英语写作中常用的词语和句型
英语写作中常用的词语和句型
常用谚语（在议论文中）：
1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”.
2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don’t deal with it properly, it wil l do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.
3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。)
4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友，知其为人。)
5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”. (没有苦，就没有甜。)
6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)
7. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达。)
8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。)
9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。)
---关于因果关系的句型：
1.The higher prices was an increase in demand.
译：他们取得的成果是由于他们的刻苦努力。
2. the demand has increased, the prices are higher.
3. An increase in demand higher prices.
4. The demand has increased.the prices are higher.
5. If there is an increase in demand, then prices
译：由于所有这因素，政府越来越多地依靠科学家来安排适当的规划并付诸实践。
As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
---辩论中常用的句型：
1. There is no doubt that …..
译：毫无疑问，人口的飞速增长促使野生动物数量的锐减。
2. It is obvious/clear that 爱心是一盏灯，越黑暗的地方，它越明亮。
3. As is known all, 中国一贯主张，国家不分大小，应该一律平等。
4. (It’s) no wonder…(难怪) 译：他不努力工作，难怪他丢了工作。
5. It goes without saying that … (不成问题，很自然)
译：很自然健康的人比病人幸福。
6. What is more important, 我们应该保持生态平衡。
7. I am convinced that我们的社会充满着爱，明天将会变得更美好、更光明。
---举例表示法：
1. For example, the peopl e’s economic status has been greatly improved.
2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved.
3. Let’s have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities. ---概述（用于图表作文）：
1. According to the figures given in the table, 中国的钢产量已超过美国和日本，占世界第一。
2. This chart shows that 全世界吸烟者的人数不断上升，占总人口的20%
3. As is shown by the graph, 某些野生动物物种的灭绝于世界人口的猛增密切相关。
4. It can be seen from the statistics/picture that 随着城市中汽车数量的不断增加，空气污染和噪音已成为威胁城市居民生存的主要公害。
5. It is generally 各国政府应该采取措施来保护海洋资源。
6. There is a in
译：表中所给的数字表明，最近5年来人民的收入已有显著增长。
7. be on the (在增加/减少/上升/下降)
译：从曲线图可以看出，世界各国的自然资源在不断减少。
Example: The number of has been on the in recent years.
三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :
---关于利弊、优缺点的句型：
1.S + have (or has ) a lot of advantages over ….. (与….相比有许多优点) 译：汽车与自行
车相比有许多优点。
have the advantage of …..(有….方面的长处)
译：1）英语好是她的长处。
2）澳大利亚与中国相比，其优点是人口少。
3）他比他们有利的是他会操作电脑。
2. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (对…..有益)
译：你的计算机知识对你将来的工作十分有益
3. benefit sb/sth. (对…有好处) 译：这家新医院对整个社区有利。
benefit from sth. (由于….而受益) 译：我们将从技术发明中受益。
4. do (a lot of) good to sb. (对….有许多好处)
译：早晨锻炼对你很有好处。
be good for sb./sth. (对….有益) 译：蔬菜和水果有利人的健康。
do damage to sth./damage sth. (对….造成损害)
译：这次地震对城市建筑损坏严重。
do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. (对….有害处)
译：吸烟危害人的健康。
5.be as(not so) good/great as ……译：他做得没有说得好。
6. not so much … as …(与其说…,不如说…)
译：人口的迅速增长与其说是由于出生率的上升不如说是由于死亡率的下降。
The reason for the rapid increase in population is not so much a rise in birth rate as a fall in death rate.
---说明原因的句型：
1. There are good reasons
Example: There are two reasons for the changes in pe ople’s living condition s. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been put under control.
2. We have two good reasons for …
译：我们有许多理由反对工业不受控制的发展。
3. The reasons for … is that + 从句
现代英语写作常用句型汇总(1)
英语写作常用句型 （一）段首句 1. There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. T here is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides， ______. 5. Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9. ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 10.According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why? （二）中间段落句 1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。 On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____. 2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。 But I don’t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___. 3. ______is necessa ry and important to our country’s development and construction. First，______.What’s more, _____.Most important of all,______. 4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
精心整理英语作文常用的高级词汇
高考英语作文中常用的替换词 1.individuals, characters, folks 替换（ people, persons） 2.positive, favorable, rosy （美好的） ,promising（有希望的） ,perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good 3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill （有害的）替换 bad 如果 bad 做表语 ,可以有 be less impressive替换 eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.（ an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most）替 换 many. 注：用 many, if not most 一定要小心， many 后一定要有词。 most， if not all ，Eg. Many individuals ，if not most ，harbor the idea that同理?用. 替换 most. 5.a slice of, quiet a few, several替换 some 6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that,it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that）替 think （因为是书面语，所以要加 that） 7.affair, business, matter替换 thing 8.shared 替换 common 9.reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits 10.for my part, from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11.Increasing（ly ）, growing 替换 more and more（注意没有 growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing。修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly. Eg.sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. 12.little if anything, 或 little or nothing 替换 hardly 13. ?? beneficial, rewarding替换 helpful 14.shopper,client, consumer, purchaser替换 customer 15.exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换 very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable替换unnecessary,??avoidable
英语写作中常用的十个句型
英语写作中常用的十个句型 1.表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this. 2）The reasons for this are as follows. 3）The reason for this is obvious. 4）The reason for this is not far to seek. 5）The reason for this is that... 例如:There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 2.表示好处 1）It has the following advantages. 2）It does us a lot of good. 3）It benefits us quite a lot. 4）It is beneficial to us. 5）It is of great benefit to us. 例如：Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us. 3.表示坏处 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2）It does us much harm. 3）It is harmful to us. 例如：However，everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television. 4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）for sb.to do sth. 2）We think it necessary to do sth.3）It plays an important role in our life. 例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business. So，computers will be found in every home，too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age. 5.表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures. 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties. 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with. 例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious. Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it. 以下是专四专八写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似， 考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。 6.表示变化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications. 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education. The major reasons for 例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years. these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins. 1
英语写作常用句型及固定搭配
补充：英语写作常用句型： 句子写的好坏，是文章写作成败的关键。以下一些惯用句型，实用性较强。 一。开头句型： 1．As far as…is concerned,…就……而论 When it comes to sth/doing sth. 当谈论到…… 1)As far as the role of information in the future is concerned, I believe that information will play a more and more important part in people’s decision-making. 2)As far as what was mentioned above is concerned, how can we ignore the advantages travelling brings forth? 就前面所提及的而言，我们怎么可以忽视旅游带来的裨益呢？ 2．It goes without saying that…不用说 1)It goes without saying that practice makes perfect. 2)It goes without saying that reading makes a full man. 3. It can be said with certainty that…可以肯定的说 1)It can …… that cultivating a hobby can add fun to our life. 2)It can ….… that because of the knowledge, we can now enjoy a comfortable life which is brought about by advanced technology. 可以肯定地说，正由于知识我们才能享受科技进步所带来的舒适生活。 4. As the proverb says, …有句谚语说 As the saying gose, …俗话说 As the saying puts it, …俗话说 1) As the proverb says, “Honesty is the best policy.”诚实为上策。 2) As………goes, “Diligence makes up for deficiencies.”俗话说：“勤能补拙”。 3)An English proverb says, “Lost time is never found again.” 英国有句谚语说的好：“光阴如流水，一去不复回。” 5. It has to be noticed that …必须注意的是…… 1)It has to be noticed that the air we breathe is already seriously polluted by the exhaust factories and vehicles give off. 必须注意的是：我们呼吸的空气已经被工厂和交通工具所释放的废气严重污染了。 2) It has to be noticed that market all over the country are swamped with fake and poor quality products and this has greatly harmed the state’s interests and people’s health. 必须注意的是：假冒伪劣的产品充斥全国市场，这种情况大大损害了国家利益和人 民的健康。 6. It’s generally recognized that …人们普遍认为 1) It’s generally recognized that college students shouldn’t try to reach after what is beyond their grasp when they choose to find a good job after graduation.人们普遍认为大学生 在大学毕业后想找一个好工作时，不应该追求超出他们能力以外的目标。 2)It’s generally recognized that lazy hands makes a man poor, while diligent hands bring
英语写作100个高级词汇替换
1. important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) The way you and I approach today, and each day, is crucial. 我们对待今天以及每一天的方式都是至关重要的。 Whether at work or at home, the goal is to engage in activities that are both personally significant and enjoyable. 无论在工作中还是在家里，目标都是从事个人重大的并且令人愉快的活动。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e64720549.html,mon=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere) Music has been called the universal language. 人们称音乐为世界的语言. Happiness is ubiquitous, may fall short of demand. 幸福无处不在,可还是供不应求. 3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants) He has received ample praise for the work he did. 他所做的工作，使他获得了广泛的赞美。 This place has plentiful material resources. 这地方的物质资源是丰富的。 4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly) We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly. 我们必须坚持人人都应该被平等对待这一原则。 The children cling to their father for more pocket money. 孩子们粘着爸爸，要他再给些零花钱。 5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.) Focus in the person who are talking with you,ignore something else. 把全身的注意力都集中在与你谈话的人身上，忽略其他。 6.near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent) His house is adjacent to mine. 他的寓所与我的相毗连。 It is certain that virtue adjoins pride on one side. 好的品德常会引人走向骄傲自满的一面，那是不假的。 7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL) He wooed and won her. 他向她求爱成功而结婚。 Older people may seek their own friends rather than become too emotionally dependent on their children. 老年人可以找自己的朋友而不会在情感上太依赖他们的子女。
英语写作常用词语和句子
英语写作常用词语和句子 一、常用的过渡词 1．用以解释的过渡词 now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact… 2．表示强调的过渡词 certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important… 3．表示限制的过渡词 but, however, although, though, yet, except for… 4．用以举例的过渡词 for example, for instance, thus, such, next… 5．表示递进或补充的过渡词 in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, yet… 6．表达顺序的过渡词 first, second, third, afterward, meanwhile, thereafter, last, finally, eventually… 7．用以表示比较的过渡词 like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too… 8．用以表示对比的过渡词 unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead… 9．表示让步的过渡词 although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet… 10．用以表达结果的过渡词 therefore, as a result, consequently, then, thereby, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, so, otherwise… 11．用以表示总结的过渡词 to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in short, in a word, in the long run, in summary… 二、常用句子 1．比较 (1)The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. (2)The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. (3)A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that… (4)It is reasonable to maintain that…, but it would be foolish to claim that… (5)For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. (6)Like anything else, it has its faults. (7)Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. (8)People used to think…, but things are different now. (9)the same is true of B. (10)Wondering as A is, it has its drawbacks. 2．原因 (1)A number of factors are accountable for this situation. (2)The answer to this problem involves many factors. (3)The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that… (4)The factors that contribute to this situation include…
英语作文万能句型 (1)
英文写作中，主题句，引导句，过渡句在文中的重要性不言而喻。适时的积累一些英语作文模板句子，会让你的文章增色不少哦~ （一）段首句 （二） 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… （三）There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. （四） 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 （五）There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. （六） 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 （七）Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. （八） 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。（九）Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. （十） 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 （十一）Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. （十二） 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……（十三）People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that them,_____. （十四）7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 （十五）Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. （十六）8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 （十七）______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. （十八）9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 （十九）______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. （二十）10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？
英语作文常用高级词汇
（冒号前面的是我们习惯想到的词，考试中尽量少用！一定要用后面的词去替换前面）We, everyone: any reasonable/sensitive soul/mind, talented minds, elite minds, versatile minds, personality, figures, celebrity, idiots, philosophic minds, genius More and more: increasingly, Big: enormous, tremendous, gigantic, titanic, astronomical, vast, boundless, Very: extremely, overwhelmingly, undeniably, remarkably, voluminously, excessively, exceedingly, tangibly, impressively, shockingly, Famous: renowned, celebrated, accomplished, distinguished, prominent, eminent, outstanding, preeminent, Good: spectacular, amazing, unbelievable, incredible, magnificent, adorable, fantastic, fascinating, admirable, respectable, cherishable, adorable, awesome, terrific, majestic, Bad: nightmarish, disgusting, despicable, monstrous, appalling, abhorring, repelling, repulsive, Important: significant, essential, basic, fundamental, indispensable, crucial, critical, decisive, determinant, dominant, predominant, infallible, Say, Believe，think: suppose, hold, claim, maintain, presume, assume, contend, argue, declare, I am convinced, conclude, Improve, better: further, promote, enhance, reinforce, strengthen, consolidate, cement, nurture, relieve, recover, Everyone knows: it’s a truth universally acknowledged t hat, It can never be denied, it is undeniable that，It goes without saying that，It is self evident that，It is highly advisably, imperative, remarkable that，It comforts one to know that… ◆常见替代词汇解释 1. accelerate: 后面接名词，表示“加速”，中性词，好事坏事都能用。 2. adequate: “足够的”，用来替代经常被使用的enough。 3. advance: 名词，“进步，发展”，用来替代文章开头经常使用的development，progress。 4. advisable / sensible / rational: “合理的”，都可以替代reasonable。 5. cannot afford to: “不应当做”，不是我们说的“负担不起”。 6. be alert to something: “对…保持警惕”，后面接消极概念。 7. alternative: “其他的选择或办法”，比如an alternative is that… 相当于in addition（除此之外）。 8. applicable / feasible / workable: 都表示“可行的”，用在政策、法令、手段等词前面做修饰语，既可增加字长，又可以提高词汇水平。 9. approach / channel: “方法，手段”，用来替代我们经常使用的一些简单词汇，如method 等。 10. approve of something: “批准，同意”，注意不要忘记介词of。 11. attach importance to something: 表示“重视，强调”，替代pay attention to。
(完整版)英语写作常用副词形容词
副词 常用的： actually 实际上；真实地[ Actually, it bores me stiff. ] totally 完全地[ I totally agree. 我完全同意。] eventually最后[ so that amazing progress eventually occurs in short periods.] recently 最近[ has recently come into fashion ] absolutely [是, 当然是; 正是如此Do you think so? Absolutely. 你是这样想吗? 当然是。] largely 很大程度上，大部分[largely depend on.....] basically 基本上 currently 现在，当前，普遍地，通常地 probably 大概，或许 surely 确切地[i'd surely be a hippie child] personally 就自已而言，亲自地 seriously 严肃地, 认真地, 严重地 表时间： afterwards然后后来, later稍后随后,eventually最后终于,hence 从此今后from this time/from now 从此今后 directly直接地立即, quickly很快地,shortly立刻不久,soon 不久马上 nowadays现今,presently目前不久,lately近来的, 表频率： constantly, continuously不断地经常地 repeatedly重复地再三地, frequently经常地, occasionally偶尔地, seldom很少不常, rarely很少地, yearly, monthly, weekly 表逻辑： accordingly 相应地In accordance; correspondingly. likewise同样地照样，* The food was excellent, (and) likewise the wine. 菜好极了, 酒也是. * I'm going to bed and you would be well advised to do likewise. 我要睡觉了, 你最好也睡吧. accordingly 因此, consequently因此, hence因此, thereby因此由此 merely只不过仅仅merely a flesh wound.仅仅是皮肉伤 furthermore, moreover, besides nevertheless, nonetheless; however仍然 * He is often rude to me, but I like him nevertheless.他时常对我粗鲁无礼, 但我还很喜欢他. In spite of sth;尽管， regardless 无论如何continues to work regardless.不顾后果地继续工作 表语气：
英语作文写作常用句型
英语作文写作常用句型 一、根据衔接词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类，即“起”、“承”、“转”、“合”。 (一)表示“起”的词/词组：用于开篇引出扩展句。 at first 最初for one thing…(for another) at present 现在;当今首先…(其次)… currently 当前;最后 recently 最近 first(ly)第一 in general 一般说来 in the beginning 起初one the one hand…(on the other hand) to begin with 首先;第一一方面…(另一方面) first of all 首先;第一 generally speaking 一般地说 in the first place 首先;第一 on the whole 总起来说 lately 最近 to start with 首先;第一 presently 现在;此刻 now 现在 (二)相关“承”的常用词语：用来承接上文。 after/after that/afterwards此后 by this time 此时 after a few days 几天以后 certainly 无疑地;当然地 after a while过了一会儿 therefore 所以;结果 also/too 并且;又 for example 例如 at the same time 同时 for instance 例如
beside 此外 for this purpose 为了这个目的 Besides/what,s more 而且;此外 from now on 从此 in addition 此外 second 第二;第二点 in addition to… 除…之外 secondly 第二 in fact 事实上 similarly 同样地 in other words 换句话说 so 所以 in particular 特别(地) soon 不久 in the same way 同样地 still 仍然 by the way 顺便提一句 then 然后 indeed 的确 third 第三;第三点 meanwhile 与此同时 thirdly 第三 moreover 而且，此外 for another 其次 no doubt 无疑地 such as 正如 obviously 明显地 later 后来 of course当然 truly 事实上;真实地 particularly特别地unlike …不像……;和……不同what is more 而且;此外 (三)相关“转”的常用词语：用来表示不同或相反的意见。after all 毕竟 fortunately 幸运地 all the same 依然;照样 however 不过;无论如何 anyway 无论如何 in spite of 即使……;虽然……
(完整word版)英语作文常用高级词汇
英语作文常用高级词汇 ★形容词： 1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive ★动词： 1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为： think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold 10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten ★名词： 1. 影响：influence= impact 2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard 3. 污染：pollution = contamination 4. 人类：human beings= mankind = human race 5. 老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being 7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers 8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents