高级英语第二册期末复习资料

L 3Pub Talk and the King’s English

About the Title

1) What is King's English?

The King’s English---this term is generally regarded by most people as referring to standard /correct English as to grammar and pronunciation. i.e. good English which everyone should try to imitate. When the ruling monarch (['m?n?k]) is a queen, it is called “the Queen’s English”.

2) How do you think of the title?

The title of this piece is not very aptly chosen. It misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic (本质的，内在的) or linguistic relationship between pub talk and the kings’English. Whereas the writer, in reality, is just discussing on what makes good conversation. He feels that bar conversation in the pub has a charm of its own.

A better title would be “The Art of Good Conversation” or “The Charms of Conversation”.

1. Conversation is the most … human activities:More than any other human activities, conversation helps to promote an agreeable, pleasant and informal relationship among people.

2. And it is an activity only of humans: And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)

3. However i ntricate …name of conversation: No matter how complicated the manner in which animals make known their intentions to each other, they do not go in for any activity which might rightly be called conversation.

4. The charm of conversation … or just glow:Conversation does not need a special topic to start a conversation. Anything may start a good conversation. And once started no one knows how or where it will end. That’s why conversation is delightful and charming.

(Here a mixed metaphor is used)

*meanders or leaps: (like a stream) flow placidly and aimlessly or flow swiftly and joyously onwards

*sparkles or just glows: (like fire) to burn steadily without flame or to burn brightly throwing off sparks

5. The enemy good conversation… sth to say: Good conversation is generally spoilt by people who think they have a lot of important things to say.

6. Conversation is not for making a point: Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or point of view.

7. There is no winning in conversation: In a conversation one doesn’t try to prove oneself right and the others wrong. We may argue but we needn’t try to convince others that they are wrong and we are right.

8. In fact, the best conversationalists…to lose:In fact, a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of views.

9. They are ready to let it go: They are ready to give up the opportunity to tell one of their best anecdotes because the conversation has moved on to other subjects.

10. Per haps it is because … of its own: Perhaps it is because I have spent so much of my time in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a special charm.

11. Bar friends are not… other’s lives: People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s lives.

12.The fact that their marriages… not a concern: It is not a matter of interest or importance if their marriages are breaking up, or their love affairs have been broken or they are just in a bad temper or grouchy (不高兴的) for the day.

*on the rock: to be in a condition of ruin [metaphor] comparing a marriage to a ship wretched on the rocks

*get up on the wrong side of the bed: (idiomatic expression) be in a bad temper for the day

13. They are like musketeers … and feelings:Bar friends, like the three musketeers in Dumas’ novel, do not probe into each other’s lives nor do they try to find out the inmost thoughts and feelings of their drinking companions. *musketeers:[allusion] from Dumas the senior

14. the conversation move desultorily… there was a focus: The conversation moved along aimlessly without a focal subject. They talked about the most common things and also made some remarks about the planet Jupiter. Then suddenly a magical transformation took place and there was a focal subject to talk about.

15. The glow of the conversation burst into flames: The conversation became spirited (生机勃勃的) and exciting.

[metaphor] Conversation is compared to a fire.

16. That would settle it:By looking up reference books one could settle the right or wrong of an argument.

17. it could still go ignorantly on：The conversation could go on without anyone knowing who was right or wrong.

18. It was an Australian who…descendants of convicts:When the speaker explained that the definition was given to her by an Australian, her listeners immediately made some sharp replies, saying it was not surprising to hear Australians talk such nonsense because they were descendents of convicts. (descendents of convicts: implying that the Australians are crude, uneducated people.)

19. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia:Though they were in an English pub, they were soon talking about Australia and the Australians. (在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。)

20. Of course, there would be…in such a society:Of course, in Australia where the people are descendents of convicts, hence belonging to the low classes, there will be resistance to the use of the King’s English, a language used by the upper class.

21. Look at the language barrier…Norman conquerors: The Norman rulers, kings and nobles, spoke French at court and the conquered Saxons peasants spoke English and refused to learn the French of their masters, hence they had difficulty communicating with each other.

22. The conversation was on wings: [metaphor] The conversation soon became spirited (生机勃勃的) and exciting.

23. Even if our menus…Norman English: In English restaurants, esp. in high-class restaurants, the names of the dishes on the menus are quite often in French. This is done out of snobbery because in western countries people consider French food to be the best. But even if they wrote their menus in English, they would have to use many words derived from French words or words which were first introduced into English by the Norman ruler.

24. What all this tells us… Norman conquest: After the Norman conquest, the Norman kings and nobles used French and tried to impose this language on the conquered English who persisted in using their own language. This resulted in

a widening of the class gap in the culture of England.

25. The Saxon peasants who tilled…Norman t ables: The poor Saxon peasants could not afford the meat the Norman conquerors ate. Hence the names of meat, derived from French, reflect the class difference at that time.

26. As we listen today … the Saxon peasant：When we listen to the merits and demerits of bilingual education, we should try to think as the Saxon peasants did when two languages were being used in England.

*bilingual education: using two languages in teaching

*into the shoes: to think as if one were another person换位思考(The original expression is “ to be in another’s shoes”, meaning to be in another’s position.) eg. I'm glad I'm not in his shoes just now.

27.The New ruling class…his own language: The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rules.

28. There must have been…Hereward the Wake:The English must have felt greatly

humiliated when they were forced to listen to and use a foreign language and to accept a foreign culture. So they took up arms against this cultural humiliation. The leader is Hereward the Wake.

29. “The King’s English…become French: If the term “the King’s English” had existed at

that time, its meaning would be different for the king spoke French and not English.

30.And here in America … heirs to it:

The reference of “it” is unclear. Therefo re the sentence may either mean

(1) The English we speak and write in America today also shows the French influence of that time. We have inherited this French influence on the English language; or (2) In America

today we are facing the same problem that existed in England 900 years ago, the problem of

having two languages (English and Spanish in some parts of the U.S.) existing side by side. 31.“Strange Newes…letters”: archaic（[a:'keiik] 古代的）spelling. It should read: “Strange News of the Intercepting Certain Letters.”（截获信函奇闻）

32. “thou clipst the King’s English”: Middle English (中古英语). It should read: “you clip (修剪；简化) the King’s English”.

33. That would be…in general use: That (if the phrase is in Shakespeare) would prove that

the term “the King’s English” was in general use at that time.

34. Mistress Quickly:a character (the servant) in Shakespeare’s play The Merry Wives of

Windsor which is said to have been written at the request of Queen Elizabeth.

35. “here will be…King’s English”: There will be a great trying (考验) of one’s patience and plentiful misuse of the King’s English.

abusing: It is used in two senses:1)take unfair advantage of (不公平地利用) one’s patience

2)improper or incorrect use of language (the King’s English)

God’s patience: No matter how patient you are, you won’t be able to bear him, because he will even try God’s patience. God is more patient than any human being.

36. it rings true:It sounds true. It gives people the impression that Mistress Quickly ’s statement is true.

37. After five centuries…the conqueror:After 500 years of development, after struggling

and contending with the French of the Norman rulers, English succeeded in absorbing the French elements. English survived and became once more the universal language of England. the conquered conquering the conqueror: This is true in both senses. The Norman rulers and the French language they used were both absorbed by the English.

38. English had come royally into its own: The English language received proper

recognition and was used by the king once more.

come into its own: receive what properly belongs to one, esp acclaim or recognition (获得应得的) eg. With the success of the Model T Ford, the automobile industry came into its own. 随着T型福特汽车的成功，汽车工业受到了应得的重视。

39. There was…proud of: The English of this period (Shakespeare’s time), whether called the King’s (or Queen’s) English, was something Englishmen could be proud of.

40. The Elizabethans … of the earth: The Elizabethan writers spread the English language

far and wide.[simile] To spread the English language is compared to the blowing of a dandelion clock.

41. “The King’s English”…racial discrimination:The use of “the King’s English”was no

longer a form of racial discrimination. The use of English was no longer restricted to a certain race or class. (After the Norman conquest the king and nobles used French and the oppressed Saxon peasants used English. Now, English is used both by the king and common people in England.)

42. The phrase has always…lower classes: The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disparagingly (disrespectfully) and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.

43. will lose control…ordinary folk:Dr. Caius may lose control of himself and use the strong language (强硬措辞) that ordinary people would use in such circumstances. (The language of the ordinary people is more vigorous, direct and straightforward. The educated people would speak euphemistically or in a roundabout way.)

44. If the King’s English…should be spoken: The educated people insist that one must use the King’s English, i.e. speak English as it should be spoken. But the working people, members of the so-called lower classes mock and jeer at the people by replying in non-standard English that one should speak “English as it should be spoke.” (The deliberate poor grammar used here reflects the desire of the lower classes to strip (剥去) the language of any pretence, to keep it from being used in snobbish way.)

45. The rebellion against…still there: There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.

46. There is always…things for us: There exists a kind of danger. That is words will become concrete things. // There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. (For example, the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.) *Carlyle: a Scottish essayist and historian

47. the King’s English, like…representation of reality: The term “the King’s English” or the Anglo-French used by the Norman rulers only represent the language used by the ruling class (or the king). It represents the language used by a certain class.

48. it should not be laid…change from below: People should not be ordered to speak the King’s English and they should be allowed to introduce changes into the language.

*lay down an edict:to issue an order or decree (by an official authority)

*made immune: exempt from or protected against (something harmful)

49. The King’s English is a model…an ultimatum: The King’s English sets up an excellent standard for us to imitate for we can gain a lot of useful knowledge or information by studying it, but people shouldn’t be forced to accept it.

50. I have an unending…with dictionaries:I’ve always had an intense and eager interest in dictionaries. [metaphor] his eager interest in dictionaries compared to having a love affair. 51. S o we may return…beginning:The writer realizes he has been digressing from his subject, so he comes back to his central theme -- conversation.

52. Even with the most educated…in conversation: Even the most educated and literate people use non-standard, informal, colloquial English in their conversation. (Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.)

*the King’s English slips and slides:[metaphor] to slide on a slippery surface, to lose footing, hence to make a mistake, fall into error

53. punctuates his words: insert (插入) punctuation marks in his speech to emphasize what he is saying

54. “the sinister corridor of our age”: In our age people are traveling along a sinister road doing all kinds of evil things. [metaphor] comparing the things we do, and the road we travel in this age to a corridor.

55. We sit up at the… in the image: We become suddenly alert and interested because the phrase is so vivid and the image created by the metaphor in one’s mind is powerful and even frightening.*sit up: (colloquial) to become suddenly alert

56. we would be justified in asking him to leave:If E.M. Forster in an ordinary conversation used this kind of formal literary language we would have every right to ask him to leave our house. (He would be behaving in a very improper manner.)

57. Other people may celebrate… 18th century Paris:Other people may praise and honor the supposed (想象上的) grand conversations of distinguished people in the great salons of 18th century Paris.

*great minds:people with great minds; distinguished people

58. the only difference…in their intentions: The sauces prepared by Mme. Deffand’s cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers, were equally terrible. The only difference between the two cooks lay perhaps in how they used these sauces to prepare different kinds of dishes. (Note: The meaning of the word “intentions” is not very clear here.)

59. Otherwise one will bind…here and there: [metaphor] Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it flow freely. // Looking up the dictionary in the middle of a conversation will, like a rope or band, tie up the conversation.

60. We would never have gone…Norman Conquest: [metaphor]We would never have talked about Australia nor about the language barrier that existed in England after the Norman Conquest. (comparing talking about Australians and language used during Norman rule in England to going to Australia and going back in time to the Norman Conquest)

61. one would not have been…raised the subject:One would not have thought with interest about the woman who raised this topic.

*musketeer: In paragraph three, the writer compares bar friends to the musketeers of Dumas. Hence, this woman, a bar friend, is also called a musketeer.

62. The bother about … all conversation: The writer is laughing at the people wh o ruin good conversation by trying to talk “sense”. They behave just like chimpanzees that have been taught to talk. (Chimpanzees, like all other nonhuman animals, are not capable of conversation.)

The last sentence restates the theme by pointing out what is the bane (祸害) of good conversation--- “talking sense”.

Organizational Pattern

loosely organized-- to suit the theme (the title is misleading---also to suit the theme)

Section I (1-3): The writer puts forward the thesis--- Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. Bar conversation has a charm of its own. Section II ( 4-11): examples to support the thesis---no fixed topic; the King's English; Australia; Saxon churls ; the language barriers (The examples have well explained where its charm lies. )

Section III (12-19):more digressions ([dai'ɡre??n]离题)---what the writer thought about after the bar conversation the night before

1) Paras.12-15: He gives his personal reflection on the history and meaning of the King's English 2) Paras.16-17: He reveals his attitude towards the King's English 3) Paras.18-19: back to the subject of conversation

Section IV (20-21): conclusion---Those people who ruin the conversation by trying to talk sense are just like chimpanzees ([,t?imp?n'zi:])黑猩猩who are not capable of conversation.

Real Thesis

Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. Bar conversation has a charm of its own. The bane (祸害)of good conversation -- “talking sense”. The writer illustrates his point by describing the charm of bar conversation, what makes a good conversation.

The writer’s digression

1. his reflections on the history and meaning of “The King’s English”

2. his love for dictionaries

3. the salons of 18th century Paris

Writing Style

conversational, informal –1) highly informal language; 2) abundance of simple idiomatic expressions; 3) mixed metaphor; 4) sentence fragments (['fr?ɡm?nt] 碎片) 句子片段

Mixed Metaphor (矛盾隐喻/混杂隐喻): A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a third identification that is inconsistent with the first one. (即在使用隐喻时,隐喻概念前后不一致,缺乏隐喻连贯性) eg.

The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows (p.2)

把conversation比作a stream (which meanders and leaps)和fire (which glows and sparkles).

More example:

The ship of state is going off the rails. 国家这艘航船快要出轨了。

有关Metaphor（隐喻）

（1）Dead Metaphor（融合隐喻/终休隐喻）

（2）Alive Metaphor（鲜活隐喻）

（3）Extended Metaphor（延展隐喻）

（4）Mixed Metaphor（矛盾隐喻/混杂隐喻）

（5）Metaphor of Succession（协调隐喻）

（6）Personal（Anthropomorphic）Metaphor（拟人隐喻）

（7）Submerged Metaphor（潜性隐喻）（8）Organic Metaphor（象征隐喻）

（9）Telescoped Metaphor（联珠隐喻）（10）Sustained Metaphor（强进隐喻）（11）Diminishing Metaphor（玄学派隐喻）

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高级英语视听说教学大纲 [课程代码] [课程中文名称] 高级英语视听说 [课程英文名称] Advanced English Audio-Visual English Course [学分] [总学时] 一、教学目标 通过该课程的学习，接触真实的各类视听材料，提高本科高年级学生的听力理解和口头表达能力，加强学生对英语国家政治、经济、社会、文化等各方面的进一步认识和了解，提升学生的综合文化素养。 二、课程描述 高级英语视听说为英语专业高年级专业必修课程，属于英语专业技能课程。高级英语视听说课程的目的在于提高学生对语言真实度较高的各类视听材料的理解能力和口头表达能力。通过“视”、“听|”、“说”的结合，以直观画面和情节内容为基础开展有针对性的口语训练，运用复述、总结、对话、口头概述、即席演讲等活动形式，提高学生的听力理解和口头表达能力；加深他们对英语国家的政治、经济、社会、文化等方面的认识和了解。本门课程注重提高学生的综合文化素养和跨文交际能力，以此提高学生的综合英语素质。 三、教学对象 该课程是针对本科高年级学生开设的一门专业技能课。 四、教材选用 主要采用王镇平主编，由外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语视听说》，参考何继红主编，同济大学出版社出版的《英语视听说教程》（新版）。 五、教学内容 Unit 1 Black Swan Unit 2 The Graduate Unit 3 Kramer vs. Kramer Unit 4 Sicko Unit 5 Dead Poets Society Unit 6 The Help Unit 7 The Reader Unit 8 American Beauty Project Information Interview Unit 9 Philadelphia

自考本科英语二复习资料

自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although

自考英语二复习资料

? UNIT 1 ? 重点单词和短语 ? objective accomplish predict accompany attain scheme skilled argue define ? interview prospect ? course of action in the way(by the way, in no way, in a way) make a guess at contribute to and the like (and so on) ? seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from…to … ! ? apply for (to) ? have no idea bring about take the trouble to do ? put oneself in one’s place ? to one’s advantage at a disadvantage ask for in hand turn down (up, on, off, out, over, back) ? 重点、难点句子详解 ? decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. ? 解析：courses of action 意思是行动方案、做事步骤；made 是过去分词；from among — 为二重介词 ? 例：We ’ll inform you as soon as tickets become _____. (06-4) ? A. valuable B. capable C. acceptable D. available (D) ? 2. … some suggest that the management process is decision making. ? 解析：suggest 表示认为、提出、暗示意思，后面不用虚拟语气，表示建议意思， 后面用虚拟语气。 ? 例：It is suggested that the meeting (should) be held (hold)at some other time. 、 ? 3. … decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them. ? 解析：as well as 意思是既…又… ? 4. In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all. ? 解析：助动词do 在肯定句中用在动词之前表示强调，意思是确实。 ? 5. … but do not let it worry you too much. ? 解析：动词let, make, have, hear, see, observe 等词之后的宾语补足语为省略to 的 不定式结构。 ? 6. There is little likelihood that … ！ ? 对比：There is a/ every/no likelihood that/of ? 例：The two sisters are ___ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament.(06-4) ? A. like B. likely C. alike D. lively (C) ? ? UNIT2 ? 重点单词和短语 : ? exert collapse shrink basis launch convince operate revolve glitter unlikely (be likely to) whereas concerned (be concerned about) plateau ? in theory apply to depend on research into swallow up make use of together with in every respect in other words consist of a great many under the circumstances make a difference above all as a rule ? seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from…to … ? 例：I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ___ kind. (06-4) — ? A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all (A) ? 重点、难点句子详解 ? 1. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable… ? 例：爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的，因此没有绝对的时间和空间。 (05-4-68) ? 2. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. ? 例1：It is on Friday ___ we will hold the meeting. . ? A. that B. when C. in that time D. what (A) ? 例2: As a painter, Ted was very ___ about the colors he used. (03-10) ? A. specific B. special C. peculiar D. particular (D) ? 3. The earth is one of mine planets which move in orbit round the sun. ? 对比：The earth is the only one of the nine planets which has life on it. ? 4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. ? 解析：数词+times + as +形容词+as 是表示倍数的表达法。 ? 例：It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates an earthquake ten times as strong -