美国文学选读期末复习资料汇编
美国文学选读期末复习资料
The Colonial Period or The Enlightenment and Revolution Period American Puritanism ( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)
一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林
作品：1、Poor Richard's Almanac 《格言历书》--- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.
2、The Autobiography 《自传》---“美国梦”的根源
3、参与起草《独立宣言》
American Romanticism
The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.
浪漫主义两大主题：爱和大自然的力量
The social and cultural background of Romanticism：
---The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country.
---The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.
---The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.
---The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.
Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.
二、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡---poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems,70 short stories)
He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”
He was father of psychoanalytic criticism (心理分析批评), and the detective story.
诗歌的精髓就是追求美
小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。
The Poetic Principle : 1. The poem, should be short, readable at one sitting;
2. Beauty (the rhythmical creation of beauty);
3. Melancholy 忧伤(especially the death of a beautiful woman).
代表作：The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
Ligeia 《莉盖亚》
Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》
The Raven 《乌鸦》
The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothic novel 人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor, 弗图纳多Fortunato ，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。
三、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism （超验主义）
He was a descendent（后裔）of a long line of New England clergymen（牧师）.
散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。
American Transcendentalism
As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.
The major features of Transcendentalism:
①The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙
②The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会
③The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.自然+上帝
代表作：Nature《论自然》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson ；
Self-Reliance 《论自助》---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一
The American Scholar《论美国学者》；
The Over-soul 《论超灵》
四、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑--- effected by 超验主义
He was born into a prominent Puritan family.
One of the most ambivalent（矛盾的）writers in the American literary history.
主要成就：美国心理分析小说的开创者
浪漫主义小说家
心理小说家
代表作：Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》;
Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》;
The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》;
The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
The Scarlet Letter《红字》
Many of his earlier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter. Puritan severity toward sex and matrimony and its tendency to suppress bright color and true feelings.
The Scarlet Letter《红字》：
Hester Prynne---strong-willed, impetuous, a king of compassionate, maternal figure;
Pearl---innocent, perceptive;
Roger Chillingworth---a man deficient in human warmth, true evil in the story;
Arthur Dimmesdale---intelligent and emotional.
Symbolism in his works
Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.
五、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
The early sailing experiences were rewarding.
代表作：White Jacket 《白外衣》
Billy Budd《毕利·伯德》,
Typee《泰比》,
Omoo《欧穆》,
Mardi《玛地》.
Moby Dick 1851 《白鲸》---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗（《熊》福克纳、《老人与海》海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔）
Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once Godless and purposeless. Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a Transcendentalist folly. Moby Dick thus reveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life:loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled democracy. (a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism)
Symbolism in Moby Dick：
---It is regarded as the first American prose epic. It is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure, considering that Melville is a great symbolist. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.
---Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.
Moby Dick相关人名、地名
人名：Ishmael Ahab Queequeg Moby Dick
地名：Pequod Jeroboam (where they meet Gabriel, a prophet.
Samuel Enderby ( whose captain is Boomer)
The Rachel The Delight
六、Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗
As a young man, Thoreau took a more than usual interest in the natural world. Like Emerson, but more than him, he saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being, and regarded it as a symbol of spirit.
Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization. It was, in his opinion, degrading and enslaving man.
新英格兰超验主义的重要作家，最有代表性的两件事情就是在瓦尔登湖畔度过的两年和在监狱度过的一夜。
代表作：On the Duty of Civil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》
Walden 《瓦尔登湖》---not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.
七、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗
Features of Longfellow’s poetic works
---Chief romantic tendencies as humanitarian attitude, love of nature and love of beauty.
---The first American poet to write narrative poems.
---Generally simple ideas expressed musically and powerfully. Above all, there is a joyousness in them, a spirit of optimism and faith in the goodness of life which evokes immediate response in the emotions of his readers.
---Simplicity and detachment from the deep problems of contemporary life.
19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。传统派，励志型。
诗集：
《夜吟》Voices of the Night
《歌谣及其他》Ballads and Other Poems
《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline
《海依华沙之歌》The Song of Hiawatha
诗歌：
《我射出一支箭······》I Shot an Arrow...
A Psalm of Life 《生命颂/人生颂》---第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌
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(全新整理)7月自考浙江省美国文学选读试题及答案解析
浙江省2018年7月高等教育自学考试 美国文学选读试题 课程代码：10055 Part Ⅰ: Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (10 points in all, 1 point for each) Group 1 Column A Column B ( ) 1. F. S Fitzgerald a. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( ) 2. Henry David Thoreau b. An American Tragedy ( ) 3. Theodore Dreiser c. The Portrait of a Lady ( ) 4. Henry James d. Walden ( ) 5. Mark Twain e. This Side of Paradise Group 2 Column A Column B ( ) 1. Huck a. A Rose for Emily ( ) 2. Carrie Meeber b. The Hairy Ape ( ) 3. Yank c. The Great Gatsby ( ) 4. Nick Carraway d. Sister Carrie ( ) 5. Emily Grierson e. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Part Ⅱ: Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (50 points in all, 2 points for each) 1. Romanticism appeared as a literary trend against _____.【】 A. rationality B. imagination C. intuition D. individualism 2. The famous 20 years in Rip Van Winkle helps to construct the story in such a way that we are greatly affected by Irving’s _____.【】 A. concern with the passage of time B. expression of transient beauty 1
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美国文学选读-第三版-课后习题答案-陶洁
美国文学选读-第三版-课后习题答案-陶洁
美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案陶洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). Unit 2 Edgar Allen Poe Questions 1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress? Montresor. Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him. 2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar? He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine. Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor. 3.What happens to Fortunato in the end? He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar. 4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts? Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives. The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence. Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado. This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He lost himself on hearing the wine. At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance. When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and