企业品牌战略研究外文文献及中文翻译

附件1：外文译文

企业品牌战略研究

在经济全球化的今天，如何适应国际化潮流，建立强势品牌，提高竞争能力，已经成为国内企业面临的迫切问题。本文在分析我国企业营销品牌战略发展状况的基础上，从品牌战略的内涵与其功能意义入手，探讨了品牌战略在企业营销中的作用。企业需要综合运用多种竞争手段提高品意，搞好品牌定位，塑造良好品牌形象。

一、日系品牌全线崩溃

2006年11月22日上午，NEC宣布将推出2G及2.5G手机市场，这意味着继夏普、松下、东芝、三菱、三洋之后又一家日本手机厂商退出中国市场，日系手机除京瓷外几乎全部退出中国2G手机市场的争夺。

如果我们总结今天的中国家电市场与十年前有什么不同的话，我想，最大的不同就是，日系企业在中国的繁荣已经渐行渐远。

对于日系手机败退，乃至日系家电走到中国市场的低谷，主要原因有以下几点：一是企业制度呆板，决策困难，反应速度慢，与另市场现实格格不入，难以适应快速变化的中国市场;二是市场营销能力弱，产品规划能力不强，很难根椐自己对市场的判断与预测推出迎合消费需求的产品，一直处于跟风的被动局面，无法满足中国市场的需要;三是未能把握住产业转型最佳时机，是日系家电企业失去市场主导地位的重要原因。

日系企业在中国市场上走到边缘是否引起我们民族企业的深思？欲走国际化路线的企业又是否从“日系企业”的背后吸取教训？

二、我国企业实施品牌战略的现状分析处

第一，众多昔日名牌“昙花一现”。中外企业在市场上的品牌大战，使刚刚成长起来的民族品牌受到极大的冲击。上世纪80年代稍有知名度的品牌，不是被抢注商标，就是被收购、挤垮，即使残留下来的也是惨淡经营，真正发展起来的极为有限。这里典型的案例，上世纪80年代至90年代初期，曾在空调界创下奇迹的华宝空调，在1998年被科龙收购，其后的品牌形象就一再下滑。

第二，品牌战略已日渐引起国内企业重视，政府的扶持。自上世纪80年代改革以来，我国社会主义经济建设取得了令人瞩目的成就，从计划经济时代走向市场经济时代的中国企业，品牌经营无从无到有。

资料显示，各地各级政府在对名牌的重视程度、组织推进力度、政策措施上有大幅度提升，青岛、深圳、武汉、宁波、沈阳等市对中国名牌企业的奖励为100万元，大连为300万元，对获省市名牌的企业奖励为10万元~20万元。

2007年1月8日至1月11日，第40届国际消费电子展（CES）在美国杜斯维加斯的威尼斯酒店开幕。在CES上我们民族企业取得骄人的业绩。据了解，今年中国有4000人注册参与CES，包括厂商、媒体和观众，在展馆中，有327家参展商。海尔被全球最权威的消费电子行业媒体《TWICE》评选为另消费电子第一品牌。

第三，洋品牌的地位在多数行业仍是难以动摇的。但是，我们也应看到，面对市场上纷繁的产品，真正能让消费者脱口而出的国内品牌屈指可数。随着对外开放的深入，国际上一些大公司纷纷挤入中国市场，一时间中国市场上充斥着“索尼”、“可口可乐”、“飘柔”、“奔驰”等种种国际名牌，这些名目众多的洋品牌猛烈地撞击着中国的民族品牌。虽然在家电行业，以海尔品牌为首，“康佳”、“长虹”、“TCL”等国产名牌已发展得不错，但同“索尼”、“松下”、“三星”等名牌相比，仍然存在竞争劣势;在IT行业，“联想”、“方正”、“长城”等品牌的竞争力都有明显提高，但与欧美、日本等国的产品相比，品牌知名度仍有不足;在日用消费品市场，“宝洁”、“利华”、“汉高”等国际公司已形成三足鼎立之势。

三、我国企业实施品牌战略中存在的主要问题及误区

目前，中国品牌走向国际市场有着巨大的机遇和空间，品牌的国际化已纱可避免，然而品牌建设中也存在着不尽如人意的问题。

从微观企业自身因素角度来看，我国企业实施品牌建设存在以下问题：技术开发能力不足，品牌竞争能力不强;品牌个性不足，缺乏创新和发展能力;生产和经营规模偏小，品牌发展缺乏整体规划;出口和国际经营能力偏弱，品牌意识不强;品牌定位不明确，存在较大的盲目性等一系列因素。从宏观社会环境因素上讲：社会机制有待进一步改善，政策法规的支撑需要进一步加强，国家的产业政策，出口导向政策对不同的行业起着不同的促进和限制作用，金融环境对于企业的投资能力和市场扩张能力也有相当重要的影响力。我国建立市场体制也有好多年了，虽有了很魇改善但仍不够健全，有些方面还未真正适应市场经济的要求，消费者的心理还未完全成熟。

1、忽视品牌投资，急功近利

经济全球化背景下，国际竞争越来越表现为品牌的竞争，现代跨国公司绝大多数都是知名品牌公司，尤其注重品牌战略的运用，通过品牌这种全方位的输出形态，跨国公

司占领了国际市场，可以毫不夸张地说，而今，品牌已是跨国公司实现全球战略目标的锐利武器，是实现资本扩张的重要手段。

冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。品牌绝不可能在短期内创出来，是一个长期积累的过程。很多企业没有清醒地认识到这一点，妄图在短时间内创出一个名牌，而忽视了长远的规划和战略。

2、品牌战略一项系统工程

品牌战略的实施是一项系统工程，是企业整体发展战略与竞争战略的重要组成部分。品牌战略的实施是企业整体素质与整体形象的提高，需要有科学的经营理念和高超的动作技巧，但国内不少企业品牌策划在此方面表现得尤为拙劣和急功近利，影响了企业品牌的发展，实际工作中出现了不少这样的误区：如认为创建品牌工八就是给产品取个好名字，提高产品知名度或把产品包装一下;好的品牌是个令人满意的视觉标志而已;广告是培育知名品牌的唯一手段，除了在媒体上大肆做广告外，其他别无关注;企业产品规模一旦形成了，知名品牌就自然而然地建立了;知名品牌等同于高价，必须不切实际地提高产品价格等。有的企业甚至在品牌低价出售转让，如我国现有20多万个“三资”企业中，有90%以上的合资企业在使用外方品牌;广州洁银牙膏厂以200万元低价将品牌转让给合资企业等，就是这样的突出事例，现今其可怕后果已日渐显现出来——丧失了本国企业自身品牌、产品与知识产权，民族产业竞争力究竟何在！

3、产品是企业在市场中竞争优势可以很快被竞争对手模仿、超越，而品牌却难以逾越，真正持久的竞争优势来自于不断创新，以“不变”应“万变”

品牌是核心竞争力的集中体现。市场是瞬息万变的，任何品牌都面临着随时被淘汰的危险。过于看重现有的成绩，不重视创新，是导致很多品牌“下马”的重要原因。可口可乐公司前任首席营销官塞尔齐曼说，“品牌是唯一使公司产品和服务有别于竞争对手标志，是开辟市场最有效的武器，优秀的品牌可以让你的品牌脱颖而出。”产品的物理属性、数量、价格、质量、服务等很容易被竞争对手模仿，而品牌除了产品本身，还包含了附加在产品上的文化、背景、情感、消费者认识等无形的东西，使企业永远立于市场竞争的不败之地。消费者的认知决定企业的命运，而品牌又直接的影响了消费者的认知。品牌是市场中企业相互区别的重要标志，是消费者进行消费的风向标，以品牌为核心已成为企业重组和资源重新配置的重要机制。

四、民族企业在品牌国际化进程中如何进行品牌定位

1、以科技为后盾，树立“质量第一，以质取胜”的经营理念，品牌的时尚要素、

个性化的突出。

产品质量是创造名牌的基石。产品的竞争力表现为品牌的竞争，而品牌竞争所依仗的则是产品的内在质量。一个品牌成长为品牌靠的是质量，一个品牌在市场上倒牌也大多是因为质量出了问题。所以，可以说，质量是品牌生命之所系。

此外，企业还应借鉴国外成功经验，提高自己的设计开发能。企业要敢在新技术革命的挑战中创造自己的品牌，提高产品的市场竞争能力，就必须在技术创造上下功夫。在世界个性化趋势的变化中，顾客的价值体验和差异化价值实现已经直接决定了产品的最终销售，个性化服务不可或

2.强化市场营销，提高品牌认知度，将品牌战略有机地融合于企业整体战略，并促进整体战略的发展。

市场营销是实施品牌战略中的重要一环。通过选择正确的市场营销方式，可以有效地利用品牌效应让品牌家喻户晓，扩大市场占有率。实施品牌战略布施一项孤立的工作，而是与企业整体发展战略息息相关的。一个品牌形象的塑造绝不仅仅是品牌自身的事情，涉及到企业经营管理的所有重大战略决策，这些重大战略决策都要自觉地围绕品牌来进行、开展。

附件2：外文原文

Brand Strategy Research

Economic globalization, how to adapt to international trends, establish a strong brand and enhance our competitiveness, have become pressing issues facing enterprises. Based on the analysis of the development of corporate marketing brand strategy , Based on the development of brand strategy in enterprise marketing role. Enterprise needs to use a variety of means of competition to increase brand awareness,improve brand positioning,an create a good brand image.

First, Japanese brands across the board defeat.

November 22,2006 morning, NEC announced that it would withdraw from 2G and 2.5mobile phone market ,which means that, following Sharp, Panasonic, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Sanyo, a Japanese mobile phone manufacturers later withdraw from the Chinese market, Japanese mobile phone has almost all except Kyocera 2G mobile phone market in China out of contention.

If we sum up the Chinese household appliance market, today any different from ten years ago,I think the biggest difference is that Japanese companies in China, Japanese home appliance market downturn, the following main reasons: First, rigid enterprise system, decision-making difficult, the reaction was slow, incompatible with the reality of the Chinese market ,it is difficult to adapt to the rapidly changing Chinese market;2 is weak in marketing ,product planning capacity is not strong ,it is difficult to judge according to their marker launch to meet consumer demand and forecast products, follow the trend has been in a passive situation, can not satisfy market demand; Third, failure to grasp the industry best time to transition is the Japanese home appliance companies lose an important reason for market dominance.

Japanese companies come to the edge in the Chinese market is causing companies tothink deeply about our nation ? To take the international route and whether the enterprise of”Japanese Company”to the lessons learned behind?

Second, the brand strategy implementation in China the Current Situation Many old famous“flash in the p a n”

Chinese and foreign enterprises in the Chinese market the brand war ; just grow up to be a great impact on national brands. The last century, a little-know 80’s brand ,not being reg istered by trademark, is to be acquired, squeeze, even if the residue is hard going down really developed very limited. Here a typical case, the last century 80s to early 90s , he worked in air conditioning sector hit wonders of the War burg in 1998,was acquired Kelon,the subsequent decline in brand image is repeated.

Brand strategy has been an increasing emphasis on domestic enterprises caused the government to support.

Since the 80s of last century reform and opening up,China’s socialist economic construction has made remarkable achievements. From a planned economy to market economy era Chinese companies, brand management has grown out of nothing.

Information,local governments at all levels of emphasis on brand-name,organization promoting the efforts,policies measures have greatly enhanced Qingghai, ShenZhen, Wuhan, Ningbo, Shenyang and other cities on the Chinese famous enterprises incentives to 100 million,on Dali an 3 million Yuan ,on brand-name companies have been cities for the 100000yuan reward-200000yuan.

Japanese 8th 2009 year to Japanese 11th,the 40th International Consumer Electronics Show(CES) in Las Vegas Venetian hotel opening.National enterprises in the CES,we achieve superior results.

It is understood that this year there are 4000 people registered to participate in China CES,including manufacturers,media and spectators,in the exhibition hall,there are 327 exhibitors.Haier is the world’s most authoritative consumer electronics industry media “TWICE”named for the Chinese consumer electronics brand.

3.The status of foreign brands in most sectors is still difficult to shake However,we should also see the face of numerous products on the market,allows consumers blurted out genuinely few domestic brands.With the

opening up further,to a number of big companies have to squeeze into the Chinese market,Chinese market,a time filled with“S ony”,“Coca-Cola”，“rejoice”，“Benz”and various other international brands,many of these names foreign brands violently hitting the national brand in China. Although the appliance industry ,led by H aier brand,“Konka”，“Changhong”，“TCL”and other domestic brands have developed well,but with the “Sony”,“Panasonic”“Samsung”and other brands,they are still there competitive disadvantage ; in the IT industry,“Lenovo”，“Founder”，“Great Wall”and the brand's competitiveness has improve significantly , but with Europe and the United States , Japan and other countries compared to ,brand awareness is still insufficient;in Consumer Goods market,“P＆G”，“Oliver”，“Henkel”，and other international companies have formed the three pillars.

Third,the brand strategy implementation in China Problems and Errors. Currently,Chinese brands have a huge international marker opportunity and space for international brands has been inevitable,but there are also brand building is not unsatisfactory.

Our Enterprise Brand Building Problems：

Factors from the point of micro-enterprises themselves:there is a lace of technology development,brand competitiveness is not strong;brand personality,lack of innovation and development capacity;small-scale production and management,brand development lack of overall planning;ability of weak exports and international operations,Brand awareness is not strong;brand positioning is not clear,there is a large range of factors such as blindness.Speaking from the macro social factors:social mechanisms need to be improved,policies and regulations support the need to further strengthen the country’s industrial policy,export-oriented policies for different sectors play different role in the country’s industrial policy,export-oriented policies for different sectors play different role in the promotion and limitation,the financial environment for business investment capacity and market expansion ability and the important influence.The establishment of market system in China has for many years,despite a significant improvement but still not perfect,there still has not really adapt to the market economy,consumer psychology has not yet fully

mature.

2.The current situation of global economic integration, the error of the brand strategy implementation

(1)Ignore the brand investment,profit-oriented

Background of economic globalization, international competition is increasingly reflected in the brand’s competition, the overwhelming majorit y of the modern world famous multinational companies with particular emphasis on the use of brand strategy, brand such a full range of output through the form of multinational corporations gradually occupation of the international market. it is no exaggeration to say that now,the brand has achieved global strategic objectives of transnational corporations sharp weapon,is an important means to achieve capital expansion.

Rome was not built in a day cold .Brand never be in the short term invented to be a long process of accumulation. Many enterprises do not clearly recognize this point,attempt to create a brand in a short time,but ignored the long-term planning and strategy.

(2)Brand strategy is a systematic

The implementation of brand strategy is a systematic,enterprise strategy and the overall development of an important component of competitive strategy.The implementation of brand strategy is to rely on their overall quality and overall image enhancement,the need for scientific management idea and superb operational skills,but quit a few brand planner in this regard was particularly poor performance and immediate impact brand development ,practical work in the emergence of many such errors:If that job is to create a brand to take a good name to the product ,improve product awareness,or what the product packaging ; good brand is drawing a satisfactory visual signs only; Advertising is the only way to cultivate well-known brands,in addition to advertising in the media ,big,the other no attention;scale enterprise product once formed,well-known brands on the naturally established;well-known brand is equivalent to high price,to be unrealistically improve the product price.Some companies even to further in the brand Wrong Operation not hesitate to give up their own brand business,with foreign

companies,brands,or to sell its own brand low-cost transfer,such as our present more than 20 million“three capital”enterprises,there 90% of the joint venture using the foreign brands;clean silver toothpaste factory in Guangzhou to 2 million yuan cheap to transfer to joint ventures and other brands,is one such outstanding example of the terrible consequences of today has become increasingly apparent-lost domestic enterprises own brand,product and intellectual property rights,national industrial competitiveness lie!

(3)Product is the enterprise competitive advantage in the market can be quickly imitated by competitors,beyond,the brand is insurmountable,real and lasting competitive advantage comes from innovation,in order to “change”should be “status quo”

Brand is the concentrated expression of the core competitiveness.The market is constantly changing face of any brand at any time to be out of danger .Too much emphasis on the existing achievements,do not attach importance to innovation,leading to a lot of brand-name“dismount”the major reason.Coca-Cola’s former chief marketing officer Sergio Zyman,“The brand is only the company logo products and services are different from competitors,is the most effective weapon to open up the market,excellent brand can make your product stand out.”Products physical properties,quantity,price,quality,service is very easy to make your product stand out.” Products physical properties, quantitiy, price, quality,service is very easy to imitate competitors, Er brands, along with the product itself,also includes an attached product to cultural background, emotional, consumer cognition invisible things,so that enterprises Yong Yuan Li in the competition undefeated.Consumer awareness deciding the fate of the brand has a direct impact on consumer awareness.Brand is the difference deciding the fate of the brand has a direct impact on consumer awareness.Brand is the difference between the market enterprise important symbols is the benchmark for consumer spending to brand as the core has become a corporate restructuring and reallocation of resources an important mechanism.

Fourth, national enterprises in brand internationalization process of how to brand positing.

Backed by science and technology , establish a “quality first,winning by quality ”business philosophy, the brand's fashion elements, the outstanding individual.

Product quality is the cornerstone of creating brand . Competitiveness of their product performance in the competition for the brand ,and brand competition while relying on the inherent quality of a brand in the market down are also in most of a problem because of the quality. Therefore, it can be said, quality is the brand of life depends.

In addition,enterprises should learn from successful experiences abroad to enhance their design and development capability.Enterprises should dare to challenge the new technology revolution to create their own brand, and increase market competitiveness; We must work hard in the transformation . Personalization trend in the world changes, the value of customer experience and the value of differentiation has been directly determined to achieve the final product sales, personal services are indispensable!

2. To strengthen marketing,improve brand awareness,brand strategy will be organically integrated in their overall strategy to promote the overall development strategy.

The implementation of brand marketing is an important part of the strategy.By choosing the right marketing approach can be effectively used to brand a household name brand,expand market share.Brand strategy is not an isolate task,but the overall development strategy and business are closely related.A successful brand names more than just a brand its own thing,related to business management of all major strategic decision,these major strategic decision,these major strategic decisions were consciously carried out around to expand.

3. Follow the laws of the brand design ,brand image , brand and accurate market positioning , brand performance and outstanding value emotional communication.

Brand competition is not all-round competition; each brand has its own market position.The basic method is not positioning to create a novel or unique issues, but to manipulate what already exists in the heart , the eyes of potential customers to buy soon tapped desire to make it into customer impulse .

Enterprises should take the market as guide, technology as a means to adapt to changes in its requirements, such as the establishment of information feedback system to collect information about changes in consumer, and constantly develop new products, provide consumers with personalized service , and meet the consumers to make their own in a good position in the competition .

The world has entered the 21st century brand international competition, branding has become a new international language into millions of households. To establish the brand products in the market position establish a corporate image, is effective competition in the market means business. Brand is the core product; brand marketing is to defy the other. Enterprise management system must be adopted, technological innovation, and constantly improve the quality of products and services. At the same time to increase the international competitiveness of the strategic brand research and planning, and the comprehensive to enhance the brand’s international competitiveness. Most Chinese enterprises in the growth stage now, brand strength is weak, it is undoubted fact, however, based on industry, market and enterprise resources, while avoiding disadvantages, choose the best brand strategy is a wise choice. Such as is now more prevalent and has a well-known brand outside the company’s co-production, reverse merger; use the link strategy to redefine the brand image; with two or more brands collaborate effectively formed alliances to improve their social acceptance of such brand. In short choose the right brand strategy, brand marketing creatively and attention to service; in order to achieve a sensational effect and a strong brand impact, can the brand maintain vigor, forest stand in the world brand.

关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

七年级下册英语短文带中文翻译(1-12单元)

Unit 1 (sectionB 3a) Dear Student, My name is Bob . I live in Toronto , Canada , and I want a pen pal in China . I think China is a interesting country . I’m 14 years old and my brithday is in November . I can sperk English and a littie Frenth . I have a brother , Paul , and a sister , Sarah . They have pen pals in the United Kingdom and Australia . I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports . My favorite subject in school is P.E . It’s fun . But I don’t like math. It’s too difficult! Can you wtite to me soon? Bob 亲爱的同学， 我的名字叫鲍勃，我住在加拿大的多伦多。我想在中国找个笔友。我认为中国是个非常有趣的国家。我十四岁，我的生日在九月。我能说英语和一点法语。我有一个哥哥 Paul, 和一个姐姐Sarah。他们在英国和澳大利亚有笔友。我喜 欢和我的朋友们看电影和做运动。在学校我最喜欢的科目是体育。它很有趣。但我不喜欢数学。它太难了。你能尽快给我写信吗 Bob 3b PEN PAL WANTED My name is Tom King . I’m 14 years old and I’m from Australia . I sperk English . I have a brother , Sam , and a sister , Lisa . I play soccer on weekengs . It’s my favorite sport . I like music at school . It’s fun! My favorite movte is The Long Weekend . Do you know it ? It’s an action movie . Please write and tell me about yoursrlf. 征集笔友 我的名字是汤姆~金。我14岁,我来自澳大利亚。我讲英语。我有一个哥哥, 萨姆,和一个妹妹,莉莎。我在周末踢足球，那是我最喜欢的运动。我喜欢学校的音乐课。它是有趣的!我最喜欢的电影是《这个长周末》。你知道它吗?它是一部动作片。 请写信给我,告诉我有关你的一些情况。 Unit 2 (sectionB 3a) Welcome to the Garden District Turn left on First Avenue and enjoy the city’s quiet streets and smail parks . Take a walk through the park on Center Avenue . Across from the park is an old hotel . Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden . This is the benginning of the garden tour. 欢迎来到这个花园区 在第一大街左转并享受这个城市的安静街道和小公园。在中心大道上散步穿过这个公园。在公园对面是一个老旅馆。紧靠这个旅馆旁边是一个带着有趣花园的小房子。开始游历这个花园。

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10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

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毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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英语短文中英文翻译

my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天，一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它（大象），这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说，“不要在我卖出它（大象）之前说关于它（大象）的事，然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”，这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后，他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说，“现在，你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道坏的耳朵”，这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象？”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答，“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象，还有我想知道它（大象）是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf11739199.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

中英文翻译与文献

Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;

英语美文(带翻译)

Always will I seek the seed of triumph in every adversity 在困境中寻找成功的希望 1．There is no better school than adversity. Every defeat, every heartbreak, every loss, contains its own seed, its own lesson on how to improve my performance next time. Never again will I contribute to my downfall by refusing to face the truth and learn from my past mistakes. Because I know: gems cannot shine without polish, and I cannot perfect myself without hardship. 2．Now I know that there are no times in life when opportunity, the chance to be and do, gathers so richly about my soul as when it has to suffer cruel adversity. Then everything depends on whether I raise my head or lower it in seeking help. Whenever I am struck down, in the future, by any terrible defeat, I will always inquire of myself, after the first pain has passed how I can turn that adversity into good. What a great opportunity that moment might present… to take the bitter root I am holding and transform it into a fragrant garden of flowers. 3．Always will I seek the seed of triumph in every adversity. 1．逆境是一所最好的学校每一次打击、每一次损失。都蕴含着成功的萌芽。都教会我在下一次有更出色的表现。我再也不会逃避现实，也不会拒绝从以往的错误中获取经验，我不再因此促成自己的失败。因为我我知道，宝玉不经磨砺就不能发光，没有磨练，我也不完善自我。 2．现在我知道，灵魂倍受煎熬的时刻，也正是生命中最多选择与机会的时刻。任何事情的成败取决于我在寻求帮助时是抬起头还是低下头。无论何时，当我被可怕的失败击倒，在最初的阵痛过去之后，我都要想方设法将苦难变成好事。伟大的机遇就在这一刻闪现——这苦涩的根本必将迎来满园芬芳！ 3．我将一直在困境中寻找成功希望。 Hold Fast to Dreams 紧紧抓住梦想 1．We all have dreams. We all want to believe deep down in our souls that we have a special gift, that we can make a difference, that we can touch others in a special way, and that we can make the world a better place. 2．At one time in our lives, we all had a vision for the quality of life that we desire and deserve. Yet, for many of us, those dreams have become so shrouded in the frustrations and routines of daily life that we no longer even make an effort to accomplish them. For far too many, the dream has dissipated and with it, so has the will to shape our destinies. Many have lost that sense of certainty that creates the winner’s edge.