2001年5月老托福阅读解析第四篇

2001年5月第四篇

Questions 31-40

Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced Line to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists,

5) Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.

Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the carly following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young

10)

15) biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably

stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether

complex congnitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.

for example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation

during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language 20) is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child’s capacity to acquire it reduced?

Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling,

grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, 25) care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure

that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and

affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep

affectional tie between parent and baby.

题目解析：

31. What was Darwin’s contribution to ethology?

(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.

(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.

(C) Darwin’s work provided the basis for ethology.

(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.

解析：由第一段“动物行为学理论从20世纪60年代起开始应用于研究儿童行为，时至今日其影响愈加广大。该学说的起源可追溯到达尔文的理论。”可知，达尔文并未将理论运用于儿童，而是他的著作提供了理论基础。故选C。

32. The word “diverse” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) small

(B) varied

(C) wild

(D) particular

解析：small，小的；varied，不同的；wild，野生的；particular，特别的。diverse本意为“多样的，变化的”，故与B最接近。

33. The word “ensures” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) guarantees

(B) proves

(C) teaches

(D) assumes

解析：guarantee，保证；prove，证实；teach，教；assume，假设。ensure本意为“保证”，故选A。

34. According to the passage, if a mother goose is not present during the time period when imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?

(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.

(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.

(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.

(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.

解析：由原文可见，“如果在此期间一只母鹅不在，取而代之的是另一在主要特征上

与它相似的对象，幼鹅就可能以那个对象来作印刻了”，故知幼鹅仍旧会从其他对象中学习，所以选D。

35. The word “it” in line 12 refers to

(A) development

(B) goose

(C) time

(D) object

解析：从意思可见，某种与母鹅特性相象的东西将会成为幼鹅学习的对象，所以it 代指的是an object。故选D。此处考生还可以根据名词的单复数进行判断。It所指代的一定是单数的名词，且一定是在其句子意群之内的。

36. The word “suitably” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) willingly

(B) moderately

(C) appropriately

(D) emotionally

解析：willingly，情愿地；moderately，适量地；appropriately，适当地；emotionally，情绪化地。suitably本意为“合适地”，故选C。

37. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT

(A) grasping

(B) crying

(C) eating

(D) smiling

解析：原文提到“他声称婴儿惯有的举止，例如微笑、发出咿呀声、抓东西以及哭喊，都是固有的社交信号”，其中只有C未被提到，故选C。

38. According to the passage, attachment behaviors of infants are intended to

(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met

(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent

(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation

(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation

解析：原文在提到婴儿的行为之后说：“这些行为使得父母围绕在婴儿身边，从而确保婴儿得到哺育、保护以及健康成长所必需的刺激和关爱。”故选A。

39. The phrase “affectional tie” in line 29 is closest in meaning to

(A) cognitive development

(B) emotional attachment

(C) psychological need

(D) behavioral change

解析：affectionate指的是感情维系。B为正确答案。

40. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that

(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied

(B) failure to imprint has no influence on inteligence

(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals

(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior

解析：由于文章大量提到动物行为学用于对人的研究，故选择D。而B、C两项的内容仍旧是一些研究者研究的内容。

文章翻译：

动物行为学研究的是适应性，生存力，行为的意义以及其进化史。动物行为学理论从20世纪60年代起开始应用于研究儿童行为，时至今日其影响愈加广大。该学说的起源可追溯到达尔文的理论。其现代的理论基础由两位欧洲动物学家建立起来，他们是Konrad Lorenz和Niko Tinbergen．

通过观察不同动物种群在其自然生活环境中的行为，Lorenz和Tinbergen研究了推动生存的行为模式。其中最有名的是印刻作用，即某些雏鸟用以确保他们紧随母亲的跟随行为，藉此得到哺育和保护。印刻作用发生在发育早期的一段有限时期内。如果在此期间母鹅不在，取而代之的是另一在主要特征上与它相似的对象，幼鹅就可能以那个对象来作印刻了。

印刻作用的观察引入的一个主要概念——“关键期”——现已应用于儿童的发展。它是指一个有限的时间段，在此期间儿童出于生物本能已准备好获得某种适应性行为，但是这需要恰当的环境刺激来支持。很多研究者已着手研究是否一定要在这一有限的时期内学习复杂的认知和社会行为。比方说，如果儿童在成长早年缺乏足够的食物或身体及社交方面的刺激，他们的

智力是否就永远被削弱了呢?如果在学前没能够掌握语言，儿童的语言能力是否就减弱了呢? 受到印刻作用研究的启发，英国心理分析学家John Bowlhy在1969年运用了动物行为学理论来解释婴幼儿与父母之间的关系。他声称婴儿惯有的举止，例如微笑、发出咿呀声、抓东西以及哭喊，都是固有的社交信号，使得父母前去关心、照顾婴儿并与之交流。这些行为使得父母围绕在婴儿身边，从而确保婴儿得到哺育、保护以及健康成长所必需的刺激和关爱。人类婴幼儿的依恋情结的发展是一个漫长的过程，它包含了心理结构的变化，最终达到父母和婴儿间深沉的情感联系。

文章生词：

Paragraph 1

ethology n. 动物行为学; 品性论

adaptive adj. 适合的; 适应的

survival n. 留住生命, 残存, 生存

influential adj. 有影响的; 有势力的

origin n. 起源; 起因; 由来; 出身

trace n. 痕迹, 踪迹, 微量v. 追踪, 回溯, 描绘

foundation n. 基础, 建立, 根据zoologist n. 动物学家

Paragraph 2 habitat n. 栖息地, 自生地, 居留地

n. 印痕; 深刻的印象; 痕迹; 印记imprinting

v. 印, 压印; 铭刻; 盖于; 牢记restricted adj. 受限制的, 有限的resemble v. 相似, 类似, 像

feature n. 特点, 特色, 特性

gosling n. 小鹅; 年轻无知者

Paragraph 3 biologically adv. 生物学地

aquire v. 取得

stimulating a. 刺激的, 有刺激性的cognitive a. 认知的, 认识的, 有认识力的deprive of vt. 失去

adequate adj. 足够的, 能满足需要的; 胜任的

stimulation n. 激励; 刺激; 鼓舞

intelligence n. 智力; 智能; 聪明permanently adv. 永存地; 不变地

impair v. 损害, 削弱, 减少

preschool adj. 未满学龄的; 就学前的

Paragraph 4

inspire v. 使感动, 启示, 激发; 吸入; 赋予灵感psychoanalyst n. 心理分析学者

babble v. 呀呀学语, 喋喋不休

interact v. 互相作用; 互动; 互相影响affection n. 慈爱, 爱, 感情, 作用, 影响attachment n. 附件, 附著, 附属物, 依恋lengthy adj. 长的; 罗唆的; 冗长的

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