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北美新托福入学测试题(中上水平)

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环球新托福考试院入学英语水平测试题

Extin cti on of the Dino saurs

Pale on tologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dino saurs was caused by climatic alterati ons

associated with slow cha nges in the positi ons of continents and seas result ing from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout

the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which

/ \ dino saurs flourished), large shallow seas covered exte nsive areas of the continen ts. Data from diverse sources, in cludi ng geochemical evide nee preserved in seafloor sedime nts, in dicate that the Late

Cretaceous climate was milder than today

' s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature

of the n earby air, keep ing it relatively con sta nt. At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the

major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around

the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs

could not tolerate these extreme temperature cha nges and became ext inct.

s hard to un dersta nd why tweyld not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs

warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and adva need on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes

associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially hypothesis of a simple

climatic cha nge related to sea levels is in sufficie nt to expla in all the data.

Dissatisfact ion with conven ti onal expla nati ons for dino saur ext in cti ons led /to a surpris ing

observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals

disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock docume nting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks represe nting the beg inning of the Ceno zoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Betwee n the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the ext inctions took by determ ining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determ ining the amount of the eleme nt iridium (lr) it contain ed.

It has not bee n com mon at Earth ' s since the very begi nning of the pla net usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth and consolidated. lt is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system

Read ing

If true, though, why did survive the freez ing wi nters and torrid cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, summers?

These ani mals are at the mercy of the climate to

turtles, and crocodiles maintain a livable body temperature. It were appeali ng, the s history.

Becaus ，

's core as th

origi nal chemical compositi on is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites con ti nu ally bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed

amount of it in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years

would have been required. However, other reliable evidenee suggests that the deposition of the

boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of lt seems

to require a special expla nati on.

In view of these facts, scie ntists hypothesized that a sin gle large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers

across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations

show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sun light for several mon ths, in hibit ing photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised Iong-term global temperatures through the

gree nhouse effect. This disrupti on of food cha in and climate would have eradicated the dino saurs and

other orga ni sms in less tha n fifty years.

[Passage End]

[Questi on]

Paragraph 1 Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterati ons associated with slow cha nges in the positi ons of con ti nents and seas

result ing from plate tect oni cs. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, duri ng which dino saurs flourished), large shallow seas covered exte nsive areas of the con ti nen ts. Data from diverse sources, in clud ing geochemical evide nee preserved in seafloor sedime nts, in dicate that the

Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today ' s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold.

The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the n earby air, keep ing it relatively con sta nt.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?

Summers were very warm and win ters were very cold.

Shallow seas on the con ti nents caused freque nt temperature cha nges.

The climate was very similar to today ' s climate.

The climate did not cha nge dramatically from seas on to seas on.

Paragraph 2 At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated

from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler ni ghts; hotter summers, colder win ters. Perhaps dino saurs could not

tolerate these extreme temperature cha nges and became ext inct.

2. Which of the follow ing reas ons is suggested in paragraph 2 for the ext inction of the dino saurs?

Changes in the lengths of the days and nights during the late Cretaceous period

Droughts caused by the moveme nt of seaways back into the ocea ns

The cha nge from mild to severe climates duri ng the Late Cretaceous period

An extreme decrease in the average yearly temperature over 10,000 years

Paragraph 3 If true, though, why did cold-blooded ani mals such as sn akes, lizards, turtles, and

crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the

climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It ' shard to understand why they would not be

affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe,

dino saurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advaneed on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.

3. Why does the author mention the survival of “ snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles ”n

paragraph 3?

To argue that dino saurs may have become exti net because they were not cold-blooded ani mals

To questi on the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic cha nge related to sea levels caused the

ext inction of the dino saurs

To prese nt examples of ani mals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily tha n

dino saurs

To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the

Cretaceous period as they are today

4. The word cope in the passage is closest in meaning to

ad apt

move

con ti nue

compete

5. The word fluctuati ons in the passage is closest i n meaning to

extremes

retreats periods variati ons

Paragraph 4 Dissatisfacti on with conven tio nal expla nati ons for dino saur ext in cti ons led to a

surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals

disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock docume nti ng the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determ ining the amount of the eleme nt iridium it contain ed.

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out

esse ntial in formati on.

The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt ext in cti on of many pla nts and ani mals at the

end of the Mesozoic era.

Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.

Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the begi nning of the Ceno zoic era have

bee n removed from the layers of rock that surroun ded them.

Pla nts and ani mals from the Mesozoic era were un able to survive in the Ceno zoic era.

7. I n paragraph 4, all the followi ng questi ons are an swered EXCEPT:

Why is there a layer of clay betwee n the rocks of the Cretaceous and Ceno zoic?

Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the end

of the Cretaceous?

What was the effect of the surpris ing observati on scie ntists made?

Why did scie ntists want more in formati on about the dino saur ext in cti ons at the end of the

Cretaceous?

Paragraph 5. lt has not bee n com mon at Earth ' s since the very begi nning of the pla net ' s Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth pla net cooled and con solidated. lt is found in high concen trati ons in some meteorites, in which the

solar system ' s orig inal chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites

continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of lt in the boun dary clay. ■ These calculatio ns suggest that a period of about one

milli on years would have bee n required. ■ However, other reliable evide nee suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. ■ So the unusually high

concen trati on of lt seems to require a special expla nati on. ■

8. Look at the four squares ■ that in dicate where the followi ng sentence could be added to the

passage.

Con seque ntly, the idea that the lt in the boun dary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot

be accepted.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.

9. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecti ng the THREE an swer choices that express the most importa nt ideas

in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not prese nted in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questi on is worth 2 poin ts.

To review passage, Click View Text

For a long time scie ntists have argued that the ext in cti on of The dino saurs was related to climate

change.

An swer choices

1. A simple climate cha nge does not expla in some importa nt data related to the ext in cti on of the dino saurs at the end of the Cretaceous.

2. The retreat of the seaways at the end of the Cretaceous has not bee n fully expla in ed.

… 3. The abrupt ness of ext in cti on s at the end of the Cretaceous and the high concen trati on of lr

found in clay deposited at that time has fueled the developme nt of a new hypothesis.

… 4. Extreme changes in daily and seasonal climates preceded the retreat of the seas back into the major ocea n bas ins.

… 5. Some scientists hypothesize that the extinction of the dinosaurs resulted from the effects of an asteroid collision with Earth.

… 6. Boundary clay layers like the one between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are used by scientists to determ ine the rate at which an ext inct species decli ned.

Writing （改错）（满分理分）

The author of the reading passage ① reaches three theories as likely ② explanation of the primary

function of Chaco Canyon houses, ③ a grant structures built in the ④ 12 century. ⑤ The lecturer

points to the in accuracies in each of these theories.

The lecturer ⑥ argue that the modest number of fireplaces ⑦ on these structures is ⑧ via con tradict ion with the huge size of these houses, ⑨ in dicated that these structures ⑩ cannot have bee n

used for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons (11)from the Chaco houses

and other similar large Residential structures (12) at support of the “ Residential ” theory.

The sec ond theory, (13) which the houses were used for food (1A) storagi ng , is also (15) supported by the lecturer. He (16) explai ning that a place (17) had bee n used for stori ng maize would have many traces of

scattered Maize, (18)that is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the

“ food storage theory "(19) likely .

Fin ally, (20) regard the third theory, the “ ceremony theory ” , the (e1tuseys that the prese nee

of broken pots (22) closely to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this (23) is a place for

(24) ceremony activities. He argues that there are other materials (25) for example pieces of con structi on trash (26) find along with the broke n pots, which (27) suggest ing that these pots (28) had

bee n probably not used for ceremonial (29) activities but in stead (30) were discard due to con structi on

workers upon completio n of the great houses.

新托福口语测试题

独立任务

Speak ing 1

Talk about a popular gathering place in your town where people like to go. Describe the place and

expla in why people enjoy going there.

准备时间：15秒

托福-09北美机经

2006年8月12日口语部分第一个问题如何当好父母，好的父母应该具有什么品质第二个问题你认为集体工作好还是单独工作好第三个问题先读一个ANNOUNCEMENT,关于食堂要取消热食而只售冷食，这样的话，1，因为冷食比热食更有营养，2 ，学生可以因此省钱。然后听一段学生间的对话，一个女生对学校的这种改变极为不满，并表达了相反的意见。总结女生的意见但要与所读的ANNOUNCEMEN相结合。第四个问题关于一篇教授的讲座，他指出人们应该对自己所要做的事情有一个安排，并举列说如果你将来用不到化学，那么现在也没有必要学习化学。总结其意第五个问题关于广告策略的，有两种方法，第一种就是不停的重复，说的你不得不信，举例是用一辆小车不停的接人放人，大家都说车够宽敞，天天说，结果大家就真觉得车宽敞了。第二种就是找名人代言，里面举了用一位赛车手代言一部小车，并说这小车好，快，说的大家都认为这个小车其实也快。听完这段对话，将这两点总结出来并复述。写作部分 2006年10月18日口语：口语里听的部分挺简单的，感觉比delta简单，delta我都记不下来，这次考试都记下来了

1. What is a important opportunity in your life. Describe why it is important. （跑题了，光顾地说怎么利用这个机会了。哭。。。） 2. do you agree or disagree with the following statement: student should not be allowed to bring cellphone into the class. 3. 图书馆把大桌子换成小隔间，一个大兄弟不同意，说没法做group project了，应该增加meeting room ，说overcrowd了，现在大桌子正合适，换什么换阿 4. 动物之间是怎么知道别人要干什么的，有一个专门的词，忘了，有定义。教授主要就是举例，说狗狗以害怕，就龇牙。因为在很久很久以前，狗狗受到威胁就龇牙要咬，龇牙是为了不咬到自己。后来别的动物就知道狗狗龇牙就是要咬了，就害怕。后来狗狗自己也知道自己龇牙，别的动物就害怕了，于是以后就只龇牙了 5. 教授给改回来的draft，给这个倒霉蛋给晚了，结果只有1天时间修改上交了。mm说要么你跟教授说延长deadline，要么你自己尽最大努力改。两个solution你支持哪个？ 6. 文化之间的difussion。主要定义difussion，就是文化从一个地方传到另各一地方。举例说newspaper ，字来自很多别的国家（听得不清楚），造纸法来自中国。然后说difussion不是那么简单地，举例说针灸，老美知道针灸有用，但是不懂其中的哲学，只是拿过来就用。 2006年10月22日口语 1. 你最admire的一个人是谁？说出理由 2. 大学教育是否应该像所有人开放，还是只让一部分人有机会受到大学教育。此题极似TWE185中的第

托福独立写作机经范文5篇

As the economy and technology develop at an incredible speed in today’s society, there are an increasing number of people believing that the most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. In my view, however, this is out of the question and the three most significant problems affecting the society, namely war, environmental destruction and disease, will still influence us and may not be entirely resolved forever. War is a problem afflicting humans since they took into being in the first place. Wars take place when different countries have conflicting benefits, which is unlikely to be eliminated as long as the boundaries between countries still exist. For instance, in the Middle East where water is extremely scarce, many countries are in conflict in contention for water resources. Since every country acts for the sake of its own benefit, it seems that people in the region are incapable of living together in harmony. Eternal world peace, therefore, is unlikely to be achieved in our lifetime. Environmental destruction emerged not long before but it is becoming increasingly severe and can not be ignored. With the large-scale utilization of fossil fuels and rapid development of industry, huge amounts of pollutants are being produced, contaminating the environment to a large degree. The disposal of these pollutants being a tough task, it is hardly possible that we can completely get rid of them within a short period of time. Furthermore, even if we can come up with optimal methods for dealing with these substances, there remains the problem that these methods may cost too much and obstruct the development of economy. Last but not least, the well-being of people around the world is threatened by a variety of diseases, ranging from AIDS to cancer, the cures for which have not been discovered yet. Diseases set off panics among humans, affect their normal life and leave people badly off with the high medical expenses. There are thousands of scientists devoting themselves to finding cure for diseases, but new types of diseases keep emerging and there is no eliminating all of them. In summary, the problems with the most significance today are going to be passed on to our offspring. To eliminate these problems thoroughly, there is still a long way to go.

牛人经验：托福iBT写作27 完全攻略

考托者应记住的几条公理 1，托福作文就是新八股文 2，托福作文只要练好了人人可以拿27+ 3，托福作文得高分不意味着你英语水平有多高 4，提高英语水平靠多听多读多背多说多写多练多译首先让我们全面剖析新托福作文：（以下要求均为我自己的理解，非官方版本，官方要求请参照OG） integrated writing/综合写作:要求考生在3分钟内读一篇文章，然后听一个lecture，在20分（注：文章内容和lecture 钟内根据文章和lecture内容写一篇250字左右文章比较两者的观点。内容注定是对立的，如果你考的不是对立的，那只有一种可能，你的RP次到了人神共愤的地步了。）综合写作的八股在于：第一段指出reading passage和lecture内容是对立的；第二、三、四段从三个方面/点来说明他们的内容是怎样对立的；第五段总结一下他们之间确实是对立关系。 independent writing/独立写作：给定一个题目，要求考生在30分钟内写出400字左右的文章，要求逻辑清晰，论述有力，无明显的语法和词法错误。独立写作八股在于：第一段陈述你的观点，支持哪一方；第二、三、四段从三个方面论述你的观点；最后一段总结一下，综上所述，某某观点是正确的。

综合写作：模板，套模板，一定要套模板！理由：1，模板让你的思路更加清晰，这是ETS要求的。 2，20分钟！开玩笑，怎么凑到300字？当然要用模板！ 3，阅读听力我都不怕，就怕作文，写三句话错两句，我怎么得26+？当然还是用模板，既然是模板就意味着是你精挑细选的句子，保证了写作的质量！提醒：1，模板要富于变化，一篇只能用5句那你就要准备10句！ 2，模板不能一味照搬别人的，避免重复！ 3，保证模板里的句子没有语法和用词错误！一般来说，大家把一下几个句子稍微变形，即完成了综合写作第一步 1. The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that… （用于第一段） 2. The professor made the point that …The reading , in contrast, held a different v iew .（用于第一或第二三四段） 3. Another important point showed in the listening material is that …but the reading presents a conflicting idea that…（用于第三四段） 4. Finally, the professor stated that ...which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that...（用于第四段） 5. In general, the professor discussed the problem of …that the reading viewed in a contrary\opposing\different angle.（最后总结段） 6. According to the lecture… on the other hand \while the reading stated that … 7. The professor made the point that… on the contrary\ in contrast\ however, the writer demonstrated an ideathat… 8. The lecture supports\illustrates the idea that… 9. The lecture contradicts\refutes\ is contrary to\ is the opposite of the idea that… 10. Contrary to the belief in the passage that …the professor says that… 11. The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that… by saying that…（6-11均用于第二三四段）大家可以把连接词变化一下，把动词变化一下或句式稍变，11句话灵活运用。除了模板以外，综合写作我们还需要做什么？做笔记，做听力笔记！ 99．9%的情况下，综合写作的主体内容是三个对立的观点，所以大家只要把这个三个点记下来，然后把阅读里相应的三点抠出来放到模板里面去，你的综合写作就做完了，就是这么简单！

2013年北美地区托福考试写作真题及解析汇总完整版

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