词汇学论文(英文的)

一。The Development of English Vocabulary

There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries.

How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language.

But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development.

The history of English language is divided into three periods:

1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD )

2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD )

3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now )

As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the

pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language.

Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is

also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin.

Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases.

Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.

Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period.

The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great.

The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc.

Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words.

The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary.

Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out.

Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process.

Bibliography:

陆国强，published in 1999，

Modern English Lexicology (new edition)

Adams, Valerie, published in1982,

An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation

戴炜栋，published in 2002，

A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English

朱永涛，published in 1997，

The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries

林承璋，published in 1987，

An Introduction to English Lexicology

也可以写广告中的词汇特点：

The Lexical Features of Advertisement on Newspaper

Newspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,the

newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to

express.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicating

ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.

ⅠChoose the simple words

Advertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.

①Take time.Any time.

Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.

②Once tasted,always loved.

The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.

③My goodness!My Guinness!

Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.

ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple Verbs

Simple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.

①Drink Coca-Cola.

②I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.

③For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.

In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive.

④Get noticed. Get results.

⑤Feel the Hyatt Touch.

⑥Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.

After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord. Ⅲ. Adjectives

⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.

E.g.

For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm.

The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attra ctive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product.

⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.

①Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.

“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.

②Discover the season’s newest splendor.

The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.

Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.

Ⅳ.New Words Constantly Appear

In order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.

①Surefit Shoe Ltd.

“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.

②Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.

The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, wh ich persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image.

Ⅴ.Pronous

Pronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such as

all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary

characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.

Our finest time.

It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.

Ⅵ.Compound words

A compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.

Kodak Single-use-came ras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.

It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.

Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.

Email:southerylake@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c517992454.html,

2012 英语词汇学论文 英文版

成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the

英语词汇学教程期末总结

英语词汇学教程期末总结 1、 what is lexicology? Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words. 2、 morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words. First…second…third P2 3、 lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries. 4、 Major features of words: 背

英语词汇学总结(细致)

Chapter 1Word-Structure 1. The definition of morpheme 1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morpheme What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning. 1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents对应词of morpheme? 语素词素-形位 2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound. Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots. Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner 2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes). Task: (1) Read the following words and find the root in each word. heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly. (2) What is your definition of root? A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed. (3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why? 2.2.1 Two types of roots - Free root In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith. - Bound root However, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc. these roots cannot be used to form new words. 2.2.2 Two types of affixes Affix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme. - Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to express the following meanings: (1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; en in oxen. (2) the genitive case: e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s. (3) the verbal endings: for example, a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or past participle. (4) the comparative and superlative degrees: e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest, hardest. - Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes)can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. ?(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.

英语词汇学期末论文

英语词汇学期末论文 题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业：英语 班级：13级3班 学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静 完成时间：2015年1月14号

浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率 一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来

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浅谈中国语言规划 ——李宇明《中国语言规划论》读后感内容摘要：21世纪，发达国家和正在迅速发展的国家，纷纷跨入信息化时代，语言文字的信息化成为了国家信息化的关键，更是经济大国的整体风貌的体现。李宇明所著商务印书馆出版的《中国语言规划论》，是我所接触语言学书籍里面最具代表性的一本。他在书中通过对多篇文章的论述，明确的表述了自己的观点以及对现在所存在的问题的思考，引入我进入到了语言学里更为广阔的一片天地。 主题词：语言发展中国规划 语言是人类社会特有的现象。人们通过语言传递信息，表达感情。在人类社会发展和生活中，语言犹如空气和水一样必不可少。21世纪，发达国家和正在迅速发展的国家，纷纷跨入信息化时代，语言文字的信息化成为了国家信息化的关键，更是经济大国的整体风貌的体现。李宇明所著商务印书馆出版的《中国语言规划论》，是我所接触语言学书籍里面最具代表性的一本，他在书中通过对多篇文章的论述，明确的表述了自己的观点以及对现在所存在的问题的思考，引入我进入到了语言学里更为广阔的一片天地。 “语言规划”这个名称从词源史来说时间并不长，1957年美国哥伦比亚大学语言学家威因里希才第一次提出。《中国语言规划论》并不是第一本写语言规划的书，但却是具代表性的一本书，通过《中国当前语言文字工作任务》、《信息时代语言文字工作任务》、《信息时

代的中国语言问题》《语言学发展的新机遇》、《信息时代需要更高水平的语言文字规范》等多篇文章的论述，清楚的描述了自己的见解并阐述了时代赋予我国语言文字工作者的神圣使命。同时他的文章是站到时代高端去审视国家的语言问题。更值得我深深地了解到真谛。 1《中国语言规划论》的内容特点 1.1站位高，展现强烈的时代气息，这是《中国语言规划论》一书的一个重要特点。 中国正在向经济大国阔步迈进，中国的语言文字工作者必须站到时代潮头，与时俱进的思考自己的工作如何让才能跟历史车轮同进。一些“传统任务”的完成，比如普通话的推广、现行汉字的整理和汉语拼音方案的推行，也应提升到信息化的高度来统筹规划。 1.2有思路，明确提出自己意见，这是《中国语言规划论》一书的又一个重要特点。 《我国的语言生活问题》一文提出四个思路：其一，促使汉语成为国际强势语言；其二，争取汉语在虚拟世界里的地位；其三，处理好外语与母语的关系；其四，保护濒危语言。《通过语言文字规范标准的建设》的一文提出三个思路：其一，建设规范标准的理想体系；其二，建立科学的运作机制；其三，处理好刚与柔、学理与俗实、制定与维护、科学性与时效性等关系。诸如此类的论说，不可能全是创新，却表明了作者很有主见。 1.3讲品味，重视学术层面的探讨，这是《中国语言规划论》一书的再一个重要特点。

英语词汇学理据论文

Lexical motivation and implications for language learning and teaching Introduction Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols. There is no connection between the word form and its meaning. Some English words are motivated symbols. What is motivation? Motivation means relation between the form of the word and the original fact or reality. More specifically, if there is a relationship between phonic (sound) form of a word/lexeme and an object/fact of extra-lingual reality, or between a new word and the original word, we speak of motivated words. There are four principal types of motivation: Onomatopoeic motivated, syntactically motivated, semantically motivated and etymologically motivated. 1)Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound. The sounds of such words as cuckoo, ding-dong, swish, buzz, seem to be appropriate to their senses. Some of these onomatopoeic terms have certain elements in common. For Example, the sounds / sn / may express three types of experiences: "breath-noise (sniff, snuff, snore, snort), "quick separation or movement" (snip, snap, snatch), and "creeping" (snake, snail, sneak, snoop). Another interesting feature of onomatopoeic patterns is that they often work by vowel alternation. By substituting one vowel for another one can express different noises: snip - snap, sniff - snuff, flip - flap - flop. It should be noted that many onomatopoeic forms are based on alternations of not vowels but of initial consonants: higgledy-piggledy, helter-skelter, namby-pamby, roly-poly, etc. 2)Syntactic motivation means that by analyzing the formation of the word, one can gain the meaning of it. Apparently, words which have syntactic motivation are almost derivative or compound words. So, syntactic motivation, namely, the syntactic relations between the two bases of compounds, account for a large part of self-explaining compounds. A possible sub classification of compound nouns could be made by the part of speech of each base. 'Daydreaming' and 'sightseeing' are compound nouns from 'N+V-ing'. And others such as teacher, worker, leader, and singer, etc --- these derivative words are not non-motivation. They all consist of a verb and –er. These words mean people who do these actions. And from the affix of the derivation words, we can often infer their meaning. Take collapse for example. It is made up of col (which means doing things together) and lapse (which means falling down), so the word means falling down together. And then we can imagine it into subside or cave in. But we can not take this regulation for granted. Eggplant has no egg in side; pineapple has neither pine nor apple; and there’s no ham in hamburger at all. Some abrogative words have allegoric significance, so their motivation is unobvious. For example, night-cap means the wine drunk before sleep instead of the cap used for sleep. 3)Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association. When we speak of the bonnet or the hood of a car, of a coat of paint, or of potatoes cooked in their jackets, these expressions are