武汉理工大学美国概况Unit(2)余编

英美文化与概况

British and American Studies

( American Part )

Unit Two

大学英语第一教研室余非编

2013年2月

Unit 2 Government and Politics

Contents

1. Political Theory and Government Principles

2. The Federal Government

3. The Legislative Branch

4. General Election

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1. Political Theory and Government Principles

?Politically , the United States is considered as a democracy , which means power belongs to

the people. The form of the US government is known as Federal Republic , which is based on constitutional separation of power between the federal government and state government.

?The basic principles or ideals of US government system come from English philosopher

John Locke’s political ideas, who believed that all people are born good , independent , and equal. He also believed that only by making good use of human reason could society achieve

a continuous progress.

The four basic principles of US government system:

1.The First Principle :Sovereignty resides with people .

?The government gets its just power from the consent of the people ( the governed ) and can’t

govern without the agreement of the governed.

?President Lincoln described the relationship between government and the people as

“ government of the people , by the people , for the people ”.

2. The Socond Principle : Government has only limited power.

?The government does not enjoy total or general power. It has no other powers except those

given by the the people , or the power laid down ( 制定；主张) in the constitution.

3. The Third Principle :Checks and balances. (制衡)

?The power given to government is divided between the federal and state government.

?The power granted to each government is sub-divided among the three branches of

government, the legislative, the executive and the judicial.

?Each branch can check or block the actions of the other branches. They are in balance , and no

branch can take action on the supposition that it is more powerful than the other two branches.

4. The Fourth Principle : Free exchange of opinions must not be restricted.

?The US Constitution protects freedom of speech and freedom of the press so that common

people can make their opinions known.

?To prevent government from manipulating public opinion, the law forbids the government to

run newspapers and radio stations, nor is it allowed to control school.

2. The Federal Government

?The federal government is the national government with unlimited governmental power. The

Constitutuon empowers the federal government to do all things “ necessary and proper “ for carrying out its listed duties.

?Under the principle of separation of power, the federal government is divided into three

branches:

①The Legislative

② The Executive

③ The Judicial

3. The Legislative Branch

?Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government . Its central function is to make

federal laws. Besides, Congress is empowered to collect taxes and levy duties , to pay national debts , to regulate foreign commerce , and to raise armies and pay for them.

?Another important function of Congress is to make investigation. It has the implied authority

to make independent investigations and oversee the executive branch.

?The US Congress is divided into two chambers: the Senate and the House of

Representatives. The two chambers are granted equal powers for making federal laws. But they both have their own different powers which cannot be shared with each other.

The House of Representatives :

?The House of Representatives is commonly known as the House. Ever since 1910, the House

has had a permanent membership of 435 . The seats in the House are distributed among the 50 states according to their populations.

?The state is then divided into Congressional districts, with each district electing one

Congressman , who must be at least 25 years old and over. The life of a Congress is two years , and Representatives come up for reelection every two years.

?The presiding officer of the House is known as Speaker who is concurrently the leader of the

majority party in the House.

?The Senate :

?The Senate is the other subdivision of the US Congress. Representation in the Senate is based

on the principle of state equality . The Senate comprises 100 Senators , two from the each of the fifty states. A Senator must be at least 30 years of age and a citizen of the United States for nine years.

?The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice-President of the United States who serves as

chairman when the Senate is in session.

4. General Election

?The United States holds a general election every four years to elect a president. The law

provides that every natural-born Ameirican citizen of 35 years of age and older can run for the presidency.

?The general election is normally divided into three steps: primary election , nominating

national party convention , and the campaign for the general election.

?The First Step: The Primary Election

It is to elect delegates to the nominating national party conventions of the two parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party .

?The Second Step : Nominating National Party Convention

The second step is for political parties to hold their national conventions , which are attended by delegates eleced in the primary election. Both parties hold their national party conventions in summer before the November general election.

?The Third Step :The Campaign for the General Election

The third step consists of presidential candidates’ nation-wide campaign and balloting . Candidates use various means for winning votes . In recent years , televised debates between the presidential candidates have become popular.

?American voters attach great importance to the candidate’s moral character in addition to his

competence . They regard honesty as a top requirement for the presidency.

The general election , held in November in eaach election year , is technicallly divided into two stages.

?Stage One :

During the first stage , states elect their presidential electors . The number of presidential electors for each state is equal to the total number of its Representatives in Congress plus its two Senators. The total number of presidential electors for the nation is 538 , with 3 from Washington D.C.

All the candidates for presidential electors have made it clear to the public that they will vote in favor of their party’s presidential candidate.

The names of the presidential electors are put on two lists , a Democratic list and a Republican one . In fact, Americans are actually electing the president when they vote for electors. ?Stage Two :

In the second stage , the electors meet to form the electoral college and elect the president . Since all the presidential electors are already committed to voting in favor of the presidential candidate of their own party, the second stage is only a kind of formality left by history. As soon as the first stage is over , everyone knows who will be the next president of the United States.

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英语专业考研英美概况自测题（一） British Survey Test Part I Geography 1. The total area of the U.K. is _____. A. 211,440 B. 244,110 C. 241,410 D. 242,534 2. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K. A. northern B. eastern C. southern 3. The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is _____. A. Northern Ireland B. England C. Scotland 4. _____ is on the western prominence between the Bristol Channel and the Dee estuary. A. Wales B. Scotland C. England 5. Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century. A. 14th B. 15th C. 16th 6. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain. A. 1707 B. 1921 C. 1801 7. Physiographically Britain may be divided into _____ provinces. A. 13 B. 12 C. 14 8. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____. A. the Scottish Highlands B. Wales C. England 9. The main rivers parting in Britain runs from _____. A. north to south B. south to north C. east to west 10. Cheviot hills lie along the border between _____ and England. A. Scotland B. Wales C. Vale of Eden 11. The longest river in Britain is _____. A. Severn B. Clyde C. Bann 12. London is situated on the River of _____. A. Parret B. Thames C. Spey 13. Edinburgh is the capital of _____. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales 14. The rivers flowing into the _____ are mainly short. A. North Sea B. English Channel C. Dee estuary 15. Mt. Snowdon stands in _____. A. Scotland B. Wales C. England 16. The source of the important River Thames is in the _____. A. Cotswolds B. Oxford Clay C. Pennines 17. About _____ of the water requirements are obtained from underground sources. A. 50% B. 38% C. 42% 18. Gaelic is mainly spoken in _____. A. Scotland B. England C. Northern Ireland 19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____. A. 1964 B. 1946 C. 1694

英美概况地理位置

1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。（本细节还有考"一句话简答"的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考"一句话简答题"的可能） 6.The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river" 密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作"众水之父"或"老人河"。 7.The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials. 俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。 8.On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ,which rises in Canada. 太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。 9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States. 格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河（本细节考选择和简答可能性大）10.the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。