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南航研究生矩阵论复习讲义汇编

南航矩阵论等价关系

Student’s Name: Student’s ID No.: College Name: The study of Equivalence Relations Abstract According to some relative definitions and properties, to proof that if B can be obtained from A by performing elementary row operations on A, ~ is an equivalence relation, and to find the properties that are shared by all the elements in the same equivalence class. To proof that if B is can be obtained from A by performing elementary operations, Matrix S A ∈ is said to be equivalent to matrix S B ∈, and ~A B means that matrix S A ∈ is similar to S B ∈, if let S be the set of m m ? real matrices. Introduction The equivalence relations are used in the matrix theory in a very wide field. An equivalence relation on a set S divides S into equivalence classes. Equivalence classes are pair-wise disjoint subsets of S . a ~ b if and only if a and b are in the same equivalence class.This paper will introduce some definitions and properties of equivalence relations and proof some discussions. Main Results Answers of Q1 (a) The process of the proof is as following,obviously IA=A,therefore ~ is reflexive;we know B can be obtained from A by performing elementary row operations on A,we assume P is a matrix which denote a series of elementary row operations on A.Then ,we have PA=B,(A~B),and P is inverse,obviously we have A=P -1B,(B~A).So ~ is symmetric.We have another matrix Q which denote a series of elementary row operations on B,and the result is C,so we have QB=C.And we can obtain QB=Q(PA)=QPA=C,so A~C.Therefore,~ is transitive. Hence, ~ is an equivalence relation on S . (b) The properties that are shared by all the elements in the same equivalence class are as followings: firstly,the rank is the same;secondly,the relation of column is not changed;thirdly,two random matrices are row equivalent;fourthly,all of the matrices

南航矩阵论2013研究生试卷及答案

南京航空航天大学2012级硕士研究生

二、(20分)设三阶矩阵,,. ????? ??--=201034011A ????? ??=300130013B ???? ? ??=3003003a a C (1) 求的行列式因子、不变因子、初等因子及Jordan 标准形; A (2) 利用矩阵的知识,判断矩阵和是否相似,并说明理由. λB C 解答: (1)的行列式因子为;…(3分)A 2121)1)(2()(,1)()(--===λλλλλD D D 不变因子为; …………………(3分)2121)1)(2()(,1)()(--===λλλλλd d d 初等因子为;……………………(2分) 2)1(,2--λλJordan 标准形为. ……………………(2分) 200011001J ?? ?= ? ??? (2) 不相似,理由是2阶行列式因子不同; …………………(5分) 0,a = 相似,理由是各阶行列式因子相同. …………………(5分) 0,a ≠共 6 页 第 4 页

三、(20分)已知线性方程组不相容. ?? ???=+=+++=++1,12,1434321421x x x x x x x x x (1) 求系数矩阵的满秩分解; A (2) 求广义逆矩阵; +A (3) 求该线性方程组的极小最小二乘解. 解答:(1) 矩阵,的满秩分解为 ???? ? ??=110021111011A A . …………………(5分)10110111001101A ??????=?????????? (2) . ……………………(10分)51-451-41-52715033A +?? ? ?= ? ??? (3) 方程组的极小最小二乘解为. …………(5分)2214156x ?? ? ?= ? ??? 共 6 页 第 5 页

硕士研究生课程考试试题矩阵论答案

华北电力大学硕士研究生课程考试试题(A 卷) 2013~2014学年第一学期 课程编号:50920021 课程名称:矩阵论 年 级:2013 开课单位:数理系 命题教师: 考核方式:闭卷 考试时间:120分钟 试卷页数: 2页 特别注意:所有答案必须写在答题册上,答在试题纸上一律无效 一、判断题(每小题2分,共10分) 1. 方阵 A 的任意一个特征值的代数重数不大于它的几何重数。 见书52页,代数重数指特征多项式中特征值的重数,几何重数指不变子空间的维数,前者加起来为n ,后者小于等于n 2. 设12,,,m αααL 是线性无关的向量,则12dim(span{,,,})m m ααα=L . 正确,线性无关的向量张成一组基 3.如果12,V V 是V 的线性子空间,则12V V ?也是V 的线性子空间. 错误,按照线性子空间的定义进行验证。 4. n 阶λ-矩阵()A λ是可逆的充分必要条件是 ()A λ的秩是n . 见书60页,需要要求矩阵的行列式是一个非零的数 5. n 阶实矩阵A 是单纯矩阵的充分且必要条件是A 的最小多项式没有重根. 二、填空题(每小题3分,共27分) (6)210021,003A ?? ?= ? ???则A e 的Jordan 标准型为223e 1 00e 0 ,00 e ?? ? ? ?? ?。 首先写出A e 然后对于若当标准型要求非对角元部分为1. (7)301002030λλλ-?? ?+ ? ?-??的Smith 标准型为10003000(3)(2)λλλ?? ?- ? ?-+?? 见书61-63页,将矩阵做变换即得

南航双语矩阵论 matrix theory第三章部分题解

Solution Key to Some Exercises in Chapter 3 #5. Determine the kernel and range of each of the following linear transformations on 2P (a) (())'()p x xp x σ= (b) (())()'()p x p x p x σ=- (c) (())(0)(1)p x p x p σ=+ Solution (a) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax σ=. (())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax = if and only if 0a =. Thus, ker(){|}b b R σ=∈ The range of σis 2()P σ={|}ax a R ∈ (b) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax b a σ=+-. (())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax b a +-= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ= The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P ax b a a b R +-∈= (c) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x bx a b σ=++. (())0p x σ= if and only if 0bx a b ++= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ= The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P bx a b a b R ++∈= 备注: 映射的核以及映射的像都是集合,应该以集合的记号来表达或者用文字来叙述. #7. Let be the linear mapping that maps 2P into 2R defined by 10()(())(0)p x dx p x p σ?? ?= ??? ? Find a matrix A such that ()x A ασαββ??+= ??? . Solution 1(1)1σ??= ??? 1/2()0x σ?? = ??? 11/211/2()101 0x ασαβαββ????????+=+= ? ? ??????????? Hence, 11/210A ??= ??? #10. Let σ be the transformation on 3P defined by (())'()"()p x xp x p x σ=+ a) Find the matrix A representing σ with respect to 2[1,,]x x b) Find the matrix B representing σ with respect to 2[1,,1]x x + c) Find the matrix S such that 1B S AS -= d) If 2012()(1)p x a a x a x =+++, calculate (())n p x σ. Solution (a) (1)0σ=

研究生矩阵论课后习题答案(全)习题二

习题二 1.化下列矩阵为Smith 标准型: (1)222211λλλλ λλλλλ?? -?? -????+-?? ; (2)2222 00 000 00(1)00000λλλλλλ ?? ?? -? ? ??-?? -?? ; (3)2222 232321234353234421λλλλλλλλλλλλλλ?? +--+-??+--+-????+---?? ; (4)23014360220620101003312200λλλλλλλλλλλλλλ????++??????--????---?? . 解:(1)对矩阵作初等变换 23221311(1)100 10 000000(1)00(1)c c c c c c r λλλλλλλλλ+--?-???????????→-???→? ??? ????-++???? , 则该矩阵为Smith 标准型为 ???? ? ?????+)1(1λλλ; (2)矩阵的各阶行列式因子为 44224321()(1),()(1),()(1),()1D D D D λλλλλλλλλλ=-=-=-=, 从而不变因子为 22 2341234123()()() ()1,()(1),()(1),()(1)()()() D D D d d d d D D D λλλλλλλλλλλλλλλλ== =-==-==-故该矩阵的Smith 标准型为

2210000(1)0000(1)00 00(1)λλλλλλ?? ??-????-?? -??; (3)对矩阵作初等变换 故该矩阵的Smith 标准型为 ?? ?? ??????+--)1()1(112 λλλ; (4)对矩阵作初等变换 在最后的形式中,可求得行列式因子 3254321()(1),()(1),()()()1D D D D D λλλλλλλλλ=-=-===, 于是不变因子为 2541234534()() ()()()1,()(1),()(1)()() D D d d d d d D D λλλλλλλλλλλλλ==== =-==-故该矩阵的Smith 标准形为 2 1 0000 010 0000100000(1)00 00 0(1)λλλλ?????????? -?? ??-?? . 2.求下列λ-矩阵的不变因子: (1) 21 0021002λλλ--????--????-??; (2)100 1000 λαββλα λαββ λα+????-+? ???+??-+?? ;

南航矩阵论期中考试参考答案.doc

1) 一组基为q = .维数为3. 3) 南京航空航天大学双语矩阵论期中考试参考答案(有些答案可能有问题) Q1 1解矩阵A 的特征多项式为 A-2 3 -4 4I-A| =-4 2+6 -8 =A 2(/l-4) -6 7 A-8 所以矩阵A 的特征值为4 =0(二重)和/^=4. 人?2 3 由于(4-2,3)=1,所以D| (人)二1.又 彳 人+6=“2+4人=?(人) 4-2 3 、=7人+4=代(人)故(们3),代3))=1 ?其余的二阶子式(还有7个)都包含因子4, -6 7 所以 D? 3)=1 .最后 det (A (/L))=42(人.4),所以 D 3(A)=/l 2 (2-4). 因此矩阵A 的不变因子为d, (2) = d 2(2) = l, d 3 (2) = r (2-4). 矩阵A 的初等因子为人2, 2-4. 2解矩阵B 与矩阵C 是相似的.矩阵B 和矩阵C 的行列式因子相同且分别为9 3)=1 , D 2(/i)=A 2-/l-2 .根据定理:两矩阵相似的充分必要条件是他们有相同的行列式因子. 所以矩阵B 与矩阵c 相似. Q2 2)设k 是数域p 中任意数,a, 0, /是v 中任意元素.明显满足下而四项. (") = (",a) ; (a+月,/) = (",/) + (”,刃;(ka,/3) = k(a,/3) ; (a,a)>0, 当且仅当Q = 0时(a,a) = ().所以(。,/?)是线性空间V 上的内积. 利 用Gram-Schmidt 正交化方法,可以依次求出 ,p 2 =%-(%'5)与= 层=%-(%,弟与一(%,弓)役=

#研究生矩阵论第1讲 线性空间

矩阵论 1、意义 随着科学技术的发展,古典的线性代数知识己不能满足现代科技的需要,矩阵的理论和方法业巳成为现代科技领域必不可少的工具.有人认为:“科学计算实质就是矩阵的计算”.这句话概括了矩阵理论和方法的重要性及其使用的广泛性.因此,学习和掌握矩阵的基本理论和方法,对于理、工科研究生来说是必不可少的数学工具.2、内容 《矩阵论》和工科《线性代数》课程在研究矩阵的内容上有较大的差异: 线性代数:研究行列式、矩阵的四则运算(加、减、乘、求逆 ) 以及第一类初等变换 (非正交的)、对角标准形 (含二次型) 以及n阶线性方程组的解等基本内容. 矩阵论:研究矩阵的几何理论(线性空间、线性算子、内积空间等)、第二和第三类初等变换(正交的)、分析运算(矩阵微积分和级数)、矩阵的范数和条件数、广义逆和分解、若尔当标准形以及几类特殊矩阵和特殊运算等,内容十分丰富. 3、方法 在研究的方法上,矩阵论和线性代数也有很大的不同: 线性代数:引入概念直观,着重计算. 矩阵论:着重从几何理论的角度引入矩阵的许多概念和运算,把矩阵看成是线性空间上线性算子的一种数量表示.深刻理解它们对将

来正确处理实际问题有很大的作用. 第1讲 线性空间 内容: 1.线性空间的概念; 2.基变换和坐标变换; 3.子空间和维数定理; 4.线性空间的同构 线性空间和线性变换是矩阵分析中经常用到的两个极其重要的概念,也是通常几何空间概念的推广和抽象,线性空间是某类客观事物从量的方面的一个抽象. §1 线性空间的概念 1. 群,环,域 代数学是用符号代替数(或其它)来研究数(或其它)的运算性质和规律的学科,简称代数. 代数运算:假定对于集A 中的任意元素a 和集B 中的任意元素b ,按某一法则和集C 中唯一确定的元素c 对应,则称这个对应为A 、B 的一个(二元)代数运算. 代数系统:指一个集A 满足某些代数运算的系统. 1.1群 定义1.1 设V 是一个非空集合,在集合V 的元素之间定义了一种代数运算,叫做加法,记为“+”.即,对V 中给定的一个法则,对于V 中任意元素βα,,在V 中都有惟一的一个元ν和他们对应,称ν为βα,的和,记为βαν+=.若在“+”下,满足下列四个条件,则称V 为一个群. 1)V 在“+”下是封闭的.即,若,,V ∈βα有 V ∈+βα; 2) V 在“+”下是可结合的.即,)()(γβαγβα++=++ ,V ∈γ;

研究生矩阵论试题与答案

中国矿业大学 级硕士研究生课程考试试卷 考试科目矩阵论 考试时间年月 研究生姓名 所在院系 学号 任课教师

一(15分)计算 (1) 已知A 可逆,求 10 d At e t ? (用矩阵A 或其逆矩阵表示) ; (2)设1234(,,,)T a a a a =α是给定的常向量,42)(?=ij x X 是矩阵变量,求T d()d X αX ; (3)设3阶方阵A 的特征多项式为2(6)I A λλλ-=-,且A 可对角化,求k k A A ??? ? ??∞→)(lim ρ。

二(15分)设微分方程组 d d (0)x Ax t x x ?=???? ?=?,508316203A ?? ?= ? ?--??,0111x ?? ? = ? ??? (1)求A 的最小多项式)(λA m ; (3)求At e ; (3)求该方程组的解。

三(15分)对下面矛盾方程组b Ax = 312312 111x x x x x x =?? ++=??+=? (1)求A 的满秩分解FG A =; (2)由满秩分解计算+A ; (3)求该方程组的最小2-范数最小二乘解LS x 。

四(10分)设 11 13A ?=?? 求矩阵A 的QR 分解(要求R 的对角元全为正数,方法不限)。 五(10分) 设(0,,2)T n A R n αβαβ=≠∈≥ (1)证明A 的最小多项式是2 ()tr()m A λλλ=-; (2)求A 的Jordan 形(需要讨论)。

六(10分)设m n r A R ?∈, (1)证明rank()n I A A n r + -=-; (2)0Ax =的通解是(),n n x I A A y y R +=-?∈。 七(10分)证明矩阵 21212123 111222222243333 33644421(1)(1)n n n n n n n n n n ---? ? ? ? ? ? ?= ? ? ? ? ? ?+++? ? A (1)能与对角矩阵相似;(2)特征值全为实数。

南航双语矩阵论matrix theory第7章部分习题参考答案

第七章部分习题参考答案 Exercise 1 Show that a normal matrix A is Hermitian if its eigenvalues are all real. Proof If A is a normal matrix, then there is a unitary matrix that diagonalizes A . That is, there is a unitary matrix U such that H A UDU = where D is a diagonal matrix and the diagonal elements of D are eigenvalues of A . If eigenvalues of A are all real, then ()H H H H H H A UDU UD U UDU A ==== Therefore, A is Hermitian. Exercise 2 Let A and B be Hermitian matrices of the same order. Show that AB is Hermitian if and only if AB BA =. Proof If AB BA =, then ()()H H H H AB BA A B AB ===. Hence, AB is Hermitian. Conversely, if AB is Hermitian, then ()H AB AB =. Therefore, H H AB B A BA ==. Exercise 3 Let A and B be Hermitian matrices of the same order. Show that A and B are similar if they have the same characteristic polynomial. Proof Since matrix A and B have the same characteristic polynomial, they have the same eigenvalues 12,,,n λλλ . There exist unitary matrices U and V such that 12diag(,,,)H n U AU λλλ= , 12diag(,,,)H n V BV μμμ= . Thus, H H U AU V BV =. (11,H H U U V V --==) That is 1()H H UV AUV B -=. Hence, A and B are similar. Exercise 4 Let A be a skew-Hermitian matrix, i.e., H A A =-, show that (a) I A - and I A + are invertible. (b) 1()()I A I A --+ is a unitary matrix with eigenvalues not equal to 1-. Proof of Part (a) Method 1: (a) since H A A =-, it follows that ()()H I A I A I AA I A A -+=-=+ For any x 0≠ ()()0x x x x x x x x x x H H H H H H H I A A A A A A +=+=+> Hence, ()()I A I A -+ is positive definite. It follows that ()()I A I A -+ is invertible. Hence, both I A - and I A + are invertible. Method 2:

研究生矩阵论课后习题答案(全)习题三

习题三 1.证明下列问题: (1)若矩阵序列{}m A 收敛于A ,则{}T m A 收敛于T A ,{} m A 收敛于A ; (2)若方阵级数∑∞ =0m m m A c 收敛,则∑∑∞ =∞==?? ? ??00)(m m T m T m m m A c A c . 证明:(1)设矩阵 ,,2,1,)() ( ==?m a A n n m ij m 则 ,)()(n n m ji T m a A ?=,)()(n n m ij m a A ?=,,2,1 =m 设 ,)(n n ij a A ?= 则 n n ji T a A ?=)(,,)(n n ij a A ?= 若矩阵序列{}m A 收敛于A ,即对任意的n j i ,,2,1, =,有 ij m ij m a a =∞ →) (lim , 则 ji m ji m a a =∞ →)(lim ,ij m ij m a a =∞ →)(lim ,n j i ,,2,1, =, 故{} T m A 收敛于T A ,{} m A 收敛于A . (2)设方阵级数 ∑∞ =0 m m m A c 的部分和序列为 ,,,,21m S S S , 其中m m m A c A c c S +++= 10.

若 ∑∞ =0 m m m A c 收敛,设其和为S ,即 S A c m m m =∑∞ =0 ,或S S m m =∞ →lim , 则 T T m m S S =∞ →lim . 而级数∑∞ =0 )(m m T m A c 的部分和即为T m S ,故级数∑∞ =0 )(m m T m A c 收敛,且其和为T S , 即 ∑∑∞ =∞==?? ? ??00)(m m T m T m m m A c A c . 2.已知方阵序列{}m A 收敛于A ,且{} 1-m A ,1 -A 都存在,证明: (1)A A m m =∞ →lim ;(2){}1 1 lim --∞ →=A A m m . 证明:设矩阵 ,,2,1,)() ( ==?m a A n n m ij m ,)(n n ij a A ?= 若矩阵序列{}m A 收敛于A ,即对任意的n j i ,,2,1, =,有 ij m ij m a a =∞ →) (lim . (1) 由于对任意的n j j j ,,,21 ,有 ,lim ) (k k kj m kj m a a =∞ → n k ,,2,1 =, 故 ∑-∞ →n n n j j j m nj m j m j j j j m a a a 2121)()(2)(1) ()1(lim τ = ∑-n n n j j j nj j j j j j a a a 21212121) ()1(τ , 而 ∑-= n n n j j j m nj m j m j j j j m a a a A 2121) ()(2)(1)()1(τ,

南航双语矩阵论matrixtheory第三章部分题解

Solution Key to Some Exercises in Chapter 3 #5. Determine the kernel and range of each of the following linear transformations on 2P (a) (())'()p x xp x σ= (b) (())()'()p x p x p x σ=- (c) (())(0)(1)p x p x p σ=+ Solution (a) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax σ=. (())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax = if and only if 0a =. Thus, ker(){|}b b R σ=∈ The range of σis 2()P σ={|}ax a R ∈ (b) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax b a σ=+-. (())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax b a +-= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ= The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P ax b a a b R +-∈= (c) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x bx a b σ=++. (())0p x σ= if and only if 0bx a b ++= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ= The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P bx a b a b R ++∈= 备注: 映射的核以及映射的像都是集合,应该以集合的记号来表达或者用文字来叙述. #7. Let be the linear mapping that maps 2P into 2R defined by 10 ()(())(0)p x dx p x p σ?? ?= ??? ? Find a matrix A such that ()x A ασαββ?? += ??? . Solution 1(1)1σ?? = ??? 1/2()0x σ?? = ??? 11/211/2()1010x ασαβαββ???? ???? +=+= ? ? ??????????? Hence, 11/21 0A ?? = ??? #10. Let σ be the transformation on 3P defined by (())'()"()p x xp x p x σ=+ a) Find the matrix A representing σ with respect to 2[1,,]x x b) Find the matrix B representing σ with respect to 2[1,,1]x x + c) Find the matrix S such that 1B S AS -= d) If 2012()(1)p x a a x a x =+++, calculate (())n p x σ. Solution (a) (1)0σ= ()x x σ=

南京航空航天大学研究生课程《矩阵论》内容总结与习题选讲

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