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参考文献写法(哈佛版)

The Harvard System Teaching and Learning Unit Faculty of Economics and

Commerce

The Harvard system of referencing is very similar to the APA system of referencing (see TLU Booklet: Basic Referencing Using the APA System) but there are subtle differences in how the reference list is written: ?It uses “and” not “&” between multiple authors

?The publishers name appears before the place of publication, separated by a comma (in APA it

is place of publication then publisher separated

by a colon “:” )

?The year of publication need not be enclosed

in parentheses (…) though it is on some

versions of Harvard

?All major items are followed by commas and

not full stops (as in the APA)

?“pp” for inclusive page numbers are given for

journal articles in Harvard, but not APA. Sample Harvard Reference List

Abrami, P. C., d'Appollonia, S. and Rosenfield, S. 1997, 'The Dimensionality of Student Rating of

Instruction; What we Know and What we Do

Not', in Higher Education: Handbook on Theory

and Research, vol. II, (ed Smart, J. C.) Agathon

Press, New York.

Abrami, P. C., Dickens, W. J., Leventhal, L. and Perry, R.

P. 1980,'Do Teacher Standards for Assigning

Grades Affect Student Evaluations

Instruction?,' Journal of Educational

Psychology, vol. 72, pp. 107-118.

Boex, J. F. 2000,'Identifying the Attributes of Effective Economics Instructors: An Analysis of Student

Evaluation of Instructor Data', Journal of

Economics Education, vol. 31, no. Summer, pp.

211-226.

Braskamp, L. A. and Ory, J. C. 1994, Assessing faculty work: Enhancing individual and institutional

performance, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Cashin, W. E. 1988, 'Student Ratings of Teaching: A Summary of the Research', in IDEA Paper, vol.

20, Center for Faculty Evaluation and

Development, Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas

State University.

Cashin, W. E. 1990, 'Students do Rate Different Academic Fields Differently', in Students

Ratings of Instruction: Issues for Improving

Practice: New Directions for Teaching and

Learning, vol. 43, (eds Theall, M. and Franklin,

J.) Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 113-121. Cashin, W. E. 1992,'Student Ratings: The Need for Comparative Data,' Instructional Evaluation and

Faculty Development, vol. 12, pp. 1-6. Feldman, K. A. 1989a,'The Association between Student Ratings of Specific Instructional Dimensions

and Student Achievement: Refining and

Extending the Synthesis of Data from

Multisection Validity Studies,' Research in

Higher Education, vol. 30, pp. 583-645. Feldman, K. A. 1989b,'Instructional Effectiveness of College Teachers as Judged by Teachers

themselves, Current and Former Students

Colleagues, Administrators and External

(Neutral) Observers,' Research in Higher

Education, vol. 30, pp. 583-645.

It is important to realise that there are two kinds of citations needed, whether one uses Harvard or APA. These are in text citations and bibliographic (or reference list) citations. Both are necessary. “In-text” citations occur in the text of an article “bibliographic” citations occur at the end as a reference list (as above). The following rules for in-text and bibliographic citations should be followed.

RULES GOVERNING ENTRIES IN THE TEXT

Rule 1: Use a comma between the year and page (Cashin, 1999, p. 56)

Rule 2: Use a semi-colon between multiple citations (Cashin, 1999, p. 56; Boex, 2000, p. 212)

NOTE: Multiple citations are listed chronologically from earliest to latest

Rule 3: When authors’ names are incorporated in the text parentheses are placed around the year

Cashin (1999) suggests that …

Rule 4: In the case of a work that has more than three authors, use the surname of the first-listed Author [followed by et al (“and others” )]

Abrami et. al. (1980) have found...

NOTE: You must list ALL authors the first time the citation is made.

Abrami, Dickens, Leventhal, and Perry (1980) found …

Rule 5: When reference is made to more than one work by the same author, arrange in chronological order [order by least recent to most recent]

Cashin (1990, 1990, 1992) was unable to explain…

Rule 6: Reference to a number of works published by the same author in the same year should be distinguished by using lower case letters attached to the date

Feldman (1989a, p. 584; 1989b, p. 644) suggested...

Rule 7: In the case of two authors with the same surname, use the first given initial to distinguish them.

(A.Smith, 1999)

(B. Smith, 2001)

If the first given initial is the same, use the second initial.

NOTE: The Harvard System--like the APA—operates by minimizing the amount of information in the in-text reference. Only use the essential information needed to identify the reference. For most references this is the Author and Date. If there is likely to be confusion, use titles and lower case letters to indicate multiple works by the same author. If there are two authors with the same surname use the given name initial to distinguish them. Only use given name initials in these situations and not at other times.

RULES GOVERNING ENTRIES IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rule 1: Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author, alphabetise letter by letter, and alphabetise the prefixes M, Mc and Mac literally:

“Anderson” is before “Antigone” in an alphabetical list (both begin “An” but “t” is after “d”, etc)

Note in the above reference list that:

Abrami, P. C., d'Appollonia, S. and Rosenfield, S.

is before:

Abrami, P. C., Dickens, W. J., Leventhal, L. and Perry, R. P.

This is because “d’A” is alphabetically prior to “Di”.

Rule 2: Single author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname:

Kaufman, J.R. 1978, …

Kaufman, J.R. and Wrong, D.F. 1978,…

Rule 3: References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:

Kaufman, J.R. and Jones, K. 1977, …

Kaufman, J.R. and Jones, K. 1980, …

Rule 4: Order of several works by different authors with the same family name are arranged alphabetically by first initial:

Eliot, A.L. 1983, …

Eliot, G.E. 1980, …

Specific Rules for Journals

The title of the journal article always appears in single quotation marks, and the title of the journal is always underlined or italicised. It is important to provide inclusive page numbers of the journal article (NOT the page number of the in-text citation), and to present them as the final item of the citation, separated from the preceding item by a comma.

Boex, J. F. 2000,'Identifying the Attributes of Effective Economics Instructors: An Analysis of Student

Evaluation of Instructor Data,' Journal of

Economics Education, vol. 31, Summer, pp.

211-226.

NOTE: Some journals have issue numbers as well as volume numbers. Some have season issues, not issue numbers (e.g., “summer”, “fall”). The issue numbers are sometimes given using the abbreviation No. before the number (see the reference list earlier) and sometimes given in brackets, e.g.: Vol. 1, (4). Either form is acceptable

Newspaper Articles and Case Studies

If a newspaper article or case study has an obvious author, the procedure described for journals should be followed, volume and series information being replaced by the day and month.

If the article has no obvious author, it should be identified by means of the title. Such a citation should also be included alphabetically in the list of references.

Brandis, G. 1987, ‘The Liberals: Just who is forgetting whom?’, Weekend Australian, 24-25 Jan, p. 19.

‘Killing bin Laden won’t end the terror’, 2001, The Age, 19/10/01, p. 26.

Legge, K. 1987, ‘Labor to cost the “Keating Factor”’, Times on Sunday, 1st Feb, p. 2. (Financial Review,

(1987) 23 Jan, editorial)

Edited Books

An editor is someone who compiles a book from a number of sources. The editor might write a preface to the book, and make small changes to the contributions to the book, but most of the book is written by other people. An editor is identified by means of (ed)]: Cashin, W. E. (ed), 1999, …

Article or Chapter in Edited Book

Put the name of the chapter in ‘…’ and then identify the book that it appears in as follows:

Cashin, W. E. 1990, 'Students do Rate Different Academic Fields Differently', in Students

Ratings of Instruction: Issues for Improving

Practice: New Directions for Teaching and

Learning, vol. 43, (eds Theall, M. and Franklin,

J.) Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 113-121. NOTE: In this case it is a series of books and this is 43 in the series. This is not a journal because the title of the book is italicised and there is no italicised journal name.

Multiple Edition Book

Yura, H. and Walsh, M. B. 1983, The Nursing Process, Assessing, Planning, Implementing, Evaluation,

(4th edn), Appleton-Century-Crofts/Norwalk,

Connecticut. Film or Video

Maas, J. B. (Producer) and Gluck, D.H. (Director), 1979, Deeper into Hypnosis [Film], Prentice-Hall, New

Jersey.

Koenig, W. (Producer) and O’Donoghue, A. (Director) 1986, The Old Person’s Friend, [Video], The

National Film Board of Canada, Montreal.

Audio Cassette Recording

Clark, K. B. (Speaker) 1976, Problems of Freedom and Behaviour Modification, [Cassette Recording No.

7612], American Psychological Association,

Washington D.C.

Personal Communication

This may be letters, memos, telephone conversations, interviews, and other forms of communication that are unpublished and generally not retrievable (you cannot find them again).

They are cited in the body of the essay and should appear in the bibliography as well [if they can be found]. If they cannot be found they should NOT be in the bibliography but they should nonetheless appear in the in-text citation. See also Works without an Author’s Name].

Material used by lecturers is often accessed from subject texts or weekly specified reading. These should be referenced in preference to the lecture notes.

For example:

In-text: According to J.O. Reiss, Lecturer in Accounting, ‘There has never been a better time to study accounting’ (Reiss, pers. comm., April 28, 1983).

This would appear in the bibliography as:

Reiss, J. O. 1983, Subject Handbook for Lectures in Accounting, Department of Accounting, University of Melbourne, 28/4/1983.

Dubious Publication Date

If the publication date is dubious, a question mark is used.

Quirk, E. (? 1751) …

Anonymous Works

The publication date follows the title. The expressions “Anonymous” or “Anon. 1”. should not be used and these publications should be listed first in your reference list under the title of the publication. For example:

Bringing up Parents, 1953, …

NOTE: Anonymous works are NOT works which have been published where the author is not listed (for example, Government publications). They are works where the author is unidentifiable, generally because the publication is too old. Works where the author is simply not mentioned should be listed alphabetically by title. Works without an Author’s Name

Some authors do not use their name on publications so you cannot list the publication by surname. Examples of this include company reports, brochures and government publications. What should you do? You should always use the title of the publication instead. For example:

The Arts Faculty Student Handbook, 2002, Monash University: Clayton.

NOTE: In the Reference list or Bibliography you should omit articles (in this case, “The”) for purposes of alphabetical order and list under the first letter of the next word (in this case, “A”)

Conference Papers

Papers presented at conferences, seminars and meetings are forms of unpublished material.

Bowd, D. G. 1957, ‘Richard Fitzgerald, 1772-1840’, Paper presented to Hawkesbury Historical

Society, NSW.

Suzuki, R. 1982, ‘Workers’ Attitudes Toward Computer Innovation and Organizational Culture: The Case

in Japan’, Paper presented to the 10th World

Congress of Sociology, Mexico City, 16-21 Aug. Government Publications

When citing government publications, the procedure described for books should generally be followed.

Such citations often appear complex—for example, some publications have no obvious author, some have a sponsoring organisation and an author, some are the work of a committee.

Pamphlets are often published by government departments. Pamphlets are also published by universities.

In general list the reference by means of the title UNLESS there is a sponsoring body, in which case identify by the sponsor first. [If there is a sponsoring body it should be clearly stated: “Sponsored by X”].

IN SUMMARY:

?Identify by surname first, OR

?Identify by Title UNLESS there is a sponsor, IN WHICH CASE

?Identify by sponsor

Citing Online Sources

Many students will want to cite references from the internet. As many good quality journals are now online this is acceptable. You will find detailed information on how to do this at the following location (Quinion, 1998):

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bc14008172.html,/words/articles/citation.htm

This kind of referencing requirement is still fairly new, but as a general rule, the following conventions apply.

1. In-Text Online Citations

For the in-text reference, simply identify by either surname and given name initials and year OR the title and year. In other words, the normal Harvard System practice applies. For example, if the website is clearly identified as being written by Bob Smith, the in-text reference should be:

(Smith, 2000)

?URLs do NOT appear in the text.

?Note also that the writer’s name should be given, not the “webmaster”, unless they are the

same person.

If the website is clearly identified as being by the Department of Management, which is a Department of the Faculty of Business and Economics, you identify by the title of the page you are citing (not necessarily the “index” or main page). For example:

(‘Department of Management’, 2001)

(Faculty of Business and Economics, 2001)

depending on which page you are interested in taking information from.

(The former is a ‘Chapter’ of the latter, so the department page is shown by ‘…’ and the main page is shown in italics). The following diagram makes this clear.

Of course, using the usual Harvard method, the remaining citation information (publisher and place of publication) is given in the Bibliography.

2. Bibliographic Online Citations

For the bibliographic reference, you identify by surname of author (if available) as usual. If there is no author mentioned, the following conventions apply. Include the following in this order:

?‘Name of article/page’ (This is the page you are citing from, not necessarily the “index” or main

page)

?year in brackets (…)

?Name of journal/main website page (in italics)

?URL: http://etc.--in ROUND brackets—parentheses, (…)

?date of creation of site e.g., 14/5/01

PLUS:

?Accessed: your date of use of the page in SQUARE brackets. […]

NOTE: The date of use of the page is usually different from date of creation, and is therefore important for accuracy given that pages are continually updated. e.g.,

‘The Department of Management’, (2001) Faculty of Business and Economics, (URL: http:// etc ...) 14/3/01 [Accessed: 30/4/01].

NOTE: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, which identifies the source of the material. This begins with a code for the type of access involved (“http://”, “ftp://”, “gopher://”, etc). If you wanted to cite the document we are referring to above it would be:

Quinion, M., (1999), Citing Online Sources, (URL:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bc14008172.html,/words/articles/citation.htm)

[Accessed: 10 March 2001].

Make sure you break the lines in a sensible place and never introduce hyphens. NOTE:

In terms of managing reference information it is advisable to begin compiling your reference list as soon as you start reading. Add everything you read. Delete as necessary later.

Using the Harvard system is made easy by a specific computer program designed for the purpose, e.g. EndNote. This is available for free for students.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bc14008172.html,.au/endnote/index.html

Sources:

“The Q Manual”. Business and Economics, Monash University, (1998), URL:

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bc14008172.html,.au/publications/qmanual/q-

referencing.html#Harvard) (30/7/1998) [Accessed 5/2/04]

哈佛商学院英文参考文献格式

BOOK______________________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Doss 2003) REFERENCE Doss, G 2003, IS Project Management Handbook, Aspen Publishers, New York 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Laudon & Laudon 2003) REFERENCE Laudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2003, Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Coveney, Ganster, Hartlen & King 2003) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Coveney et al 2003) REFERENCE Coveney, M, Ganster, D, Hartlen, B & King, D 2003, The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winning strategies, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. Corporate author IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(DFAT 2002) REFERENCE Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Connecting with Asia's tech future: ICT export opportunities, Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth Government, Canberra. Editor IN-TEXT ...(Shaw 2003) REFERENCE Shaw, MJ (ed) 2003, E-business management: integration of Web technologies with business models, Kluwer Academic, London. BOOK CHAPTER_____________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Howard 1998) REFERENCE Howard, S 1998, 'Verbal Protocol Analysis', in B Henderson-Sellers, A Simons and H Younessi (eds.), The Open Process Specification, Addison Wesley, Sydney, pp. 272- 274.2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Degen & Pedell 2004) REFERENCE Degen, H & Pedell, S 2004, 'The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications', in D Diaper and N Stanton (eds.), The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA), London, pp. 193-220. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Johnston, Mak & Kurnia 2001) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Johnston et al 2001) REFERENCE Johnston RB, Mak HC & Kurnia S 2001, 'The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study', in S Barnes & B Hunt (eds.), E- Commerce and V-Business, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 232-249. JOURNAL ARTICLE__________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Hammer 1990) REFERENCE Hammer, M 1990, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate', Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 104-112. 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Lamb & Kling 2003) REFERENCE Lamb, R & Kling, R 2003, 'Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research', MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, issue 2, June, p. 197. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny 1995) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Lacity et al 1995) REFERENCE Lacity, MC, Willcocks, LP & Feeny, DF 1995, 'IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility and control', Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, issue 3, May, pp. 84-93. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES_ IN-TEXT ...(Karlof 2002) REFERENCE Karlof, B 2002, 'Benchmarking', in H Bidgoli (ed). Encyclopedia of information systems, Academic Press, New York, vol. 1, pp. 65-80.

哈佛类型论文引用方式说明与举例- Citing quotations (Harvard style)

Citing quotations (Harvard style) What is quoting? Quoting is where you copy an author's text word for word, place quotation marks around the words and add a citation at the end of the quote. Quotes should be using sparingly as over quoting can suggest a lack of understanding of the text you are referring to. In scientific writing, it is generally the case that you should paraphrase from sources, rather than quote directly. Quoting more extended sections of text tends to be more common in arts and humanities subjects where it may be appropriate to quote frequently from the literature that is being analysed. As you take notes, ensure you clearly mark where you have quoted directly from the source. Direct quotations 1．If you use a direct quotation from an author, you should: ?enclose this in quotation marks ?give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. Example: "Language is subject to change, and is not caused by unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance" (Aitchison, 1981, p.67). 2. If the quotation is more than two lines: ?It is separated from the rest of the paragraph by one free line above and below ?It is indented at left and right margins ?It may be in a smaller point size ?It is preceded by a colon ?It does not use quotation marks ?The citation includes author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from. Example: One answer to this is that language has always been subject to change, just as everything else in the world is, and we should not feel that this is a bad thing. As Aitchison (1981, p.16) puts it: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance. Aitchison clearly sees every change in language as neither good nor bad, but inevitable...

参考文献的标注方法

参考文献的标注方法文献综述和毕业论文的参考文献标注方法一定要按下列国内通用的“参考文献的标注方法”进行列示：在文献综述和毕业论文正文后所列参考文献要同时将其顺序号以“上标”形式标注在正文中，正文所列序号应与的参考文献的序号一致，正文后所列的参考文献表示方法如下：（1）期刊：[序号] 作者．题名．期刊名称，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码．（2）书籍：[序号] 著者．书名．版次（第一版应省略）．出版地：出版者，出版年份：起止页码．（3）论文集：[序号] 著者．题名．编者．论文集名．出版地：出版者。出版年份：起止页码．（4）学位论文：[序号] 作者．题名．保存地：保存单位，年份．（5）专利文献：[序号] 专利所有者．专利题名．专利国别：专利号，发布日期．（6）国际、国家标准：[序号] 标准代号．标准名称．出版地：出版者，出版年份．（7）电子文献：[序号] 作者．电子文献题名．电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期（任选）．例示：进入21世纪以来，中国西部部分省份相应制定了省域旅游发展ⅹⅹ目标[ 1 ]，据统计1993年西部各省份共接待入境旅游者ⅹⅹ万人次[ 2 ]，旅游业呈良好的发展态势，但对生态旅游的认识及生态旅游的实践还处在ⅹⅹ阶段[ 3 ] [4 ]，…… 参考文献 [1]刘锋．中国西部旅游发展战略研究（第1版）．北京：中国旅游出版社，2001：11－45． [2]国家旅游局中．国旅游统计年鉴（1993）（第1版）．北京：中国旅游出版社，1993：2－32． [3]刘德谦．中国生态旅游的面临选择．旅游学刊，2003 ，18（2）：63－69． [4]张延毅，董观志．生态旅游及其可持续发展对策．经济地理，1997,17（2）：100－112．

哈佛_论文引用格式!

哈佛_论文引用格式! 1 A brief guide to the Harvard System The University of Greenwich as with all universities requires that students give credit to the authors of the evidence they use to support the arguments within their essays and other assignments. Most schools within the University require that students use the Harvard system of referencing citation. This is a guide to that system giving some useful examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself. Function A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used. It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work. The same set of rules and grammar colons and commas should be followed every time you cite a reference consistency. Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor normally the Harvard system. The components of the Harvard system The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source a book a journal article etc. there is an entry that includes the author?s family name and the year of the publication source that the information comes from. Note that

(完整版)哈佛分析框架外文文献及翻译

经营分析与估值克雷沙·G.帕利普保罗·M.希利摘自书籍“Business Analysis and Valuation”第五版第一章节 1.简介本章的目的是勾勒出一个全面的财务报表分析框架。因为财务报表提供给公共企业经济活动最广泛使用的数据，投资者和其他利益相关者依靠财务报告评估计划企业和管理绩效率。各种各样的问题可以通过财务状况及经营分析解决，如下面的示例所示：一位证券分析师可能会对问：“我的公司有多好？这家公司是否符合我的期望？如果没有，为什么不呢？鉴于我对公司当前和未来业绩的评估，该公司的股票价值是多少？” 一位信贷员可能需要问：“这家公司贷款给这家公司有什么贷款？公司管理其流动性如何？公司的经营风险是什么？公司的融资和股利政策所产生的附加风险是什么？“ 一位管理顾问可能会问：“公司经营的行业结构是什么？该策略通过在工业各个企业追求的是什么？不同企业在行业中的相对表现是什么？” 公司经理可能会问：“我的公司是正确的估值的投资者吗？是我们在通信程序中有足够的投资者来促进这一过程？” 财务报表分析是一项有价值的活动，当管理者在一个公司的战略和各种体制因素完成后，他们不可能完全披露这些信息。在这一设置中，外部分析师试图通过分析财务报表数据来创建“中端信息”，从而获得有价值的关于该公司目前业绩和未来前景的展望。了解财务报表分析所做的贡献，这是很重要的理解在资本市场的运作，财务报告的作用，形成财务报表制度的力量。因此，我们首先简要说明这些力量，然后我们讨论的步骤，分析师必须执行，以提取信息的财务报表，并提供有价值的预测。 2.从经营活动到财务报表企业管理者负责从公司的环境中获取物理和财务资源，并利用它们为公司的投资者创造价值。当公司在资本成本的超额投资时，就创造了价值。管理者制定经营战略，实现这一目标，并通过业务活动实施。企业的经营活动受其经济环境和经营战略的影响。经济环境包括企业的产业、投入和产出的市场，以及公司经营的规章制度。公司的业务战略决定企业如何定位自己的环境中获得竞争优势。 2.1会计制度特点1：权责发生制会计企业财务报告的基本特征之一是权责发生制，它们是以权责发生制而不是现金会计制备的。不像现金会计，权责发生制会计与经济交流活动和实际收付现金相关的成本和效益的记录之间的区别。净收益是应计制会计下的主要周期性业绩指标。计算净收入，生态影响的经济交易记录的基础上的预期，并不一定是

Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)

References/Bibliography Harvard Style Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers / revised by Snooks & Co. 2002 Quick guide - How to USE IT ?There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment. NOTE ?Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with your lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the Academic Department. ?The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”. ?Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it. ?Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically. ?If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography. n FOR A BOOK The details required in order are: 1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible 2. year of publication 3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised) 4. series title and individual volume if any 5. edition, if other than first 6. publisher 7. place of publication 8. page number(s) if applicable ? One author Berkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York. Explanation of above citation ? Two or more authors Cengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn, McGraw Hill, London. Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the 21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.

哈佛参考文献注释体系与学术规范

哈佛参考文献注释体系与学术规范 ――－Harvard System简介 Harvard System and Academic Discipline: A Brief Introduction of Harvard System 孙亚玲傅淳 Abstract：Academic discipline is a serious issue. It covers a broad category. This paper, however, focuses mainly on introduction of Harvard System. And to do this, the authors intend to set forth the importance of referencing objectively, precisely, formally, and faithfully when doing academic research. Additionally, because we are now doing more and more academic exchanges with the out world, especially, we need to publish our research papers in foreign academic periodicals, it is necessary for us to know some foreign disciplines. Otherwise, our papers will be devaluated and refused because of not correspond to their academic discipline. 摘要：学术规范是一个严肃的问题。学术规范的领域非常广泛，本文仅以介绍哈佛参考文献注释体系为开端阐述学术研究中客观、准确、规范、如实地呈现参考文献的重要性。另外，由于我们和外界越来越多地学术交流，特别是要将我们的研究成果介绍到国外，在国外的学术刊物上发表，我们就有必要了解国外的一些规范，否则，就可能会因为不合他们的规范而使我们的高质量研究成果被拒之门外。关键词：参考文献哈佛注释体系学术规范 Keyword: reference Harvard System Academic discipline 一、为什么要有参考文献？在撰写学术研究的成果时，我们在文中都要提及他人的研究成果，这一过程叫做参考或引用。对于一篇学术论文来说，无疑论文的内容是最主要的，但从科研的规律来看，任何研究都是在前人研究的基础上进行的，所以，学术论文引用、参考、借鉴他人的科研成果，都是很正常的，而且是必需的。它表明作者对与本课题有关的国内外研究现状的了解程度，从中能够发现该课题目前的研究解决了什么问题？没解决什么问题？哪些问题是急需要解决的？哪些问题虽然重要但目前仍解决不了的？可能的前景是什么？等等。它也能说明作者是站在一个什么样的高度，以什么为起点进行研究的。如果没有一定的阅读量，就不能反映作者对本领域的研究动态的把握。因而，如实地呈现参考文献不仅表明作者对他人劳动的尊重与承认、对他人研究成果的实事求是的科学态度，也展示作者的阅读量的大小。如果论文中直接或间接地引用了他人的学术观点、数据、材料、结论等，而作者又没能如实地交待出处，则被认为是不道德的甚至会因此而被指控为“剽窃罪”。在国外，许多大学和学术团体，无论是学生提交的作业还是研究人员提交的研究报告、论文或专著对此都有明确的要求，否则将不予通过，甚至做严肃处理。[1] 因此，参考文献要求正确、准确地使用，不能把别人的成果据为己有，更不能随意更改。对于引用的文章内容，要忠实原文，不可断章取义、为我所用；不能前后矛盾、牵强附会；无论引用的是原文或者只是阐述了别人的观点，也无论所引用的材料是否已经公开出版，都要明白无误地表明出处。

国际通用哈佛文献参考(简洁版)

Harvard Referencing – a quick guide Learning and Information Services When writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various books, journal articles etc you have consulted. To do this a formal referencing system is required – Harvard is the preferred method for LJMU. So why reference? To avoid plagiarism Acknowledge the work of others Verify quotes Follow-up reading – easier for academics to trace information Abide by Copyright Law Help a reader understand how you have reached your conclusions. Full details of these sources must then be listed at the end of your work in a section called References or List of References. Some terms you will come across are: Citing – the formal recognition of the sources within your text. Citation – is the passage of words/quote used within your text. Bibliography –a list of resources used/consulted during your research or for further reading Reference List - List of resources referred to in your work. Some examples: 1) Book. HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science. 2) Electronic Book. HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bc14008172.html, [Accessed 10 April, 2005] 4) Chapter from a Book. MORT, D. (2000) The way ahead. In: BUSHELL, T. (2004) Sources of Education. 4th ed. Gower. London. pp.153-182

哈佛参考文献注明方法

哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method 当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的： ●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。 ●使你的观点和论点充实； ●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来； ●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的； ●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。这一体系有两个方面。首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。请注意：请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。如果有疑问，请询问教员。在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式： ◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。 ◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。例如：最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。 ◆若有两名作者，应同时出现在括号中。例如：一份最近的研究（Williams及Reynolds，1996）推翻了先前的发现。 ◆若有3个或以上的作者，只列出第一个，其余人员用“等”表示。例如：在最新的一份报告中，Smith等（1996）提供了另一种方案。

参考文献注释规范

GD AIB BTEC教育中心课业参考文献注释规范（一）在文中引用处的注释规范 1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，将出版年份放在小括号内。比如，In a recent study Harvey (1993) argued that ...。 2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey, 1993) shows that…。 3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母a.b.c 等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson (1989a) discussed the subject…。 4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones (1992) have proposed that…。 5．如果有三位以上的作者，只给出第一位作者的姓，再用斜体写上et al.（等人），如，Wilson et al.(1993) conclude that…。 6．如果在文中直接引用其他作者，即原话照抄，并且引文不超过两行则直接插入文本中，用引号与文本隔开。英文文稿可以用单引号，也可用双引号，只要全文一致即可。还要在恰当的位置给出作者姓和出版年份以及页码。比如，Aitchison (1981), for example, points out that language is subject to change, and is not caused by “unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance”(p 16). 当直接引用的原话超过三行以上时，有的更确切地规定引文超过30个词时，引文须另起一行空格与正文分开，左边缩进，字号缩小或字体变化，不需用引号，在引文结束处将页码放入小括号内。比如，Paine et al.(1983)added that good praise follows the “if-then” rule: T h e“i f-t h e n r u l e”s t a t e s t h a t i f t h e s t u d e n t i s d o i n g s o m e t h i n g y o u w a n t t o e n c o u r a g e—s o m e t h i n g y o u w a n t t o s e e t h e s t u d e n t d o a g a i n o r d o m o r e o f t e n i n t h e f u t u r e(a n d i f y o u a r e s u r e t h a t t h a t i s w h a t t h e s t u d e n t is doing)—then (and only then) you should praise the student for it(p.46). （二）在书(文)后参考书目处的注释规范 1．所有参考书目以作者姓名的字母顺序排列，一个作者有多本著作时，则按年份先后排列顺序，一个作者一年内有多本著作出版或论文发表，在年份后按月份先后加小写字母a. b. c.等加以区别。 2．参考书目信息应从书名页上获取而不是从封面获取。 3．每一项参考文献注释应包含一定的内容或要素（element），并按一定的顺序排列。（1）著作的注释内容要素和顺序。〔格式〕作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版年份).书名.出版地：出版商. 〔范例〕 White, R.( 1988). Advertising: What it is and How to do it. 2nd ed. London: McGrawhill. 注意：英语人名书写的顺序一般为名在前，姓在后，比如，Mark Wolery, 和汉语正好相反。当姓放在名前面时，姓的后面紧跟逗号。换句话说，只要后面紧跟了逗号，说明逗号前面的就是姓，而不是名，比如，Wolery, M.。（2）同一著作中有多位作者时的要素和顺序。〔格式〕作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版年份).章节标题.In: 主编名首字母大写姓，ed. 或者eds.书名.再版著作注明版次.丛书注明卷次.出版地：出版商.出版年份.论文所在页码. 〔范例〕 Wright, P.(1986). Reactions to an Ads contents versus judgments of Ads impact. In: J. Olsen, & K. Sentis, eds. Advertising and consumer psychology. V ol. 3. New York: Praeger, 1986, 108-117. （3）学术期刊、学报参考文献注释要素和顺序。〔格式〕作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版或发行年份).论文题目.刊物名称. 总卷号（本期号）.页码。〔范例〕 Greco, A.J., & Swayne, L.D. (1992). Sales response of elderly customers to point-of-purchase advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 32 (5), 43-63. 注意：多位作者时，作者与作者之间用逗号，名的首字母大写后用句号。

哈佛参考文献注释体系与学术规范_HarvardSystem简介

2003年第8期No.8,2003学术探索Academic Exploration 2003年8月Au g.,2003 收稿日期:2003-03-06 作者简介:孙亚玲(1959) ),女,云南师范大学教授,华东师大课程与教学专业在读博士;傅淳(1959) ),女,云南师范大学教育科学与管理学院教授。哈佛参考文献注释体系与学术规范 )))Harvard System 简介孙亚玲,傅淳 (云南师范大学教育科学与管理学院,云南昆明 650092) 摘要:学术规范是一个严肃的问题。学术规范的领域非常广泛,本文仅以介绍哈佛参考文献注释体系为开端阐述学术研究中客观、准确、规范、如实地呈现参考文献的重要性。关键词:参考文献;哈佛注释体系;学术规范中图分类号:G255 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-723X(2003)08-0082-03 一、为什么要有参考文献在撰写学术研究成果时,我们在文中都要提及他人的研究成果,这一过程叫做参考或引用。对于一篇学术论文来说,无疑论文的内容是最主要的,但从科研的规律来看,任何研究都是在前人研究的基础上进行的,所以,学术论文引用、参考、借鉴他人的科研成果,都是很正常的,而且是必需的。它表明作者对与本课题有关的国内外研究现状的了解程度,从中能够发现该课题目前的研究解决了什么问题,没解决什么问题,哪些问题是急需要解决的,哪些问题虽然重要但目前仍解决不了,可能的前景是什么?等等。它也能说明作者是站在一个什么样的高度,以什么为起点进行研究的。如果没有一定的阅读量,就不能反映作者对本领域研究动态的把握。因而,如实地呈现参考文献不仅表明作者对他人劳动的尊重与承认,对他人研究成果实事求是的科学态度,也展示作者阅读量的大小。如果论文中直接或间接地引用了他人的学术观点、数据、材料、结论等,而作者又没能如实地交待出处,则被认为是不道德的甚至会因此而被指控为/剽窃罪0。在国外,许多大学和学术团体,无论是学生提交的作业还是研究人员提交的研究报告、论文或专著对此都有明确的要求,否则将不予通过,甚至做严肃处理。 112因此,参考文献要求正确、准确地使用,不能把别人的成果据为己有,更不能随意更改。对于引用的文章内容,要忠实原文,不可断章取义、为我所用;不能前后矛盾、牵强附会;无论引用的是原文或者只是阐述了别人的观点,也无论所引用的材料是否已经公开出版,都要明白无误地表明出处。其次,如实地规范地呈现参考文献也可为同一研究方向的人提供文献信息,使读者能清楚地了解作者对该问题研究的深度和广度。我们在阅读他人的研究成果时,一方面获取他们的研究结论,另一方面也学习他们的研究方法和他们提供的研究信息,参考文献就是信息的最大来源。参考文献对于其他研究人员来说是一个资源,他们依此去获得更多的信息。因此,对作者来说,如实呈现参考文献是其严谨治学态度的体现;对编辑来说,参考文献则是一篇完整的学术论文必不可少的一个组成部分;而对于读者来说,参考文献就是认识问题的一扇窗户、一把钥匙,它便于读者查阅有关资料,进一步评价论文的学术水平及价值,启发读者的思维,便于开展学术争鸣。因此,参考文献是学术论文、研究报告、学术著作不可缺少的组成部分,不可随意/从略0,不可马虎了事或错误百出,否则将会使一篇质量和水平较高的论文逊色。二、怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范,本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系(Harvard Syste m)作一介绍。因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献,我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表研究成果而使世界认识我们,这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范,否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时,会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用,同时,也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国,20世纪 82