现代语言学200301
2003年1月份浙江省高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
课程代码：00830
一、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序
号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分）
1.______ is NOT a design feature of human language. （）
A. Cultural transmission
B. Displacement
C. Duality of structure
D. Prescriptivism
2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in ______. （）
A. aspiration
B.nasality
C. obstruction
D. voicing
3. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemes in it. （）
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
4. “ We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met” is a sentence. （）
A. coordinate
B. complex
C. compound
D.simple
5. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______. （）
A. homonymy
B. hyponymy
C. polysemy
D. synonymy
6. “Interviewer” and “ interviewee” are a pair of ______ opposites. （）
A. complementary
B. gradable
C. complete
D. relational
7. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant…s contr
ibution be relevant to the conversation. （）
A. quantity
B. quality
C. relation
D. manner
8. The regular consonant changes found among cognates in the Germanic
languages were known as ______Law. （）
A. Bopp…s
B. Grimm?s
C. Jones…
D. Rask?s
9. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language，it becomes . （）
A. creole…… pidgin
B. pidgin…… creole
C. regional dialect……lingua franca
D. lingua franca……regional dialect
10. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to
irregular no uns and produce “foots”。This is called ______. （）
A. assimilation
B. transfer
C. overgeneralization
D. underextension
二、填空题（在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。每空1分，共16分）
1. In F. de Saussure…s dichotomy，l______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community；p is its realization
in actual use.
2. Language is a system of a______ vocal symbols for human
communication.
3. M______ studies how words are formed，while s studies how words are
combined to form sentences.
4. In the study of meaning，s______ is only concerned with relations between linguistic elements；r______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non linguistic world of experience.
5. Conversational i______ may arise as a result of a speaker…s violation of
the cooperational principle.
6. S______ are varieties of languages used by people belonging to particular social classes；e______ dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged social class；i______ is a personal dialect.
7. In the second language acquisition，there is supposed to be a c period，
which lasts from age two to puberty.
8. The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular
hemisphere of the brain is called l______.
9. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally，while i______ motivation occurs when the learner…s
goal is social.
10. I______ is an approximate language system that a second language learner constructs，which represents the l earner…s transitional competence in
the target language.
三、判断改错题（判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内打“T”，错的打“F”，并改正。
每小题2分，共20分。）
1. Synchronic study describes language as it changes through time. （）
2. Monosyllabic words can also have word stress. （）
3. All affixes are bound morphemes. （）
4. “He saw a child” entails “He saw a girl”。（）
5. In pragmatics，utterance meaning is concrete and
context independent .（）
6. Only sociological factors contribute to language change. （）
7. The word UN is an abbreviation，while TV is an acronym. （）
8. Euphemisms may serve as substitutes for taboo words. （）
9. The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language
determine thought. （）
10. Interference from one…s first language may occur at all levels of
grammar. （）
四、名词解释（并至少举一例加以说明。每小题4分，共24分）
1. derivational morpheme
2. stylistic synonyms
3. illocutionary act
4. blending
5. standard language
6. telegraphic speech
五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）
1.Tell the difference between phone，phoneme and allophone.
2.For each of the following two sentences，draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure that will reveal the difference in the relationship between
John and please.
1）John is eager to please.
2）John is easy to please .
北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感
查看文章 【收藏】北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感 2009-09-29 11:07 北京大学要求不严，北京大学中文系要求不严，它崇尚的是一种学习的自由。但学习在那种大师和名校的气氛中，学习在那种图书众多和无数讲座的亲切交谈中，你自己就已经沐浴在她的朝霞中，你自己就已经在鞭策自己不要辜负了这个学校的名字和那些已逝的大师。 北京大学中文系接受全国优秀免试生为直升研究生，但要经过严格的面试和笔试进行选拔，在北京大学中文系的校园网上它挂出了这些书目。看着这些书目我觉得自己读书是如此的浅薄和单一。我想，与我有同一感想的朋友颇多，遂把它陈列出来，作为我们的参考。 古语有云：修身齐家治国平天。又云，达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身。诸葛亮说：非淡泊无以名志，非宁静无以致远。然后在浮躁的今天，这已经是我们可望不可及的梦想，或者是想像古代文人读书的一种渴望方式。也许，多读几本书还是可以享受一下自己的乐趣，陶冶自己的情操。所以我们不妨读读北京大学中文系的推荐书目，尤其是致力于考研究生的朋友。 很多书我们无法在短时间里面读完，这不要紧，把书名、作者、出版社能够顺利背出来，这也是一件很好的事情。古代很多士大夫的学习和钻研就是从背篇目开始。 附录： 文艺学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《文心雕龙注》上下范文澜注人民文学出版社 2．《文心雕龙研究史》张少康汪春泓等著北京大学出版社 3．《文学理论的未来》（美）拉尔夫﹒科恩主编中国社会科学出版社4．《苏联文学学学派》彭克巽主编北京大学出版社 5．《路德维希﹒费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯著 人民出版社 6．《批评理论和叙事阐释》詹姆逊文集2 中国人民大学出版社 2004年 7．《文学理论学导论》董学文著北京大学出版社 8．《中国文艺理论百年教程》毛庆耆等著广东高等教育出版社 9．《叙事学与小说文体学研究》申丹著北京大学出版社 10．中外经典文学名著三部 语言学及应用语言学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《语法答问》朱德熙 2．《现代汉语语法研究》朱德熙 3．《中国文法要略》吕叔湘 4．《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘 5．《汉语语法论》高名凯 6．《上古音研究》李方桂 7．《汉语语音史》王力 8．《现代语言学教程》霍凯特
现代语言学 词汇表
现代语言学词汇表 A abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻 Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀 Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音 alveolus齿龈 angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词 apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症 aphasic失语症患者 applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元 articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系 B Babbling咿呀学语 back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音 Behaviorism行为主义 Behaviorist learning theory 行为主义学习理论 Behaviorist Psychology行为主义 心理学 Bilabial双唇音 Bilingualism双语现象 Black English黑人英语 Blending混合法 Borrowing借用 bound morpheme黏着语素 brain lateralization 大脑左右半球侧化 branching node分叉点 broad transcription宽式音标 Broca’s area布罗卡区 C caretaker speech保姆语 case格 Case Condition格条件 case marking格标志 causative verb使役动词 central vowel中元音 cerebral cortex大脑皮层 cerebral plasticity大脑弹性 channel渠道 classical language古典语言 clipping略写法 closed class word封闭类词 code代码 code-switching代码切换 cognate同源词 co-hyponyms并列下义词 coinage创新词 color word色彩词 combinational rule组合规则 commissives承诺类 communicative competence 交际能力 comparative reconstruction 比较重建法 competence语言能力 complement补语 complement construction补足语 complementarity互补性反义现象 complementary distribution 互补分布 complex sentence复合句 componential analysis 成分分析法 components of meaning 意义成分 compound word复合词 compounding复合法 computational linguistics 计算语言学 concept概念 conceptualist view意念观 consonant辅音 constituent成分 constituent structure成分结构 constraint制约 construction结构 content word实词 context语境;上下文 contextualism语境论 Contrastive Analysis对比分析法 conversational implicature 会话含义 co-operative principle合作原则 coordinate sentence并列句 creativity创造性 critical period关键期;临界期 cultural transmission文化传播 D declaration宣告类 deep structure深层结构 dental齿音 derivation派生法 derivational morpheme派生语素
中外语言学简史
整个西方语言学史的历史阶段（5个）1语文学：公元前3世纪对古籍做注释和校对，是语言学研究的开端，到公元前16 17世纪出现复兴和繁荣2传统语法阶段：古希腊18世纪依赖逻辑范畴建立语法范围，依照拉丁语法建立起来的3历史比较语言学：运用历史比较法研究语言的亲属关系及其演变的过程的语言学。在19世纪初广泛研究印欧语系的语法上建立起来的，是语言学史上的里程碑，标志着语言学真正成为一门独立的学科4结构语言学：以语言的结构主要的研究对象的语言学，19世纪初洪堡特就开始了语言结构分析，20世纪初语言学的重心转移到结构主义语言学5生成语言学：以语言的生产和转换能力为研究对象的语言学，1957乔姆斯基《句法结构》使欧美语言学发展进入新阶段。 重要语言学家： 瓦罗《论拉丁语》：古罗马著名学者之一，第一个真正的拉丁语法专家，代表作《论拉丁语》。最有价值的部分是关于语法的研究（捍卫“类比”原则）包括1词源学2形态学3句法学《论拉丁语》是研究拉丁语的专著，涉及语言学理论方面及一些残留问题。 洪堡特及其理论 贡献：普通话语言学的奠基人。贡献：语言学理论“把语言看作一种不间断的创造活动”是其核心，认为：1语言中没有静止的东西2语言整体分割的词和语法规则只是一种人为的毫无生气的冷了的溶岩石3在深入研究语言创造活动特征的过程提出“语言四部形式”的概念。 语言的三类型：孤立语粘着语曲折语 特鲁别茨柯伊《音位学原理》20世纪语言学的经典著作。威廉·琼斯：历史比较语言学创始人，1789在亚洲学会宣读了《三周年演说》的论文，确定了梵语和拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语有亲缘关系，琼斯的发现掀起了研究梵语的热潮。 施莱歇尔语言理论：提出了自然主义语言观开创了自然主义学派1语言有机体理论突出了语言的物质性，忽略了语言的本质属性社会性2语言生命的两个时期的假说（荒谬）。语言：成长时期、衰老时期。认为成长期语言由简单的结构形式变为更复杂的结构形式，衰老时期有最高点逐渐衰老，形式也遭到损坏3语言发展阶段4语言谱系树理论：把整个印欧语系比作一颗树的树干，分支是各种印欧语（如斯拉夫语、立陶宛语）分支上有细支，代表印欧各种方言，此理论首次明确提出亲属语言谱系种类的问题，用树形方法形象的表达了对语言相互关系的看法，但从理论上犯了一个根本性的错误。 斯多葛派：公元前4世纪一批逻辑学家和哲学家都是亚里士多德的反对者。对语言学的贡献：1清楚区分了逻辑研究和语法研究2使用的语法术语越来越精细使用至今。此派的语言观属于自然派，认为早期语言的声音和能代表的事物之间有天然的联系，努力研究词源寻找语言的原始形态。提出“变则学说”认为词与事物关系是不对应的，得出语言是无系统不受规则限制的。 格里木定律：1817年格里木发表《德语语法》系统论述了日耳曼语和其他印欧语言之间辅音的一致性，后来被称为。亚历山大学派：亚历山大将军托雷密在埃及建立的，研究希腊的古代文献、注释和考证《荷马史诗》形成亚历山大学派。代表人物：亚里斯塔克提出“类比”说，语言是以相似的形式指明相似的范畴，并受一定规则制约的，对形态学做了详细研究确立八大词类。促进作用1确立了语文学的观念2他们的语文学工作提出了语言研究的新角度和新方向，寻求对语言文字本身的理解促进真正语言学的诞生3保护希腊语 历史比较语言学产生的前提： 118世纪队语言标本的搜集，为历史比较语言学研究准备了具体的材料2把其他科学领域特别是自然科学领域的研究方法引进到语言研究中来，引起语言研究方法的改革3梵语的发现为历史比较语言学的诞生提供了最直接的条件索绪尔：现代语言学之父，以结构研究为主《论印欧系语言元音的原始系统》前无古人的历史比较语言学的最重要的著作《普通语言学教程》1916年出版进一步强调了“系统”概念。贡献：1语言符号的任意性2语言与言语的区分，明确语言学的研究对象3共时和历时的区别4语言系统性与价值的概念5组合关系与聚合关系6内部语言学与外部语言学。 索绪尔理论对代语言学的影响： 1系统性把语言看成一种系统和结构2注重共时研究3优先口语研究4认为语言是描写性的不是规定性的5主张区分语言和言语6强调独立自主性，摆脱哲学家、心理学家的影响，作为一个独立对象做观察。现代语言学的特征都源自索绪尔的理论，索绪尔所建立起的语言学框架对现代语言学有重要的影响。 语言与言语的区分：为了确定语言学研究的对象，于是产生的这样的区分。言语：是个人行为是暂时的现象，不能作为语言研究的对象。语言：是言语的工具，是言语的产物，是一套比较稳定的符号系统，可以将其从言语活动中划分出来作为语言研究的对象。 共时和历时的区分：历时现象：指语言的发展和演变，共时现象：两者是对立的，应分别研究，在共时性基础上才能对不同的语言进行研究。内部语言学与外部语言学：一切与语言系统无关的东西都属于外部语言学，一切与系统有关的属于内部研究。 乔姆斯基：转换生成语言学，20世纪50年代后期在美国形成。理论基础：迪卡尔的理性主义，认为人本身有语言能力，语言知识一部分是人类的属性（人类天生具备的语言能力）另一部分是人类生存经验中后来获得的个别语言知识。乔姆斯基接受洪堡特的观点：语言是有限手段的无限运用，区分语言能力和语言运用，提出“演绎法”从语言能力研究当中揭示人的认知过程。 生成：数学领域的用语，用较少的规则解释较多的事实，生成性说明语言具有创造性，生成语法就是要设计一套产生某语言全部语法的规则，且仅仅是符号语法规则。 历史比较语言学三个第一：拉斯克：西方第一个进行语言比较研究且取得出色成绩的语言学家《古代北方语或冰岛
英语语言学名词解释(2)
现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
中国语言学必读必备书目400种
中国语言学必读必备书目400种 北京大学语言学院推荐 （英）The Categories(范畴)：亚里士多德 （英）THE DEVIL’S DICTIONARY(魔鬼词典)-- AMBROSE BIERCE(阿姆布诺斯·比尔斯) （英）The Foolish Dictionary(愚蠢的词典)-- Gideon Wurdz(吉顿·伍兹) （英）表述和意义：言语行为研究[美]塞尔[Searle,J.R.] （英）词汇、语义学和语言教育[英]哈切（Hatch,E （英）从语言学的角度看语言习得 （英）当代句法理论通览 （英）当代语义理论指南--[美]拉宾（Lappin,S.）著 （英）德里达--诺利斯 （英）汉语方言的连续变化变调模式--陈渊泉 （英）话语分析入门：理论与方法[美]吉（Gee,J.P.）著 （英）会说话的哺乳动物：心理语言学入门 （英）剑桥语言百科词典 （英）交际语言教学论 （英）句法：结构、意义与功能 （英）跨文化交际：语篇分析法[美]斯科隆（Scbllon,R.）等著 （英）历史语言学 （英）普通语言学教程--索绪尔 （英）乔姆司基的普通语言学教程 （英）人类语言学入门 （英）认知语言学入门 （英）社会语言学教程 （英）言语的萌发：语言的起源和进化 （英）言语行为：语言哲学论[美]塞尔（Searle,J.R.）著 （英）应用语言学研究方法与论文写作 （英）英诗学习指南：语言学的分析方法[英]利奇（Leech,G.N.）著 （英）语法化学说 （英）语料库语言学 （英）语料库语言学入门[新]肯尼迪（Kennedy,G.）著 （英）语言和人 （英）语言类型学与普通语法特征--Croft （英）语言论：言语研究导论--Sapir （英）语言迁移：语言学习的语际影响[美]奥德林（Odlin，T.）著 （英）语言心理学[美]卡罗尔（Carroll,D.W.）著 （英）语言学和第二语言习得 （英）语言学教程--Radford （英）语言学课题：语言研究实用指南 （英）语言学理论：对基要原著的语篇研究 （英）语言学入门[英]普尔（Poole,S.C.）著 （英）语言学习和语言使用中的错误：错误分析探讨
20春华师《西方语言学史》在线作业1
(单选题)1: （）（isolating languages）：一个词代表一个意思 A: 孤立语 B: 黏着语 C: 屈折语 D: 多式插编语 正确答案: A (单选题)2: 以下说法错误的是（）。 A: 公元前600—前300年，语言学有三个中心：中国、罗马、希腊。 B: 8世纪后，阿拉伯语言学勃然兴起，那是较为后起的流派，并且受到希腊和印度语言学的影响。 C: 19世纪以来的西方语言学，主要是希腊语言学的继续和发展，在某些方面是古代印度语言学乃至阿拉伯语言学的继承和发展。 D: 从公元前四、五世纪到十八世纪末长达两千多年中，人们对语言研究所作出的主要贡献，即所谓的传统语法阶段。 正确答案: A (单选题)3: 普利森普利森的（）共十八卷，是整个中古时期语法界的经典。 A: 《首篇语法专论》 B: 《语法惯例》 C: 《语言科学》 D: 《论拉丁语》 正确答案: B (单选题)4: 美国语言学上的代表人物不包括（）。 A: 索绪尔 B: 博厄斯 C: 萨丕尔 D: 布龙菲尔德 正确答案: A (单选题)5: 以下关于语言和言语的关系表述错误的是（）。 A: 语言是一种语法系统，潜伏在人的大脑之中，言语是语言的运用，是语言的具体表现。B: 语言存在与人的大脑中不完整，只有在一个社会群体才是完整的，言语必须是一个人一个人的运用。 C: 言语是总体，语言从属于言语。 D: 言既是言语的工具，也是言语的产物。 正确答案: C (单选题)6: （）是研究语言的本质，语言的普遍现象，提供基本概念、理论、模式和方法。A: 普通语言学 B: 应用语言学 C: 地理语言学 D: 历史语言学
现代语言学 简答整理
3.What are the branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? (语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？) Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 1)General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication 3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in the context of use 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society 9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 11)Other related branches are anthropological linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics（神经语言学）, mathematical linguistics （数学语言学）, and computational linguistics（计算机语言学）. 4.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? (现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？) Traditional grammar is prescriptive（规定性）; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive（描述性）; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not. 5.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic（共时性）or diachronic（历时性）? Why? (The description of language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.) Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. Unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 6.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?在现代语言学里说话或写作哪一个有优先权？为什 么呢？ Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken language for the following reasons: First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form. Then, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 7.Saussure 是如何区分语言langue和言语parole的？ (The distinction between langue and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words.) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么？ (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.) Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?索绪尔是如何区分语言和言语类似乔姆斯基的区分能力和表现？和它们的区别是什么？ Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study. They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?你认为应该怎样用一个良好的，全面的定义来总结语言的特征？Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages. The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific. 11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？ 1.Arbitrariness（任意性）: (课本答案：a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2.Productivity（创造性）: （课本答案：creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send）Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con?struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before. 3.Duality（二重性）: （课本答案：a feature totally lacking in any animal communication）It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or dou?ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4.Displacement（移位性）: （课本答案：no animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation）Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
现代语言学名词解释
现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are