英文版宏观经济学复习提纲 Chapter 1 Economics Foundations and Models

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Economics: Foundations and Models

Chapter Summary

People must make choices as they try to attain their goals. These choices usually imply accepting tradeoffs among various competing objectives. Economic models are simplified versions of some aspects of economic life. Economists construct models and use them to analyse economic issues. Economics focuses on the decisions buyers and sellers make through markets.

Every society faces the economic problem of having limited resources. Therefore, society can produce only limited quantities of goods and services. Societies face trade-offs, particularly when answering the three fundamental questions any economy must answer:

What goods and services will be produced?

How will the goods and services be produced?

Who will receive the goods and services produced?

Societies organise their economies in two main ways to answer these questions. A society can have a centrally planned economy characterised by extensive government decision making. Or a society can have a market economy in which the decisions of households and firms interacting in markets allocate resources. All high-income democracies have market economies. Market economies tend to allocate resources more efficiently than do centrally planned economies, but efficient outcomes may not be perceived as fair. Determining what is a fair or equitable outcome calls for the application of normative economic analysis - what ought to be. Positive economic analysis is concerned with what is. While most or all economists can agree on the results of positive economic analysis, their opinions often differ on what ought to be.

Microeconomics is the study of how individual choices are made by households, business firms and government. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. The Appendix to Chapter 1 provides a review of basic mathematical tools and techniques that will be applied through the textbook.

Learning Objectives

When you finish with this chapter you should be able to:

1.Discuss these three important ideas: People are rational. People respond to incentives. Optimal

decisions are made at the margin. Economists use these ideas to analyse the way people make decisions. These ideas are especially important in analysing what happens in markets, which is the primary focus of economic analysis.

2.Understand the issues of scarcity and trade-offs, and how the market makes decisions on these

issues. Every society must answer these questions because the resources they have to produce goods and services are scarce. Even nations with abundant supplies of natural resources cannot produce enough goods and services to satisfy the desires of all its citizens. Therefore, societies face tradeoffs.

Producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service.

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3.Understand the role of models in economic analysis. Economics models are simplified versions of

reality used to analyse real world issues. Economic models are used to explain issues such as whether or not outsourcing has been good or bad for the Australian economy. This is a complex question that requires more than one model to explain different aspects of the issue.

4.Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Economic decision-making is grouped

into two areas. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make choices, interact in markets and how the government attempts to influence their choices. Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole, including topics such as inflation, unemployment and economic growth. Chapter Review

Chapter Opener: Water scarcity and its consequences

Although water is essential to life, many parts of Australia are facing a relative scarcity of water. Our use of water, therefore, involves choices about how best to use what water we have in the most efficient manner possible.

The textbook describes how economics is used to answer many important questions. All of these questions reflect a basic economic fact of life: people must make choices as they try to attain their goals. These choices reflect the trade-offs made necessary by scarcity. Scarcity is the most fundamental economic concept. The resources available to any society (for example, land and labour) to produce the goods and services its citizens want are limited. Choices have to be made with respect to which goods and services will be produced and who will receive them.

Helpful Study Hint

The chapter opener describes an economic issue related to the theme of the chapter. You will find other special features throughout the textbook. An article from the CSIRO is cited at the end of the chapter in a feature titled An Inside Look. This boxed feature of the text analyses a topic related to the chapter opener using a magazine or newspaper article. Questions are included at the end of each article to test your knowledge of the topic. Building a Foundation: Economics and Individual Decision Making

Economics examines how people interact in markets. A market refers to a group of buyers and sellers of a good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade. Economists make three important assumptions about the way people interact in markets. First, people are rational. This means that buyers and sellers use all available information to achieve their goals. Second, people act in response to economic incentives. Third, optimal decisions are made at the margin. The terms “marginal benefit” and “marginal cost” refer to the additional benefits and costs of a decision.

Economists reason that the best, or optimal, decision is to continue any activity up to the point where the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost.

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Helpful Study Hint

The image many people have of a market is a supermarket, neighbourhood store or shopping mall. But some markets do not have an easily identifiable image. Many people make online purchases with their computers. In these markets buyers and sellers do not see each other and may be located hundreds of miles from one another. For some goods (for example, books and CDs) is it not necessary for buyers to see or test merchandise before they buy it. For other goods (clothing, food, automobiles) some personal contact is important. In many of these cases sellers have a physical location to which buyers must travel to try out the product. There are also markets in which sellers travel to their buyers. (Door-to-door salespeople are one well-known example.)

In the movie Wall Street Gordon Gekko (a ruthless businessman played by Michael Douglas) proclaims “Greed is good.” You should not assume that the phrase “people respond to economic incentives” means that people are greedy. The phrase “people respond to economic incentives” is an objective statement or a statement shown to be true rather than a belief or opinion. In contrast, Gordon Gekko’s statement was subjective; he stated his opinion that “greed is good.” Economists do not believe people are motivated solely by monetary incentives. Many people voluntarily devote their time and financial resources to friends, family members and charities. The first Solved Problem is at the end of this section of the textbook. Each Solved Problem illustrates one of the chapter’s learning objectives through a real world example. A multi-step process is used to show how the problem is solved. One or more additional Solved Problems, different from any that appear in the textbook, are included in each chapter of the Study Guide.

Scarcity, trade-offs and the economic problem that every society must solve

The basic economic problem any society faces is that it has only a limited amount of economic resources and so can produce only a limited amount of goods and services. Societies face trade-offs when answering the three fundamental economic questions:

1.What goods and services will be produced?

2.How will the goods and services be produced?

3.Who will receive the goods and services?

Societies organise their economies in two main ways. A centrally planned economy is an economy in which the government decides how economic resources will be allocated. From 1917 to 1991 the Soviet Union was the most important centrally planned economy. Today there are few such economies. Examples are Cuba and North Korea. A market economy is an economy in which the decisions of households and firms interacting in markets allocate economic resources. Australia, the United States, Canada, Western Europe and Japan all have market economies. Privately owned firms must produce and sell goods and services consumers want to stay in business. An individual’s income is determined by the payments he receives for what he has to sell.

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Helpful Study Hint

In a planned economy government officials or “planners” are responsible for determining how much of each good to produce, who should produce it and where it should be produced. In contrast, in a market economy no government official determines how much corn, wheat or potatoes should be produced. Individual producers and consumers interact in markets for these goods to determine the answers to What? How? and Who? The role of government in a market economy is similar to that of an umpire in a baseball game. Government officials can pass and enforce laws that allow people to act in certain ways but do not participate directly in markets as consumers or producers.

The Modern “Mixed” Economy

The high rates of unemployment and business bankruptcies of the Great Depression caused a dramatic increase in government intervention in the economy in Australia and other market economies. Some government intervention is designed to raise the incomes of the elderly, the sick and people with limited skills. In recent years government intervention has expanded to meet social goals such as protection of the environment and the promotion of equal opportunity. The expanded role of government in market economies has led most economists to argue that Australia and other nations have mixed economies rather than market economies.

Market economies tend to be more efficient than planned economies. There are two types of efficiency. Productive efficiency occurs when a good or service is produced at the lowest possible cost. Allocative efficiency is a state of the economy in which production reflects consumer preferences. Specifically, every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit produced provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of producing it. But inefficiency does occur in markets. There are three reasons why. First, it may take time for firms to achieve productive efficiency. Second, governments may reduce efficiency by interfering with voluntary exchanges in markets. Third, production of some goods may harm the environment when firms ignore the costs of environmental damage.

Society may not find efficient economic outcomes to be desirable. Many people prefer economic outcomes they consider fair or equitable even if these outcomes are less efficient.

Helpful Study Hint

There are many examples of government regulation of private markets in Australia. The sale and use of cocaine and other drugs is illegal and the sale of alcohol is allowed only to people 18 years and older.

Economic Models

Models are simplified versions of reality used to analyse real-world situations. To develop a model, economists generally follow five steps.

1.Decide on the assumptions to be used in developing the model.

2.Formulate a testable hypothesis.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d813493192.html,e economic data to test the hypothesis.

4.Revise the model if it fails to explain well the economic data.

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5.Retain the revised model to help answer similar economic questions in the future.

Models rely on assumptions because models must be simplified to be useful. For example, models make behavioural assumptions about the motives of consumers and firms. Economists assume that consumers will buy goods and services that will maximise their satisfaction and that firms will maximise their profits.

An economic variable is something measurable that can have different values, such as the wages of software programmers. A hypothesis is a statement that may be correct or incorrect about an economic variable. An economic hypothesis usually states a causal relationship. For example, “outsourcing leads to lower wages for software programmers” means that an increase in the amount of outsourcing will reduce the wages of software programmers. Positive analysis is analysis concerned with what is. Normative analysis is analysis concerned with what ought to be.

Helpful Study Hint

For a good explanation of what a model is and how models are used in economics, read the first section of the Appendix to Chapter 1. A feature introduced in Chapter 1 of the text - Making the Connection – has a discussion on the role of economists in formulating policy by one of Australia’s most prominent economists, Dr Fred Argy. Making the Connection features in other chapters relate concepts described in the text to recent business stories. Positive economic analysis deals with statements that can be shown to be correct or incorrect by examining facts. If your instructor stated that “It is snowing outside” it would be easy to determine whether this statement is true or false by looking out a window. Normative analysis concerns statements of belief or opinion. If your instructor stated that “It should be snowing outside today” (because she wanted to go skiing that evening) this statement could not be proven wrong because it is a statement of her opinion. It is important to recognise the difference between these two types of statements.

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Microeconomics is the study of how households and businesses make choices, how they interact in markets, and how the government attempts to influence their choices. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole, including topics such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

Helpful Study Hint

The feature Don’t Let This Happen to You! appears in this and other chapters to show you how to avoid mistakes often made by economics students. In this chapter the difference between positive and normative economic analysis is described using Australian minimum wage law.

Appendix: Using Graphs and Formulae

Graphs of One Variable

Bar charts, pie charts and time-series graphs are alternative ways to display data visually. Figures 1A.1 and 1A.2 (pages 24-25 of textbook) illustrate how relationships are often easier to understand with graphs than with words or tables alone.

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Graphs of Two Variables

Both microeconomics and macroeconomics use two-variable graphs extensively. You need to understand how to measure the slope of a straight line drawn in the graph. The slope of a straight line can be measured between any two points on the line because the slope of a straight line has a constant value. Slope can be measured as the change in the value measured on the vertical axis divided by the change in the value measured on the horizontal axis. In symbols, the slope formula is written as Δy/Δx . The formula is also described as “rise over run.” The usual custom is to place the variable y on the graph’s vertical axis and the variable x on the horizontal axis. Formulas The formula for a percentage change for a variable between two time periods is:

t t-1t-1

(X - X )x 100X The formula for the area of a rectangle is:

base x height.

The formula for the area of a triangle is:

? x base x height.

Solved Problem

Chapter 1 includes a Solved Problem that supports learning objective 1 (“Discuss these three important ideas: People are rational. People respond to incentives. Optimal decisions are made at the margin.”). The following Solved Problem supports another of this chapter’s learning objectives.

Solved Problem 1.2 Supports Learning Objective 2: “Understand the issues of scarcity and trade-offs, and how the market makes decisions on these issues”.

Giving Advice to New Government Leaders

Suppose that a developing nation is experiencing a change in government leadership. Prior to this change the nation had a centrally planned economy. The new leaders are willing to try a different system if they can be convinced that it will yield better results. They hire an economist from Australia to advise them and will order their citizens to follow this advisor’s recommendations for change. The economist suggests that a market economy replace central planning to answer the nation’s economic questions (what , how and who ?).

(a) What will the economist suggest the leaders order their citizens to do?

(b) Do you believe the leaders and citizens will accept the economist’s suggestions?

Solving the Problem

Step 1: Review the chapter material. The problem concerns the choice of economic system a nation must

7 Economics: Foundations and models make so you may wish to review the section titled “Centrally Planned Economies versus Market Economies” on page 8.

Step 2: What will the economist suggest the leaders order their citizens to do? Because market economies allow members of households to employ self-interest to select occupations and purchase goods and services, and for production of goods and services to be done by privately owned firms who respond to their own self-interest, the rulers would be told to not issue any orders. Government officials should have no influence over individual decisions made in markets.

Step 3: Do you believe the leaders and citizens will accept the economist’s suggestions? Even democratically elected rulers, especially those with previous experience with significant government involvement in the nation’s resource allocation, will find it difficult to accept the new system. They may wonder how self-interested individuals will produce and distribute goods and services so as to promote the welfare of the entire nation. This new system requires a significant reduction in government influence in people’s lives. History has shown that government officials are often reluctant to give up this influence. Acceptance is most likely when the rulers have some knowledge and experience with the successful operation of a market economy in other countries. Most ordinary citizens are more likely to accept the economist’s suggestions because they will have more freedom to pursue their own economic goals. However, those who benefited from the previous system will resist change.

Self-Test

(Answers are provided at the end of the Self-Test.)

Multiple-Choice Questions

1.Which of the following statements best describes scarcity?

a.Scarcity studies the choices people make to attain their goals.

b.Scarcity is a situation where unlimited wants exceed limited resources.

c.Scarcity is an imbalance between buyers and sellers in a specific market.

d.Scarcity refers to a lack of tradeoffs.

2.When you think of an arrangement or institution that brings buyers and sellers of a good or service

together, what are you thinking of?

a.Marginal analysis

b. A market

c.Scarcity

d.Rational behaviour

3.Which of the following is not among the fundamental economic questions that every society must

solve?

a.What goods and services will be produced?

b.How will the goods and services be produced?

c.What goods and services will be exchanged?

d.Who will receive the goods and services produced?

4.In what type of economy does the government decide how economic resources will be allocated?

a.In a market economy

b.In a mixed economy

c.In a centrally planned economy

d.In none of the above

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5.Which of the following is the best classification for the economies of the United States, Canada, Japan,

and Western Europe?

a.Market economies

b.Mixed economies

c.Centrally planned economies

d.None of the above

6.Which of the following is achieved when a good or service is produced up to the point where the

marginal benefit to consumers is equal to the marginal cost of producing it?

a.Productive efficiency

b.Allocative efficiency

c.Equality

d.Equity

7.Which of the following terms summarises the situation in which a buyer and a seller exchange a product

in a market and, as a result, both are made better off by the transaction?

a.Productive efficiency

b.Allocative efficiency

c.Voluntary exchange

d.Equity

8.Which of the following best describes the characteristics of models used in economics?

a.Models are approximations to reality that capture as many details as possible.

b.Models are usually complex abstractions of reality that simulate practical problems.

c.Models are demonstrations of how economic concepts and theories accurately predict real

situations.

d.Models are simplifications of reality that include only essential elements and exclude less

relevant details.

9.What is the purpose of an economic hypothesis?

a.To establish a behavioural assumption

b.To establish a causal relationship

c.To make a statement based on fact

d.To determine the validity of statistical analyses used in testing a model

10.What type of economic analysis is concerned with the way things ought to be?

a.Positive analysis

b.Marginal analysis

c.Normative analysis

d.Rational behaviour

11.Which of the following is an example of a positive question?

a.Should the university offer free parking to students?

b.Should the university provide more financial aid assistance to students?

c.If the college increased tuition, will class sizes decline?

d.Should the college cut tuition to stimulate enrolments?

9 Economics: Foundations and models 12.What type of assessment is one where a person’s values and political views form part of that

assessment?

a. A positive assessment

b. A normative assessment

c. A microeconomic assessment

d. A macroeconomic assessment.

13.Which of the following covers the study of topics such as inflation or unemployment?

a.Microeconomics

b.Macroeconomics

c.Both micro and macroeconomics give equal emphasis to these problems.

d.None of the abov

e.

14.What is the stock of computers, factory buildings, and machine tools used to produce goods better

known as?

a.Physical capital

b.Technology

c.Innovation

d.Goods and services

15.Refer to the graph below. What is the value of the slope of this line?

a.Minus five

b.Minus one-fifth

c.Minus one

d.There is insufficient information to compute the slope of this lin

e.

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16.Refer to the graph below. How many variables are involved in explaining the move from point A to

point C on this graph?

a.One

b.Two

c.Three

d.More than three, at least four

17.Refer to the graph below. What is the best descriptor of the relationship between disposable personal

income and consumption spending?

a. A positive relationship

b. A negative relationship

c. A relationship that is sometimes positive and sometimes negative

d. A relationship that may be positive and negative, but sometimes neither positive nor negative

11 Economics: Foundations and models 18.Refer to the figure below. What can be said about the value of the slope of this curve?

a.The value of the slope is greater between points i and j than between points g and h.

b.The value of the slope is greater between points g and h than between points i and j.

c.The value of the slope is the same between any two points along the curve.

d.It is difficult to establish the value of the slope because the relationship is not linear.

19.Let V1equal a value in period 1, and V2 equal a value in period 2. What is the rate of growth between

periods 1 and 2?

a.[(V1 + V2)/2]x100

b.[(V2 - V1)/V1]x100

c.(V2 - V1)/(V1 + V2)

d.V2 - V1

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20.Refer to the graph below. What is the name of the area contained in rectangle A?

a.Total cost

b.Total revenue

c.Price

d.Average cost

Short Answer Questions

1.Why do economists distinguish financial capital from physical capital?

2.Explain the difference between productive efficiency and allocative efficiency.

3.Economists rely on economic models and tests of hypotheses to analyse real-world issues. The use of

models and hypothesis testing is common in the natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry. Yet economics is considered a social science, not a natural science. Why?

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4.Write an example of a positive and a normative statement.

5.Duncan Grant, a first-year economics student at the University of Western Australia, claimed that fresh

water is a necessity for all human beings. When asked by his economics instructor if he would be willing to buy a 1 litre bottle of water for $5.00, Duncan declined. What economic principle would explain Duncan’s refusal to buy something that he insists is a necessity?

True/False Questions

T F 1. Stating a hypothesis in an economic model is an example of normative analysis.

T F 2. An entrepreneur is someone who is hired to manage a business firm.

T F 3. Economists assume that human beings respond only to economic incentives.

T F 4. In a centrally planned economy the goods and services produced are always distributed equally to all citizens.

T F 5. Equity is achieved when economic benefits are equally distributed.

T F 6. A mixed economy is an economy in which the three fundamental questions (What? How?

Who?) are answered by a mixture of consumers and producers.

T F 7. Both market economies and centrally planned economies face trade-offs when producing goods and services.

T F 8. When economists assume people are rational, this means that consumers and firms use available information in order to achieve their goals.

T F 9. Government intervention in the Australian economy increased dramatically as a result of the Great Depression.

T F 10. Economists use normative analysis to argue that the minimum wage law causes

unemployment.

T F 11. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make choices, how they interact in markets and how the government attempts to influence their choices.

T F 12. The slope of a straight line is the same at any point.

T F 13. To measure the slope of a nonlinear curve at a particular point one must draw a straight line from the origin to the point. The slope of this line is equal to the slope of the curve at that

point.

T F 14. All societies face the economic problem of having a limited amount of economic resources.

T F 15. Economic models can help analyse simple real-world economic situations but are of little value in analysing complicated economic situations.

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Answers to the Self-Test

Multiple-Choice Questions

Question Answer Comment

1 b This is the textbook definition of scarcity.

2 b The question is precisely the definition of a market.

3 c The three questions are: What goods and services will be produced? How will the

goods and services be produced? Who will receive the goods and services produced?

4 c A centrally planned economy is an economy in which the government decides how

economic resources will be allocated.

5 b A mixed economy is an economy in which most economic decisions result from the

interaction of buyers and sellers in markets, but where the government plays a

significant role in the allocation of resources.

6 b This is a state of the economy in which production reflects consumer preferences; in

particular, every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit

produced provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of

producing it.

7 c This is a situation that occurs in markets when both the buyer and the seller of a

product are made better off by the transaction.

8 d Economic models are simplified versions of some aspects of economic life used to

analyse an economic issue.

9 b An economic hypothesis is usually about a causal relationship, or how one thing

causes another.

10 c Normative analysis is analysis concerned with “what ought to be.”

11 c This question objectively examines a relationship between tuition and class sizes, or

“what is.”

12 b A normative statement is a matter of “what ought to be,” not “what is.”

13 b Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole, including topics such as

inflation, unemployment and economic growth.

14 a In economics, capital refers to physical capital.

15 b Along this line, the value of the slope is the same between any two points. As an

example, as we move from B (55, 14) to C (60, 13), the value of rise is (14-13) = 1

and the value of the run is (55 ? 60) = ?5. Then, the value of the slope is ?1/5.

16 a The movement from A to C is explained by one and only one thing: a change in

price. The (price, quantity demanded) combination at A is different from that at C,

but the movement from A to C is explained by a change in only one variable: price.

17 a An upward sloping line shows that the relationship between two variables is

positive. The variables change in the same direction.

18 b As you move upward along the curve, the value of the slope decreases.

19 b This is the formula for computing a percentage change.

20 b Total revenue equals price x quantity, which is the area of the rectangle.

Short Answer Responses

1.Economists distinguish financial capital and physical capital because only physical capital (for example,

machinery, tools and buildings) is a productive resource. Financial capital includes stocks, bonds and holdings of money. Financial capital is not part of a country’s capital stock.

2.Productive efficiency is the situation in which a good or service is produced at the lowest possible cost.

Allocative efficiency is a state of the economy in which production reflects consumer preferences. Every good or service is produced to the point at which the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers

15 Economics: Foundations and models

equal to the marginal cost of producing it.

3.Economics, unlike physics and chemistry, is a social science because it applies the use of models and

hypothesis testing to the study of the interactions of people.

4.Positive statements are statements or facts, or statements that can be proven to be correct or incorrect.

Example: “John Howard was the first Prime Minister of Australia.” (This is obviously a false statement).

A normative statement is an opinion or a statement of what should or ought to be. Example: “Australia

should elect a female as Prime Minister.”

5.The principle that best describes Duncan’s refusal to pay for the bottle of water is marginal analysis. The

total benefit to people from fresh water is very high but the marginal benefit of water - the benefit to Duncan from an additional 1 litre of water - is very low. Duncan probably is not very thirsty. If Duncan had not had anything to drink for two days the benefit to him of the next litre of water he drinks will be much higher.

True/False Answers

1. F

2. F

3. F

4. F

5. F People differ on what they believe is equitable or fair.

6. F A mixed economy is one in which government influence on the choices of buyers and sellers is

greater than in a market economy.

7. T

8. T

9. T

10. F Economists would use positive economics analysis to address this issue.

11. T

12. T

13. F The slope of a point on a nonlinear curve is measured by the slope of a tangent to the curve at that

point.

14. T

15. F

宏观经济学高鸿业第五版标准答案完整版

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11.古典宏观经济理论认为,实现充分就业的原因是(C)。 A.政府管制; B.名义工资刚性; C.名义工资灵活性; D.货币供给适度。 12.根据古典宏观经济理论,价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少(C)。 A.产出; B.就业; C.名义工资; D.实际工资。 13.在凯恩斯看来,造成资本主义经济萧条的根源是(A)。 A.有效需求不足; B.资源短缺; C.技术落后; D.微观效率低下。 14.下列各项中不是流量指标的是(D) A.消费支出; B.PDI; C.GDP; D.个人财富。 15.在国民收入核算账户中,下列各项中除了哪一项外均计入投资需求(D)。 A.厂商购买新的厂房和设备的支出; B.居民购买新住房的支出; C.厂商产品存货的增加; D.居民购买股票的支出。

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宏观经济学复习重点 一、名词解释。 1.国内生产总值（GDP ）：是在一个国家领土范围内，一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总和。P428 2.均衡产出：和总需求相等的产出称为均衡产出或收入。P446 3.乘数：国民收入变动量与引起这种变动量的最初注入量的比例。P462 4.投资乘数：指收入的变化与带来这种变化的投资支出的变化的比率。P463 5.产品市场均衡：是指产品市场上供给与总需求相等。P486 6.IS 曲线：一条反映利率和收入间相互关系的曲线。这条曲线上任何一点都代表一定的利率和收入的组合，在这样的组合下，投资和储蓄都是相等的，即i=s ，从而产品市场是均衡的，因此这条曲线称为IS 曲线。P487 7. 凯恩斯流动性偏好陷阱：凯恩斯认为当利率极低时，人们为了防范证券市场中的风险，将所有的有价证券全部换成货币，同时不论获得多少货币收入，都愿意持有在手中，这就是流动性陷阱。P495 8.LM 曲线：满足货币市场的均衡条件下的收入y 与利率r 的关系的曲线称为LM 曲线。P500 9.财政政策：是指政府变动税收和支出以便影响总需求进而影响就业和国民收入的政策。P517 10.货币政策：是指政府货币当局即中央银行通过银行体系变动货币供给量来调节总需求的政策。P518 11. 挤出效应：指政府支出增加（如某一数量的公共支出）而对私人消费和投资的抵减。P523 12. 自动稳定器：也称内在稳定器，是指经济系统本身存在的一种会减少各种干扰对国民收入冲击的机制，能够在经济繁荣时自动抑制通胀，在经济衰退时自动减轻萧条，无须政府采取任何行动。P546 13.经济滞胀：又称萧条膨胀或膨胀衰退，即大量失业和严重通货膨胀同时存在的情况。P572—576 14.通货膨胀：指一般物价水平在比较长的时间内以较高幅度持续上涨的一种经济现象。P612—616 15.菲利普斯曲线：反映通货膨胀率与失业率之间关系的曲线。短期曲线表现为一条向右下方倾斜的曲线，表示在短期里通货膨胀率与失业率存在一种替代关系。长期曲线表现为一条垂直的曲线，表示在长期里失业率与通货膨胀率之间，是一种独立的关系。P625—632 16.自发消费：与收入变动无关的消费。即使收入为0，也需要的消费。 17.经济增长：经济增长：指一国一定时期内生产的产品和提供的劳务总量的扩大。表现为GDP 或者人均GDP 的增长。 18.中间产品：指购买后不是用于最终消费，而是用于转卖或进一步加工的商品和劳务。 19.资本深化：人均储蓄超过资本广化或人均储蓄在与补充原有资本折旧和配备新工人后）而导致人均资本上升的情况。 1.消费的决定：家庭的消费支出主要由什么因素决定？ 答：主要由家庭的当年收入决定。某个家庭当年收入越高，其消费支出就会越大。这主要从消费函数c=a+by 中可以看出。 其他影响因素还有：1、家庭财富拥有量，财富越多则当年的消费就越高。2、家庭成员一生中的总收入，一生中的总收入越大则任何一年的消费量都会增大。3、周围人群的消费水平，周围人群消费水平越高，则本家庭受影响越大，看齐的心理使得本家庭的当年消费越大。 2.平衡预算乘数在哪些情况下等于1？ 答：平衡预算指政府预算收入等于预算支出。在国民收入决定理论中，平衡预算指政府支出G 来自于等量的税收T （即G=T ）。政府支出G 和税收T 对国民收入的影响作用可以通过乘数来反映。 在四部门经济中， 要使平衡预算乘数＝1，应当是0,0==γP t ,即是在只有消费者、企业和政府的三部门经济中没有内生变量的税收。或者在消费者、企业、政府和国际市场构成的四部门经济中，没有内生变量的税收和进口。 3.经济学家认为轻微的通货膨胀对经济扩张有利，试说明理由？ 答：坚持这种观点的经济学家认为，由于在经济活动过程中，为节约交易成本，劳资双方喜欢签订长期劳动合同关系，原材料供求中喜欢签订长期购销合同，由于这种长期劳动合同和原材料供求合同存在，使厂商工资成本和原材料成本相对稳定，而通胀又使产品价格上升，从而使使厂商的实际利润增加，刺激厂商增加投资，扩大生产，全社会产量和就业都增加。 4、试说明图中A 、B 两点的经济涵义。 r%

最新英文版宏观经济学期末考试试卷(附答案)

精品文档 1．In the United States real GDP is reported each quarter. a.These numbers are adjusted to make them measure at annual and seasonally adjusted rates. b.These numbers are adjusted to make them annual rates, but no adjustment for seasonal variations are made. c.These numbers are quarterly rates that have been seasonally adjuste d. d.These numbers are at quarterly rates and have not been seasonally adjusted. 2．The price of CD players increases dramatically, causing a 1 percent increase in the CPI. The price increase will most likely cause the GDP deflator to increase by a.more than 1 percent. b.less than 1 percent. c. 1 percent. d.It is impossible to make an informed guess without more information. 3．If increases in the prices of U.S. medical care cause the CPI to increase by 2 percent, the GDP deflator will likely increase by a.more than 2 percent. b. 2 percent. c.less than 2 percent. Assume that the closing price was also the average price at which each stock transaction took place. What was the total dollar volume of Gillette stock traded that day? a. $912,840,000 b. $91,284,000 c. $9,128,400 d. $912,840 7．Suppose that in a closed economy GDP is equal to 10,000, taxes are equal to 2,500 Consumption equals 6,500 and Government expenditures equal 2,000. What are private saving, public saving, and national saving? a. 1500, 1000, 500 b. 1000, 500, 1500 c. 500, 1500, 1000 d. None of the above are correct. economic growth. d. All of the above are correct. 6．Use the following table to answer the following 精品文档

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一、1、在一般情况下，国民收入核算体系中数值最小的是： A、国内生产净值 B、个人收入 C、个人可支配收入 D、国民收入 E、国内生产总值 2、下列哪一项应计入GDP中： A、面包厂购买的面粉 B、购买40股股票 C、家庭主妇购买的面粉 D、购买政府债券 E、以上各项都不应计入。 3、计入GDP的有： A、家庭主妇的家务劳动折算合成的收入 B、拍卖毕加索作品的收入 C、出神股票的收入 D、晚上为邻居照看儿童的收入 E、从政府那里获得的困难补助收入 4、在下列各项中，属于经济中的注入因素是 A、投资； B、储蓄； C、净税收； D、进口。 5、政府支出乘数 A、等于投资乘数 B、比投资乘数小1 C、等于投资乘数的相反数 D、等于转移支付乘数 E、以是说法都不正确 6、在以下情况中，投资乘数最大的是 A、边际消费倾向为0.7； B、边际储蓄倾向为0.2； C、边际储蓄倾向为0.4； D、边际储蓄倾向为0.3。 7、国民消费函数为C=80+0.8Y，如果消费增加100亿元，国民收入 A、增加100亿元； B、减少100亿元； C、增加500亿元； D、减少500亿元。 8、如果政府支出增加 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 9、政府税收的增加将 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 10、位于IS曲线左下方的收入与利率的组合，都是 A、投资大于储蓄； B、投资小于储蓄；

C、投资等于储蓄； D、无法确定。 11、当经济中未达到充分就业时，如果LM曲线不变，政府支出增加会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 12、一般地，在IS曲线不变时，货币供给减少会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 13、如果现行产出水平为10万亿元，总需求为8万亿，可以断定，若经济不是充分就业，那么： A、就业水平将下降 B、收入水平将上升 C、收入和就业水平将均衡 D、就业量将上升 E、就业水平将上升，收入将下降 14、在流动陷阱（凯恩斯陷阱）中 A、货币政策和财政政策都十分有效 B、货币政策和财政政策都无效 C、货币政策无效，财政政策有效 D、货币政策有效，财政政策无效 E、以上说法都不正确 15、如果实施扩张性的货币政策，中央银行可采取的措施是 A、卖出国债； B、提高法定准备金比率； C、降低再贴现率； D、提高再贴现率； 16、如果名义利率为6%，通货膨胀率为12%，那么实际利率是 A、6%； B、18%； C、12%； D、-6%。 17、自发投资增加10亿元，会使IS曲线 A、右移10亿元 B、左移10亿元 C、右移10亿元乘以支出乘数 D、左移10亿元乘以乘数 18、由于经济萧条而出现的失业属于： A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 19、如果某人刚进入劳动力队伍尚未找到工作，这是属于 A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 20、根据哈罗德的分析，如果有保证的增长率大于实际增长率，经济将： A、累积性扩张 B、累积性萧条 C、均衡增长

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5、挤出效应指政府支出增加所引起的私人消费或投资降低的效果。 6、结构性失业与结构性通货膨胀 结构性失业尽管劳动市场有职位空缺，但人们因为没有所需的技能，结果继续失业，也就是由于劳动力的供给和需求不匹配而造成的失业。 结构性通货膨胀是指物价上涨是在总需求并不过多的情况下，而对某些部门的产品需求过多，造成部分产品的价格上涨的现象。 7、适应性预期与理性预期 适应性预期是指人们在对未来会发生的预期是基于过去，在估计或判断未来的经济走势时，利用过去预期与过去实际间的差距来矫正对未来的预期。理性预期是在有效地利用一切信息的前提下，对经济变量作出的在长期中平均说来最为准确的，而又与所使用的经济理论、模型相一致的预期。 二、简答： 1、简述国民收入核算的两者基本方法。 答：1、支出法核算国民收入 就是通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品和劳务的总支出，即最终产品和劳务的总卖价来核算国民收入的方法。产品和劳务的最后使用，除了家庭部门的消费，还有企业部门的投资，政府部门的购买及外贸部门的净出口。因此，用支出法核算国民收入，就是核算经济社会（指一个国家或一个地区）在一定时期内消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口这几方面支出的总和。 2、法核算国民收入

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宏观经济学 宏观经济学的概念 1 【单选题】在宏观经济学中，商品总产量是指（A）。 A、GDP B、恩格尔系数 C、基尼系数 D、戴尔指数 2 【单选题】谁最早给宏观经济学下定义（D） A、马歇尔 B、凯恩斯 C、萨缪尔森 D、夏皮罗 3 【多选题】下列关于宏观经济学说法正确的是（ABC）。 A、研究社会经济活动各种总量关系 B、以整个国民经济活动为研究对象 C、研究社会经济活动变化规律 D、采用个体分析的方法 4 【判断题】《就业、利息和货币通论》是宏观经济学的创始人马歇尔的 代表作。（×） 5 【判断题】宏观经济学中研究的价格就是CPI。（√） 合成谬误和市场非出清 1 【单选题】零售商对价格调整时所产生的（C）叫菜单成本。 A、成本下降 B、额外收入 C、成本负担 D、收入下降 2 【单选题】下列说法中，关于合成谬误正确的是（C）。

A、合成谬误中，总体等同于个体的叠加 B、合成谬误中，每个人个体其实都是非理性的 C、合成谬误是宏观经济学中的理论 D、合成谬误是微观经济学中的理论 3 【单选题】为什么会银行挤兑（ D） A、国家经济崩溃 B、货币大量贬值 C、银行经营不善 D、社会谣言传言 4 【判断题】宏观经济学认为，市场总能找到供应和需求的平衡点，从而导致市场出清。（×） 5 【判断题】每个人在银行挤兑过程中采取的是一种理性的举动。（√）市场失灵和国家干预 1 【单选题】凯恩斯的着作是宏观经济学的发端。（C） A、《货币改革论》 B、《论概率》 C、《就业、利息和货币通论》 D、《凡尔塞和约的经济后果》 2 【单选题】宏观经济学的观点包括（B）。 A、市场组织应当是自由放任的 B、经济运行需要国家干预 C、市场应当完全依靠“看不见的手” D、需求和供给能达到均衡而促使市场出清 3 【单选题】下面哪一项是帕累托有效性的含义（C） A、需求曲线和供给曲线的不均衡点 B、需求曲线的最高点 C、需求曲线和供给曲线的均衡点 D、供给曲线的最高点