young 11)novices traveled from all over China and attempted to join the 12)order. They had their heads shaved as an external sign of inward purity, and they swore an 13)oath of 14)obedience to their masters. Their training was 15)relentless. Their fists would
become as hard as iron and their bodies almost https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ba3348741.html,.
16)impervious to pain. Training would leave its mark not just on the students but also on the temple itself, as over the centuries their pounding feet crushed the stones beneath them.
Kung fu, which in Chinese means “learned skill”or “great achievement,”has now given rise to more than 1,000 styles of martial arts. The Shaolin style is still probably the most famous of all.
Today, the temple welcomes millions of tourists a year and sells them a 17)commercialized version of its history. But in the less visited temples of the
Songshan hills, the original spirit of Shaolin lives on. 中国功夫英语介绍
1.僧院
2.和平主义者
3.用拳猛击
4.符合。
5.灵性
6.同情，怜悯
7.根除
8.冥想
9.打，搏击10.声望11.初学者12按照宗教规则行事的一群人
13誓言14服从15残忍的，严酷的16不受影响的17使商业化
在广袤的中国大地的中心,有一座叫做嵩山的高山。这里是中国国家圣地之一,坐落在此的少林寺正是中国功夫的发源地。
少林佛家僧侣都是和平主义者。他们身怀绝技,可以使出踢打脚法、械斗及到位拳法等极具杀伤力的招数。他们一掌即可置人于死地。但这些致命的技能与他们的信仰和灵性保持一致,因为佛教徒相信:要将慈悲发扬光大,就必须根除恶念之心。
公元527年,佛教祖师达摩从印度来到少林弘扬佛法。他在少林寺上面的山洞里独居和冥想了九年。为了保持肌肉强健,他创出一系列以动物的动作为基础的运动和呼吸法。这些为功夫奠定了基础。
达摩回到少林寺后,他将这些技巧传授给和尚,他的冥想法逐渐演变为格斗术。功夫从此诞生。
随着少林的名声日渐壮大,越来越多新人从全国各地前来,希望加入门派。他们把头发剃光,以此作为内心纯净的外在标志,发誓服从师祖教诲。训练极其苛刻。他们的拳头练得像钢铁一样坚硬,身体几乎对痛楚毫无感觉。这些训练不仅在学生的身上留下疤痕,还给这座寺庙留下了深刻的印记——数百年来,他们重重的脚步踏碎了脚下的石头。
功夫(中文含义是“学到的技艺”或者“伟大的成就”)如今已发展出上千种武术流派。少林或许仍然是其中最有名的派系。
今天,这座寺庙每年接待上百万游客,并将其历史通过商业化的形式展现在人们面前。但是在嵩山群山里一些乏人问津的寺庙中,最初的少林精神仍然生生不息。
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中国功夫 Chinese Kongfu_英语作文
中国功夫Chinese Kongfu When we ask a foreigner what’s his impression about China, then he tell you about the delicious food and Chinese Kongfu. Chinese Kongfu has been a symbol, the first person that make the world recognize China by his Kongfu movie is Bruce Lee. Though he died, he still got a lot of fans today, everybody knows him well. Then Jackie Chen make Chinese Kongfu famous all around the world, his movie is very funny by all kinds of actions. Many Hollywood directors have come to China to seek for cooperation, they want to film the movie that contains Chinese Kongfu. Kongfu is part of our culture and the world is knowing us by it. 当我们问一个外国人对中国的印象是什么,然后他告诉你美味的食物和中国功夫。中国功夫已经成为了一个符号,让世界通过中国功夫去认识中国的第一人是李小龙。虽然他死了,但他至今仍有很多粉丝,所有人都知道他。然后成龙让中国功夫在全世界都出名,他的电影很搞笑,通过各种各样的行动。许多好莱坞导演来中国寻求合作,他们想让电影包含有中国功夫。功夫是我们文化的一部分,世界也通过功夫去认识我们。
中国功夫 英文介绍
Chinese Martial Arts known as Chinese Kung-fu by most foreigners, is a traditional Chinese physical activity with thousands of years of history. As a precious element of China's cultural heritage, Chinese Kung-fu has also won its name all around the world for its broad and deep meanings and its Oriental features, which cover it with a mysterious veil. Apart of the holistic Oriental Civilization, Chinese Kung-fu is effective both in battle and in building physical strength. In addition, it unites with the traditional medicine concepts of human's main and collateral channels, Qi and blood. To conclude, as a crystallization of the wisdom gathered in the ancient Chinese lands, it allows people of any age to build up their bodies. In modern times, Chinese Kung-fu was first introduced abroad to the United States by Chinese-American Kung-fu master Bruce Lee, whose agile movements in a series of his great movies swept American audiences off their feet. Thanks to the giant influence of the American movie industry, it soon swept across the world. The entire globe was enchanted by the magic act, starting the upsurge of interest in Chinese Kung-fu. From then on, Chinese Kung-fu learners can be found everywhere. Now, Lee's followers, Jacky Chan (Cheng Long) and Jet Lee (Li Lianjie) carry the baton pushing themselves to novel heights. Kung fu films have popularized traditional Chinese martial arts throughout the world. Films such as “crouching tiger, hidden dragon”, “kung fu hustle” “hero” and “house of flying draggers” have excited Hollywood, scored big at the international box officer, and have made a splash at awards ceremonies and film festivals around the world. And from these movies, Chinese kung fu stars Bruce Lee, Jacky Chan and Jet Lee have been heros in people’s mind..
关于中国功夫的英文演讲稿
Introduction to Kung Fu and Shaolin Name: Sun Lizhang 孙立章ID:201030076 Recently, more and more foreigners come to China to learn Chinese Kung Fu. They believe that Kung Fu is one of the most mysterious Chinese cultures. Many Chinese action stars, like Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and some movies, like Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon, Kung Fu Panda have influenced the world greatly and they have played a significant role in the promotion of Chinese martial arts. Here I will give a brief introduction to the origin of Kung Fu and tell you something about S haolin. In the center of the vast Chinese nation lies the Mountain of Songshan, one of the country’s holiest spots and home to the Shaolin Monastery, the birthplace of Kung Fu. In AD 527, the religious teacher, Da Mo, traveled from India to Shaolin to spread the word of Buddha. He spent nine years living alone and meditating in a cave above the Shaolin temple. To keep his muscles healthy, he developed a series of movements and breathing exercises based on the movements of animals. These were to become the basis of Kung Fu. When Da Mo returned to the Shaolin temple, he began to teach the monks these techniques, and his tool of meditation evolved into a tool of combat. Kung Fu was born. As Shaolin’s reputation grew, more and more young people attempted to join the order. They had their heads shaved as an external sign of inward purity, and they swore an oath of obedience to their masters. Their training was relentless. Their fists would become as hard as iron and their bodies almost impervious to pain. Today, Kung Fu has given rise to more than 1,000 styles of martial arts. The Shaolin style is still probably the most famous of all. And I do believe the spirits of Shaolin will be carried forward along with the increasing international exchanges.
用英语介绍中国文化--中国功夫
用英语介绍中国文化--中国功夫 小编： 近年高考用英语传播中国文化的趋势越来越明明显，也是我们英语学习的核心素养。要想在考场上出色发挥，离不开平时的大量输入。很 多同学对中国文化了解的比较少，考场上想不到要表达的内容；另一部 分同学了解中国文化，但是用英语表达不出来。小编就这些现象整理了 一些写作素材，供大家平时阅读了解文化知识。同时为了配合写作，大 家阅读后可以对内容进行提取，再整理适合自己的作文素材。比如：短 语表达，名词的翻译，句式的整合等等。 Chinese kung fu中国功夫 Chinese kung fu, also known as wushu or Chinese martial arts, is an important part of traditional Chinese culture. It is probably one of the earliest and longest lasting sports, which utilizes both brawn and brain. Different from self-defense and boxing, kung fu is more holistic, developing internal discipline with external technique. 中国功夫，又称武术或中华武术，是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。它可能是最早的、持续时间最长的体育项目之一，它同时利用了体力和脑力。与防身术和拳击不同，功夫更注重整体性，以外在的技术发展内在的修养。
Chinese Kung Fu History The theory of kung fu is based upon classical Chinese philosophy. Over its long history it has developed as a unique combination of exercise, practical self-defense, self-discipline, and art. 功夫的理论是以中国古典哲学为基础的。在漫长的历史中，它已经发展成为一种独特的运动、实用防身、自律和艺术的结合。 It is estimated that Chinese Kung Fu can be dated back to primeval society. At that time people used cudgels to fight against wild beasts. Gradually they accumulated experience in self defense. When the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC) began, hunting was considered as an important measure of kung fu training.
初中英语作文范文-中国功夫 Chinese Kongfu
初中英语作文范文-中国功夫 Chinese Kongfu When we ask a foreigner what’s his impression about China, then he tell you about the delicious food and Chinese Kongfu. Chinese Kongfu has been a symbol, the first person that make the world recognize China by his Kongfu movie is Bruce Lee. Though he died, he still got a lot of fans today, everybody knows him well. Then Jackie Chen make Chinese Kongfu famous all around the world, his movie is very funny by all kinds of actions. Many Hollywood directors have come to China to seek for cooperation, they want to film the movie that contains Chinese Kongfu.
Kongfu is part of our culture and the world is knowing us by it. 当我们问一个外国人对中国的印象是什么,然后他告诉你美味的食物和中国功夫。中国功夫已经成为了一个符号,让世界通过中国功夫去认识中国的第一人是李小龙。虽然他死了,但他至今仍有很多粉丝,所有人都知道他。然后成龙让中国功夫在全世界都出名,他的电影很搞笑,通过各种各样的行动。许多好莱坞导演来中国寻求合作,他们想让电影包含有中国功夫。功夫是我们文化的一部分,世界也通过功夫去认识我们。
中国功夫英语
Chinese Gongfu Chinese martial arts, known in Mandarin as wushu (武术) and popularly as kungfu (Chinese: 功夫), consist of a number of fighting styles that were developed over the centuries. Those fighting styles can be classified according to common themes that are identified as "families" (家), "sects" (派) or "schools" (门) of martial arts. Example of themes are physical exercises that mimic movements from animals or a history and training method that gather inspiration from various Chinese philosophies, myths and legends. Some styles focus on the the harnessing of qi and are labeled internal (内家拳), while others concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness and are labeled external (外家拳). Geographical association, as in northern (北拳) and southern (南拳), is another popular method of categorization. Each fighting style offers a different approach to the common problems of self-defense, health, and self-cultivation from a Chinese perspective. Chinese Gongfu possesses an important and extensive cross-cultural significance and is a very important and unique form of Chinese culture. It can be viewed as both a popular and a classical art: today it is very common and widespread; on the other hand, it has had a very long developed history. Not only did it not decline and disappear as many other facets of pre-modern Chinese culture, it even seems to be gaining much recognition, both in its actual practice and in its relative literature, thetics, philosophy, psychology, etc. are more and more intriguing. Meanwhile Chinese culture is also making an impact on Western culture; the popularity of Chinese Gongfu, including Taijiquan, Qigong, etc., is not limited to China but has become a worldwide phenomenon; it thus is a typical example of this reverse impact. As it includes different aspects such as fighting exercise and health care, daily life and academic study, natural state and social scope, research on Gongfu
中国功夫英文
In the center of the vast Chinese nation lies the Mountain of Songshan, one of the country’s holiest spots and home to the Shaolin 1)Monastery, the birthplace of kung fu. The Buddhist monks of Shaolin were 2)pacifists, who mastered a deadly art using kicks, weapons and well-placed 3)punches. They were able to kill a man with the palm of a hand. These deadly skills are 4)in line with their faith and 5)spirituality, because Buddhists believe that, in order to follow the path of 6)compassion, they must 7)root out the heart of evil. In AD 527 the religious teacher, Da Mo, traveled from India to Shaolin to spread the word of Buddha. He spent nine years living alone and 8)meditating in a cave above the Shaolin temple. To keep his muscles healthy, he developed a series of movements and breathing exercises based on the movements of animals. These were to become the basis of kung fu. When Da Mo returned to the Shaolin temple, he began to teach the monks these techniques, and his tool of meditation evolved into a tool of 9)combat. Kung fu was born. As Shaolin’s 10)reputation grew, more and more young 11)novices traveled from all over China and attempted to join the 12)order. They had their heads shaved as an external sign of inward purity, and they swore an 13)oath of 14)obedience to their masters. Their training was 15)relentless. Their fists would become as hard as iron and their bodies almost https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ba3348741.html,. 16)impervious to pain. Training would leave its mark not just on the students but also on the temple itself, as over the centuries their pounding feet crushed the stones beneath them. Kung fu, which in Chinese means “learned skill” or “great achievement,”has now given rise to more than 1,000 styles of martial arts. The Shaolin style is still probably the most famous of all. Today, the temple welcomes millions of tourists a year and sells them a 17)commercialized version of its history. But in the less visited temples of the Songshan hills, the original spirit of Shaolin lives on. 中国功夫英语介绍 1.僧院 2.和平主义者 3.用拳猛击 4.符合。 5.灵性 6.同情，怜悯 7.根除 8.冥想 9.打，搏击10.声望11.初学者12按照宗教规则行事的一群人 13誓言14服从15残忍的，严酷的16不受影响的17使商业化 在广袤的中国大地的中心,有一座叫做嵩山的高山。这里是中国国家圣地之一,坐落在此的少林寺正是中国功夫的发源地。 少林佛家僧侣都是和平主义者。他们身怀绝技,可以使出踢打脚法、械斗及 到位拳法等极具杀伤力的招数。他们一掌即可置人于死地。但这些致命的技能 与他们的信仰和灵性保持一致,因为佛教徒相信:要将慈悲发扬光大,就必须根除 恶念之心。 公元527年,佛教祖师达摩从印度来到少林弘扬佛法。他在少林寺上面的山 洞里独居和冥想了九年。为了保持肌肉强健,他创出一系列以动物的动作为基础 的运动和呼吸法。这些为功夫奠定了基础。 达摩回到少林寺后,他将这些技巧传授给和尚,他的冥想法逐渐演变为格斗术。功夫从此诞生。 随着少林的名声日渐壮大,越来越多新人从全国各地前来,希望加入门派。他
中国功夫英文演讲
建议做英语演讲的同学配合我上传的ppt一起使用哦。。。地址为 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ba3348741.html,/view/511f0067b84ae45c3b358c14.html 开头语 Good afternoonteachers and classmates，The topic of my speech is chinese kung fu. Recently, more and more foreigners come to China to learn Chinese Kung Fu. They believe that Kung Fu is one of the most mysterious Chinese cultures. Many Chinese action stars, like Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and some movies, like Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon, Kung Fu Panda have influenced the world greatly and they have played a significant role in the promotion of Chinese martial arts. Here I will give a brief introduction to the origin of Kung Fu 4大门派的介绍 Emei martial arts in Chinese mountain Emei as birthplace. This is the spread of " streaky " Chengdu DujiangyanQingchengshan ( the school ). JintangGenting hill iron temple area ( Tiefo pie ), Sichuan Fengdu green mountain ( green pie ), Sichuan Fuling point easy to cave area ( point easy to send ), Sichuan Rongchang and Longchang ( Huang Lin faction). Eight leaves in the world spread refers to Zhao door, door door, monk, Yue tower called four people. Hong,, word, called four small home. The people Mr Tang Shunzhi writes " Emei seven Taoist boxing song " said: " the good magic, multiple skills, Emei boxing world strange. " Wudang martial arts has a long history and profound. Wudang Taoist Zhang Sanfeng sets of Yuanmomingchu its culmination, the title of Wudang martial arts blazed the trail. The Zhang Sanfeng the essence of the "Book of Changes" and "moral" and martial arts are harmoniously integrated to create important health fitness value to Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, Baguazhang mainly Wudang martial arts. Experience on behalf of a martial artist after innovation, enrich, accumulation, a form of Chinese martial arts genre, known as "the northern Shaolin Southern respect Wudang". Beautiful 5A-class tourist destination - Kongtong the mountain, Kongtong martial arts martial arts originated Kongtong sent to become one of its practices, routines, martial kung fu, pay attention to the real fight, real take martial art and physical health and increase the skill for the purpose of. Kongtong faction martial arts "Jones" (weapons), it does not belong to the 18 weapons. A variety of forms, small size, easy to carry, is not easy to be found by the other party, grips can often surprise move. The gist of the Shaolin kungfu technique is Zen Wu unity. Shaolin Temple is the birthplace of Zen Buddhism, Zen to clear your heart, epiphany Buddhahood as is practical. In the eyes of Buddhism, Zen is the right way, boxing brave but Moji, monks, but by practicing martial arts to win their hearts and convergence screen consider meditation purposes. Also receive a fitness self-defense, the Custodian of the effect of nursing Temple.
中国文化的英语介绍48505
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion. 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year. 饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。 Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels”theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.” 针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。 Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a
中国功夫英文简介
中国功夫之所以受到世界瞩目,与它的文化历史渊源是分不开的。功夫不是单纯的拳脚运动,它是民族智慧的结晶,也是民族传统文化的体现。如果你结识了外国朋友,想打开话匣子,给他们讲讲功夫的历史吧,绝对能吸引他们的注意。但功夫的历史源远流长,非三言两语可以说清楚。 In the center of the vast Chinese nation lies the Mountain of Songshan, one of the country’s holiest spots and home to the Shaolin 1)Monastery, the birthplace of kung fu. The Buddhist monks of Shaolin were 2)pacifists, who mastered a deadly art using kicks, weapons and well-placed 3)punches. They were able to kill a man with the palm of a hand. These deadly skills are 4)in line with their faith and 5)spirituality, because Buddhists believe that, in order to follow the path of 6)compassion, they must 7)root out the heart of evil. In AD 527 the religious teacher, Da Mo, traveled from India to Shaolin to spread the word of Buddha. He spent nine years living alone and 8)meditating in a cave above the Shaolin temple. To keep his muscles healthy, he developed a series of movements and breathing exercises based on the movements of animals. These were to become the basis of kung fu. When Da Mo returned to the Shaolin temple, he began to teach the monks these techniques, and his tool of meditation evolved into a tool of 9)combat. Kung fu was born. As Shaolin’s 10)reputation grew, more and more young 11)novices traveled from all over China and attempted to join the 12)order. They had their heads shaved as an external sign of inward purity, and they swore an 13)oath of 14)obedience to their masters. Their training was 15)relentless. Their fists would become as hard as iron and their bodies almost https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ba3348741.html,. 16)impervious to pain. Training would leave its mark not just on the students but also on the temple itself, as over the centuries their pounding feet crushed the stones beneath them. Kung fu, which in Chinese means “learned skill”or “great achievement,”has now given rise to more than 1,000 styles of martial arts. The Shaolin style is still probably the most famous of all. Today, the temple welcomes millions of tourists a year and sells them a 17)commercialized version of its history. But in the less visited temples of the Songshan hills, the original spirit of Shaolin lives on. 中国功夫英语介绍 1.僧院 2.和平主义者 3.用拳猛击 4.符合。 5.灵性 6.同情，怜悯 7.根除 8.冥想 9.打，搏击10.声望11.初学者12按照宗教规则行事的一群人 13誓言14服从15残忍的，严酷的16不受影响的17使商业化 在广袤的中国大地的中心,有一座叫做嵩山的高山。这里是中国国家圣地之一,坐落在此的少林寺正是中国功夫的发源地。 少林佛家僧侣都是和平主义者。他们身怀绝技,可以使出踢打脚法、械斗及到位拳法等极具杀伤力的招数。他们一掌即可置人于死地。但这些致命的技能与他们的信仰和灵性保持一致,因为佛教徒相信:要将慈悲发扬光大,就必须根除恶念之心。 公元527年,佛教祖师达摩从印度来到少林弘扬佛法。他在少林寺上面的山洞里独居和冥想了九年。为了保持肌肉强健,他创出一系列以动物的动作为基础的运动和呼吸法。这些为功夫奠定了基础。