英语动词(时态、语态)及练习[整理]

动词的时态

A:一般现在时棗通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构：1）be动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。

有一顺口溜体现了它的用法：我是am你是are ，is跟着他她它, 复

数都用are

肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他

否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他

疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?

简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语 + am/ is /are

(否) No,主语 + am /is/are not

缩写形式: I'm == I am That's ==That is

We're ==We are What's== What is

You're == You are Who's == Who is

They're ==They are Where's ==Where is

He's ==He is isn't==is not

She's ==She is aren't==are not

It's == It is

2）行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加-s或-es

肯定式:主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数

否定式:主语+助动词 don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他

疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他

简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+do/does

(否)No,主语+do/does not

缩写形式: don't == do not doesn't ==does not

注意：have的第三人称单数为has

用法：1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用,

eg. He has a brother.

2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun.

3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作 .

eg. Here comes the train.

4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时 .

eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow.

B:一般过去时棗表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。

结构：1.动词的第一、三有称单数用,其他人称用,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。

2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在

动词后加或,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。

肯定式:主语+动词的过去式 + 其他 eg. I got up at six this morning.

否定式:主语 + did not + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.John didn't live here last year.

疑问式:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.Did you see him a moment ago?

简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语 +did (否)No , 主语 + didn't.

用法：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态.

eg.My father was at work yesterday.

2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的

时间状语连用.

eg.He always went to work by bus last summer.

3.和when等连词引导的状语从句连用.

eg.When she reached home, she had a short rest.

4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如… ago, yesterday, last week, in the

old days, when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用.

eg.They began the work two months ago.

Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.

C:一般将来时棗表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态

结构：助动词shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will

肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他

否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他.

疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他

简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shall/will .

(否)No,主语+shall/will+not …

缩写形式: 'll ==shall/will

shan't== shall not

won't == will not

用法:1.表示将要发生的动作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等.

eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year.

Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005.

2.表示某种必然的趋势

eg. Fish will die without water.

解析：1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求.

eg. Where shall we have the meeting?

Will you please lend me your pen?

2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等.

eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.

3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时.

eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there.

4.be going to +动词原形也可表示将来时.

(1).表示主观意愿.打算等.

eg. He's going to learn English next term.

(2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况

eg. Look at the black clouds!

----It is going to rain.

D:现在进行时棗表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。

结

构：

am/is/are + 动词的-ing形式

用法：1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now,at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与 look, listen连用. eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next room.

2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作.

eg. They are planting trees these days.

3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.

注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行时.

eg. Lucy prefers art to science.

练习题：

1.Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center ___________ .

a.once a week

b. in a week

c. next week

d. for a week

2.Be quiet! The baby ________ (sleep) in the next room.

3.Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he ______

(meet) her in her office tomorrow.

4.The bell for the class rang while they ___________ (play) on the

playground.

5.Lucy said it ___________ (rain) later on.

思考题:

1.The Chinese people ____(work) hard to make their country stronger

and more beautiful.

2.He'll write to you as soon as he _____ (arrive ) in Hainan.

3.The students of Class One ___(have)a meeting from three to five

yesterday afternnon.

4.The sky is black. It ____ (rain), I'm afraid.

5.If it ___(not snow)tomorrow,we'll go skating

6.Mr and Mrs Green____(travel)to the south of China next week,aren't

they?

7.I___(not see)the film with you because I've seen it already.

8.He told us that he_____(stay)here till the next week.

9.I_____(lose)my pen this morning. I haven't found it yet.

G:现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。

结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词

用法:1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days,today,this year,so far等连用.

eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)

2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.

解析：1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如

begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.

eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×)

I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).

I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ )

It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )

2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:

⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.

eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.

⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词

常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:

come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open

die------be dead close----be closed become---be

borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear

leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold

join the army----be in the army be a soldier

join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member

→My brother has been in the army for two years.

→My brother has been a soldier for two years.

3.现在完成时中been to,gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never等连用.

eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)

gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地, eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示现在她人不在这里)

been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days,since I came here等连用.

eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.

4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等连用.

一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系.

5.现在完成时中的 for 与 since

for + 时间段与延续性动词的现在完成时连用

since + 时间点/从句

I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library

book since a week ago.

6. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时

间了.

eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.

注意:

1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时

2.when 引导的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.

3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has

练习题:

1.It's a long time since we ____ (meet) last,isn't it?

2.--I know you ___________ (choose) a picture book among these.

--Yes,Have a look at it, please.

3.So far,spaceships without people ___________ (reach) the moon and some other par

4.My father____ home for nearly three weeks.

A.has gone away from

B.has left

C.has been away from

D.went away

5.Mr and Mrs Green have_____in China for a week.

A.been

B.got

C.arrived

D.reached

6.--Where's Mary?

--Oh,she _____the library.

A.has gone to

B.went to

C.has been to

D.had gone to

7.I'm not feeling well.I've caught a cold for three days.

A B C D

8.Tom has caught a bad cold for days and he has stayed in bed since last Saturday.

A B

H:过去完成时棗表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作

结

构：

助动词had + 动词的过去分词

用法：1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的

时间为“过去的过去“.表示过去某一时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示.

eg. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words. He had finished his homework before his father came back last night.

2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,

或还将继续下去.

eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years. (注意) 否定式 had not == hadn't

时态的呼应

1.主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句中的谓语动词可以用任何

所需要的时态,

he wants to speak to the headmaster.

He said that he won't be free tomorrow.

he came last night.

2.主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,从句中的谓语动词一般情况下要用

过去时态的某种形式.

He said that he was working hard on his Chinese.

he had a very good journey home.

he hadn't bought the present yet.

he would stop in Moscow on the way.

3.如果从句所述内容是客观真理,则谓语动词总是用一般现在时,而不受主

句中谓语动词时态的影响.

eg. Miss Gao told us that light travels much faster than sound.

4.时间或条件状语从句中,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句,从句要用一般现

在时代替将来时.

eg.Stop talking when the headteacher ______(walk)into the classroom.

Jim won't watch TV until he ___ (finish) his homework every time.

练习题：

1.They were so pleased to see each other that they almost ____ (forget) everything

2. The girl put on her dress and then _______ (go) to the mirror to look at hersel

3. The boy is a little weak in maths. He'll fall behind the other students if he w

A B

work harder at it next term.

思考题：

1.I____(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use yours?

2.Who's Jack London? I ___ never ____ (hear) of that man before.

3.I'm afraid I ___ (keep) you waiting for such a long time.

4.--Where ___ you___ (be)?

--I'm looking for you all the time.

5.____they____ (know) each other when they were young?

6.The baby will cry if she ___ (not see) her mother.

动词的语态

动词的语态---表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者

一、被动语态

结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词.

be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样.

一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词

一般过去时 was/were +及物动词的过去分词

一般将来时 will +be +及物动词的过去分词

现在完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词

2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词

否定式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成

疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.

用

法:

1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者.

eg. The window was broken yesterday.

Is English taught in your school?

2.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +

动作执行者(宾格)来表示.

eg.The red dress was made by her mother.

The letter must be written by me.

注意点：1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.

2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等

eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.

→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.

3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有

be covered with be surprised at

be interested in be worried about

be made of/from be known to

4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思.

eg. This dictionary sells well.

This kind of car drives fast.

The woolen sweater costs $ 88.

5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系

主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

(动作执行者) (动作承受者)

被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者

(动作承受者)

1）主动句如何变为被动句

a.找到动作的承受者(常为主动句的宾语)作被动句的主语.

b.找到谓语变为be + 过去分词的结构.

c.找到动作的执行者(常为主动句的主语)作 by 的宾语.若不必指出动作的

执行者,可省去 by 短语.

d.确定be动词的时态.数.

例如: She makes the beautiful kites.

The beautiful kites are made by her. (被动句)

2）被动句如何变为主动句.

a.找到动作的执行者(常为被动句的宾语)作主动句的主语.

b.找到be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形.

c.找到动作的承受者(常为被动句的主语)作主动句的宾语.

d.确定及物动词的时态.数(注意)在以上转换中,代词作主语用主格, 代词

作宾语用宾格.

6.主动语态中有些动词如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后常跟不带to的

动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态要带上to

He made the boy work for him.

→The boy was made to work for him.

7.主动语态中若有双宾语,变为被动语态时, 通常把指人的间接宾语变为被

动语态的主语.

His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.

→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.

练习题:

把下列句子变为被动句:

1.They asked me to come a little later.

→I ___ _______ to come a little later.

2.Women often talk about food and clothes.

→Food and clothes ____ often _____ about by women.

3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing?

→ ___this kind of truck _____ in Nanjing?

4.We must clean our teeth twice a day.

→Our teeth must ___ ____ twice a day.

5.Can I answer this question in simple English?

→_____this question __ ______ in simple English?

6.You may clean the room after work.

→ The room may _____ _______ after work.

思考题:

1.We use brooms for sweeping the floor.

→ Brooms___ ___for sw eeping the floor.

2. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year.

→ Quite a few tall buildings ___ _____ in their hometown last year.

3. You must not put the bike there.

→ The bike ___ ____ _____t here.

4. Can you see the stars in the daytime?

→ Can the stars _____ __in the daytime?

动词的时态与语态的综合运用

确定正确的时态

1.根据时间状语确定时态.时间状语与时态有着密切

的关系.

a. I ________ (write) now.

b. I ______(lose) my pen yesterday.

c. We ___________ (study) English for two years.

2.根据上下文来确定时态

有些句子没有明显的时间

状语,又不能用时态呼应规

则来对照,这时就可以根据

上下文内容来判断时间关

系,确定正确时态.

A.Where are the twins?

B.They __________ (go)

to visit Uncle Wang.

3.根据主从句的关系来确

定时态.

4.根据语言习惯来确定时

态

*https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c78184774.html,e,go,leave 等趋向

性动词的进行时可用来表

示即将发生的动作.

*2.永恒的真理和客观存在

的状态用一般现在时.

*3.祈使句中,或在情态动

词,助动词后,谓语动词用

原形

Don't _____ (read)in the

sun , will you?

You'd better _____

(stay)at home since it's

raining outside.

注意所填动词的语态

Today both basketball

and volleyball

_________(play) in many

countries.

确定动词的形式

1. be busy,what about等

后用动词的-ing 形式.

2.在介词后一般应用动词

的-ing 形式.

3.在

keep,enjoy,finish,mind

等动词后采用动词的--ing

形式.

4.在动词

decide,hope,wish,hate

等动词后应用动词不定式

作宾语,而在ask,

tell,want,teach 之后则

用动词不定式的复合结构,

即“ask sb. to do sth.”

的形式

5.在

see,hear,watch,make,let

等后面作宾语补足语的动

词不定式应省略动词不定

式符号“ to”, 但在被动

句中, 应添上"to".

6.在It‘s time(for

sb.)to do sth.

It's kind/nice/good of

sb. to do sth.

It takes sb. some time to

do sth. 的句型中, 动词

不定式短语作句子真正的

主语.

7.疑问代词/副词 (why 除

外) + to do sth. 结构,

可在句中作主语, 表语和

宾语.

练习题：

1.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ________(blow) the

earth away.

2.Mr Smith kept on _____ (ask) the players to remember-----TEAMWORK

3.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't

know how ____ (do) the problem.

4.The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and

let him ______ (carry) it for her.

5.用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave,look的适当形

式填空:

(1).WangHai is a good comrade.He always does his best ________others.

(2).Dig the hole big enough,or the trees can’t ___________well .

(3).It's time for class.Let's stop _______to the teacher.

(4).Her face turned red when she _______ to sing a song for all of

us.

(5).She is older than Mary but ________much younger.

(6).--I can't find my keys.--Maybe you ___________ them at home.

(7).We waited in the next room while they ____________a meeting.

(8).Hurry up.You __________the train if you don't.

思考题：

用 send,show,turn,cost,write,fly,get,stop,see,do,hear,go 的适当

形式填空

1.____ you ___ each other since you left school ten years ago?

2.What ___they ___at 8:00 yesterday evening.

3.The Smiths are getting ready ___to Australia for their holdiay.

4.The beautiful jacket___too much , doesn't it?

5.Lucy and Lily were playing cards when they ___ a loud knock at the

door.

6.The radio says the rain ___later on.

7.The boy ___to hospital as soon as the traffic accident happened.

8.Today films___in English everywhere in the world.

9.It's summer now.The days___longer and the nights shorter.

10.Mother ___ to Shanghai and she'll be back in a week or so.

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