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英文资料及中文译文

外文资料及中文译文

作者姓名

专业

指导教师姓名张晓燕

专业技术职务讲师

外文资料

Clustering and Industrialization ：Introduction

1.INTRODUCTION

Compared with a decade ago, there is now more optimism concerning the growth and export prospects of small manufacturers in developing countries. Recent research on industrial clusters has made a major contribution to this shift in the debate. There is increasing agreement that clustering helps small enterprises to overcome growth constraints and compete in distant markets but there is also recognition that this is not an automatic outcome.

One of the main objectives of this Special Issue is to specify the circumstances in which clustering boosts industrial growth and competitiveness. This Introduction stresses that such an undertaking needs to distinguish between incipient and more advanced stages of industrialization. It argues that clustering is particularly relevant for the early stage by helping small enterprises to growing riskable steps. Some articles in this Special Issue show both the importance and limitations of this argument. Other contributions focus more on mature clusters that include medium and large enterprises. These contributions examine the ability of such clusters to cope with global competitive pressures and they help to specify the circumstances that make the difference between success and failure.

The aim of this introductory article is fourfold. First, it traces briefly the trajectory of the debate on industrial clusters in developing countries. Second, it identifies what we –as editors –consider the key issues in the debate. Third, it highlights how the contributors to this Special Issue advance our knowledge on these questions. Fourth, it brings out the limitations of the work accomplished so far and the implications for future research.

2.TRAJECTORY OF THE CLUSTER DEBATE- BRIEF OVERVIEW

Contributors to this Special Issue use a simple definition of clusters as sectoral and spatial concentrations of firms. Such clusters have received increasing attention in research on advanced countries, especially in some lines of New Mainstream Economics (Krugman,1991), Business Economics (Porter,1990) Regional Science(Scott,1996) and Innovation Studies(Braczyk, Cookeand ，Heidenreich, 1998). They share a view of enterprises as connected entities and an emphasis on local factors for competing in global markets. Research on clusters in developing countries also shares this view but it has a different trajectory: it grew out of the

small-scale industry debate. The latter was a tired line of research in the late 1980s, kept alive more by the short comings of large firms in creating employment than new theoretical or policy approaches.

Those studying small-scale industry in developing countries eagerly received accounts of small-firm industrial districts in Europe, especially Italy, conquering international markets. These success stories, while referring to experiences in the1970s and 1980s, did not (with the exception of Pioreand Sabel,1984) become widely known in the international community until the late 1980s and early 1990s (Garofoli, 1992; Goodman and Bamford, 1989; Pyke, Becattini and Sengen-berger, 1990; Pyke and Sengenberger, 1992). They were, however, soon translated into an agenda for research on developing countries (Schmitz, 1989) which had two main questions: first, are there similar industrial clusters in developing countries; second, what are the conditions which either produce, modify or prevent their growth? Initial attempts at answering these questions, using the flexible specialization framework set out by Piore and Sabel (1984), largely examined data that had been collected for other purposes (for example, Pedersen, Sverisson and van Dijk, 1994; Rasmussen, Schmitz and van Dijk, 1992). New empirical research explicitly undertaken to assess the relevance of clustering in developing countries came later, gradually leading to a substantial body of original case material and substantive theoretical discussion (for example Das, 1998; Holmstrom, 1998; Meyer-Stamer et al., 1996; van Dijk and Rabellotti, 1997; Visser, 1996). The main lessons can be summed up as follows: -Industrial clustering in developing countries is significant. The growing amount of case material shows that clusters are common in a wide range of countries and sectors (Nadvi and Schmitz, 1994). Their statistical significance in industrial production is hard to determine, however, because economic regions do not respect administrative boundaries and industrial classic factions often fail to capture the existing specialization. Krugman (1991) pointed this out for the case of advanced countries. The same applies to developing countries. The growth experiences of these clusters vary widely. At one end of the spectrum are clusters which show little dynamism and seem unable to expand innovate (e.g.,McCormick, 1998). At the other end are clusters which have been able to deepen the inter-firm division of labor, raise their competitiveness and break into international markets (Cawthorne, 1995; Nadvi, 1999b; Schmitz, 1995). Along the spectrum there are many intermediate cases (Knorringa,1996; Rabellotti, 1997; Sandee, 1995; Visser, 1996). Even the successful clusters differ in several respects from the Italian model. Internal heterogeneity is

pronounced (Knorringa, 1996; Rabellotti and Schmitz, 1997). Except in the rudimentary clusters, medium and large firms have emerged and play an important role in the governance of these clusters. In this respect the developing country experiences are substantially different from the Italian model (based on the 1970s and 1980s experience) but not different from the Italian reality of the 1990s (Bruscoet al., 1996; Rabellotti, 1997).

Contrasting the developing country clusters with the Italian model was in a number of studies a useful initial framework but the consensus now is to move from models to trajectories (Humphrey, 1995). This shift to a dynamic approach, which seeks to understand the processes that lead to success or failure, is the core theme of this Special Issue on industrial clusters in developing countries.

3. TOWARD A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In spite of the diversity of experiences recorded so far, the focus on clusters has proved to be analytically useful. The most fundamental analytical insight did not, however, come from recent studies but from old theory. In his Principles of Economics, Marshall (1920) showed why clustering could help enterprises especially small ones to compete. He noted hat the agglomeration of firms engaged in similar or related activities generated a range of localized external economies that lowered costs or clustered producers. Such advantages included a pool of specialized workers, easy access to suppliers of specialized inputs and services and the quick dissemination of new knowledge. Such external economies help explain the growth of contemporary industrial clusters and Marshallfl century-old work is a standard reference in this new literature.

It is also agreed, however, that Marshallian external economies are not all to explain cluster development. In addition to incidental external economies, there is often a deliberate force at work, namely the conscious pursuit of joint action. This is what emerges from research on industrial clusters in advanced and in developing countries (Brusco, 1990; Cooke and Morgan, 1998; Humphrey and Schmitz, 1998; Rabellotti, 1997; Tendler and Amorim, 1996).In our own work we brought together the incidental and deliberate into the concept of collective defined as the competitive advantage derived from external economies and joint action. By calling the former passive and the latter active collective one can express neatly that clustering brings two advantages: those that fall into the producer lap and those that require joint (Nadvi, 1996; Schmitz, 1995).

We have also suggested that pairing the passive and active components helps to

theorize and explain in performance. How does one explain that some clusters do well and others stagnate; that within clusters there are segments which grow and others which just survive; that clusters which were thriving in the 1980s are struggling in the 1990s? These are the kind of findings which come out of the recent case material and we need a theory (or theories) to explain the differences between clusters, within clusters and over time. Several papers in this Special Issue use the collective a framework for this purpose, hypothesizing that joint action is necessary for clustered producers to cope with new competitive pressures. The common conclusion is that this conceptual framework is useful. For example, cooperating firms are found to be performing better but insufficient. There are two main areas of deficiency. First, the collective framework does not adequately capture external linkages; for example, the nature of linkages with foreign buyers can be crucial to the cluster development. Second, a strategic response to external challenges may require more than joint action of local enterprises thus raising wider issues of local governance. We return to these deficiencies later.

4. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS FOR INCIPIENT INDUSTRIALIZATION

We have suggested that research on industrial clusters has begun to transform thinking on the growth and export prospects of small enterprises in developing countries. We have also mentioned that this line of research was triggered by the success of small firm industrial districts in Italy. Their record, however, has not gone unchallenged. Harrison (1994), for example, suggests that the success of small enterprise clusters has been over-rated and the strength of the large corporation under-rated. In his view, the dominant form of industrial organization is the large company controlling networks of (often small) suppliers.

Clearly research that compares clusters with other forms of industrial organizations is important, but it is equally important not to dichotomies. Successful clusters are unlikely to remain populated only by small firms. For example, in exporting clusters in Pakistan (Nadvi, 1999b) and Brazil (Schmitz,

1995),a number of large firms have grown from within, occupying powerful positions vis-a-vis local suppliers. Some are even seeking new roles outside their cluster.

This is not an argument against comparing clusters with other forms of industrial organization. On the contrary, such research is an important part of the assessment of clusters. But, comparisons of current performance would probably miss the significance of clustering in the industrialization process. Understanding this

significance requires a process approach and distinguishing between incipient and advanced stages of industrialization.

For poor regions seeking to industrialize from below two things need to occur: the mobilization of unused local resources (financial and human), and the use of these resources. In the early stage, both the mobilization and use of resources occur in small amounts at a time. This is where clustering becomes significant because it facilitates specialization and investment in small steps. Producers do not have to acquire equipment for the entire production process; they can concentrate on particular stages leaving other stages to other entrepreneurs. Specialized workshops that can repair and upgrade existing machinery further help to reduce technological discontinuities. It follows that investment capital is needed in small, rather than big, lumps. Moreover, working capital requirements are a by clustering. Where specialized suppliers of raw materials and components are close by, there is less need to store inputs. Similarly, small amounts of human capital can be made to count. One investment in a specialized skill renders returns because others have invested in complementary expertise. Specialization does not mean isolation, however, because without interaction no one can sell their products or services.

中文翻译

集群化与工业化：简介

1、介绍

与过去的十年相比，现在在发展中国家的小厂家有更多的出口增长和乐观的出口前景。最近对产业集群的研究已经对这种辩论的转变做出了有力的支持。越来越多的协议认为集群化有利于帮助小企业家克服增长的困难和在远地区市场上的竞争，但也有一种观点认为这不是自动产生的。

其中，这种特殊的流行观点中的一个主要观点就是详细列举集聚刺激工业增长和培养竞争力的情况。这种介绍着重强调一个企业需要区分初期的工业化和更高级的工业化阶段间的差别。它认为集聚对于小企业克服初期发展中的风险有着非常重要的作用。在这种特殊的流行观下的一些文章中，都同时指出了这种论证的重要性和局限之处。另外的一些贡献则主要集中在成熟的集聚业内，包括媒体和大企业等。这些贡献充分检验了这种集聚对于应对全球竞争压力的能力，而且它们还有力地详列了导致成功和失败的不同情况。

文章的主旨大体有四点。第一，简略地介绍下对于发展中国家工业集聚方

面的争论过程。第二，阐明一下，作为文章的作者，认为问题的关键争论在哪。第三，强调一下这种特殊的流行观的提倡者如何让我们在这些问题上增长我们的见识。第四，指明到目前为止，已完成的著作的局限性，并为未来的研究打下基础。

2、理论争议过程简述

这种特殊流行观的拥护者们用了一个简单的定义来说明集群，集群就是企业在区域和空间上的集中。这种集群受到了越来越多的来自发达国家的研究的关注，特别是《新主流经济学》（库格曼，1991年出版），《商业经济》（堡特，1990年出版），《区域科学》（斯科特，1996年出版），以及《创新性研究》（布兰泽克，库金德，海登瑞驰，1998年出版）书中的一些领域都有涉及。他们都一致认为企业是相互联系的实体，在全球市场竞争中是有非常重要的角色。发展中国家的集群也体现这种观点，但是它有一个不同的轨迹：它不在小规模工业争论之内。后者是20世纪八十年代才兴起的研究领域，在创造新就业方面，通过对大企业的短暂依靠，比新理论或政策途径更加有生命力。

那些在发展中国家的学习型小产业，在欧洲得到了热切地接受，特别是在意大利，占领了国际市场。这些成功的故事，当在1970年代和1980年代提及经验时，还没有被国际社会广为认可（Pioreand Sabel，1984年的例子是个例外），直到1980年代后期和1990年代前期（例如Garofoli, 1992; Goodman 和Bamford, 1989; Pyke, Becattini 和Sengen-berger, 1990; Pyke 和Sengenberger, 1992)。然而，他们很快就成为了研究发展中国家的议程，其主要有两个问题：第一，在发展中国家有相似的工业集聚吗？第二，激励或者是抑制他们增长的条件是什么？最初用了一个比较灵活的专业化框架来尝试回答这些问题，这个问题是由Piore 和Sabel 在1984年提出的，其中大部分数据都是用以别的目的（例如Pedersen, Sverisson 和van Dijk, 1994; Rasmussen, Schmitz 和van Dijk, 1992)。后来，在发展中国家，新的实证研究出现了，明确了关联聚类的评估，后来又导致了大量的原始材料和实质性的理论讨论(例如Das, 1998; Holmstrom, 1998; Meyer-Stamer et al., 1996; van Dijk 和Rabellotti, 1997; Visser, 1996)。主要结论可以总结如下：工业化集群在发展中国家是意义重大的。日益增长的实例材料数量表明产业集群已经广泛用于在许多国家和部门（Nadvi 和Schmitz, 1994).他们在工业产品的统计上是难以估量的，然而，由于经济区不尊重行政管理条例和工业化条款，他们经常在目前的专业化占据方面取得不了成功。Krugman (1991)指出了发达国家的情况。这也同样适用于发展中国家。这些集群的发展经验很多方面都不相同。在一端，集群展现的是小的活力，似乎无法进行创新（例如McCormick, 1998）。而在另一端的集群，则是能够深化分工，提高企业竞争力和打入国际市场的(Cawthorne, 1995; Nadvi, 1999b; Schmitz, 1995)。顺着这个系列，其中也有很多的

病例(Knorringa,1996; Rabellotti, 1997; Sandee, 1995; Visser, 1996)。甚至是成功的集群也在许多方面和意大利模式存在不同。国内异质性是非常显著的(Knorringa, 1996; Rabellotti 和Schmitz, 1997)。除了基本的集群外，大中型企业已经适应了并且在这些集群的管理中发挥了重要的作用。在这个方面，发展中国家大体上与意大利模式是不相同的（基于1970年代和1980年代的经验），但并不与意大利1990年代的情况存在不同(Bruscoet al., 1996; Rabellotti, 1997)。

在发展中国家和意大利模式对比的大量研究框架中，有一个初步的共识是，现在都要从模型来进行研究(Humphrey, 1995)。这一改变动态方法,旨在了解这个过程,无论为成功或是失败，核心都是发展中国家产业集群的主题专刊。

3、面对理论上的框架

尽管到目前为止，经历记录多种多样，著重于集群分析已被证明是有用的。然而，最基本的分析却不是来自近年来的研究，而是来自以前的理论学说。在他的《经济学原理》一书中，马绍尔说明了为什么集群能够提高企业竞争力，特别是对小企业来说。他指出企业聚集，在一起进行相近或相关的活动能产生一系列的外部经济效应，能够降低成本或聚集生产者。这些优势包括专业化工人的联营，便利地与具有专业化投入，服务，快速传播新知识的供应商进行接触。这种外部经济效应阐释了当代工业集聚和马绍尔的著作在这个新文学领域是一个标准的参考。

然而，不得不说，马绍尔外部经济效应也不能全部解释集群的发展。除了偶然的外部经济效应，经常会有一种强迫性的外力起作用，也就是说是意识的职业连接行动。这就是发展中国家和发达国家暴露在产业集群上的研究(Brusco, 1990; Cooke 和Morgan, 1998; Humphrey 和Schmitz, 1998; Rabellotti, 1997; Tendler 和Amorim, 1996)。在我们自己的工作中，我们把偶然的和强迫性的结合起来，形成一种集体的观点，把它定义为竞争优势来自于外部经济效应和联合行动。通过调用前者被动，后者灵活主动，我们可以得出集群带来了两个优势：那些掉进生产者的圈子里和那些主动要求联合作业的(Nadvi, 1996; Schmitz, 1995).。

我们也建议，将被动和主动部分结合起来，这样有利于理论化和用行动解释。怎么去解释一些集群做得好，而其他的去停滞不前呢；在这些集群中，有一些是能够成长的，而另外一些则仅仅能够存活；在1980年代很兴旺的集群到了1990年代却要苦苦挣扎呢？这样的结果出来的案例资料,我们需要一种理论(或理论)来解释,在集群之间的差异,而且随着时间的推移。在这个特别的问题上，几个文件控制着整个问题框架，我们需要一些论证，为了达到这个目的，假想要是自己所需的联合行动来应对新的集聚生产商的竞争压力。通常的结论都是这个基本的框架是有用的。例如，合作公司之间表现更好，但是却不充足。有两个主要缺

陷的地区。第一，集体的框架不能适当地获得外部联系；例如，与外国购买者联系的基础对于集群的发展是至关重要的。第二，对于外面挑战的战略性反映可能会要求超过当地企业的联合行动也因此引起来了当地政府的的争议。我们过后会回首这些缺陷。

4、集群对工业化起步的重要性

我们建议对发展中国家的小企业进行调查，研究工业化集群开始转变对他们发展和出口前景的影响。我们也建议这样的研究应该在意大利工业化地区进行，对小型企业的成功进行调查。然而，他们的记录，没有毫无挑战地消逝。例如，哈里森（1994）认为小型企业集群的成功已经被高估了，大企业的力量被低估了。以他的观点来看，工业化组织的主导形式是打公司控制供应商（通常是小供应商）网络。

调查明显地显示出相比于其他形式的工业化组织形式，集群是重要的，但是它不能完全等同于二分类。成功的集群不像小公司一样只是人口的集群。例如，在巴基斯坦和巴西的出口集群中，一些大公司成长于强大的位置与当地供应商的占领。有些甚至寻求新的角色以外集群。

这不是一个反对比较集群与其它形式的行业组织的论据。相反，这样的研究是集群评定的一个重要部分。但是，对于当前形势的比较可能会忽略在工业化产业化过程中集群的重要性。理解这个重要性要求一个对于起初和高级工业化阶段的过程研究和辨别。

对于贫困地区来说，寻求工业化需要从以下两个方面来考虑：未使用的本地资源(金融和人力)利用这些资源。在早一些的时候，双方资源的动员和使用中出现少量的一段时间。在这，集群变得重要，因为它有利于专业化和小步骤地投资。生产者不必需要整个生产过程的设备，他们可以集中精力放在特殊的阶段上，而把另外的阶段留给其他的企业家。专业化的工作作坊可以修理和升级目前的机器，更进一步地帮助减少科技间断。它遵循的是投资资本小，而不是大批的投资。而且，流动资金需求是由聚类。在专业化供应商的原料及元件很近,很少有需要存储输入。同样,少量的人力资本可使计数。一个投资回报,因为它的专长能使其他专业技能与投资相辅相成。专业化并不意味着隔离,然而,由于没有交互作用,无人能出售他们的产品或服务。

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f25769127.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

C语言中英文翻译资料

一．C语言关键字对照关键字，又称保留字，是C语言中已预先定义、具有特定含义的标识符。注：C语言中共有32个关键字，所有关键字都用小写字母表示，且这些关键字不能用作用户标识符。即关键字由系统定义，具有特定的含义，不能重作其它定义。 32个关键字如下： 1．数据定义 C语言中所有的变量都具有某种类型，其定义的基本格式是：类型变量名； int：整型 short：短整型 long：长整型 signed：有符号型 unsigned：无符号型 char：字符型 float：单精度型 double：双精度型 const：定义常量 typedef：类型定义 2．存储类别一般在变量的定义前面，用于指定变量的存储类别，如果缺省的话，则默认是auto。 auto：自动变量 static：静态变量 register：寄存器变量 extern：外部变量 3．结构 C语言中除了提供一些基本数据类型外，还提供了结构体，共有体以及枚举，用来实现多个变量的集合表示。 struct：结构体 union：共用体 enum：枚举类型 4．语句 C语言中提供了一些语句来实现程序的基本结构。 if：条件判断（假如） else：不满足条件（否则） for：循环 do：与while一起使用，直到型循环 while：当型循环 goto：无条件跳转语句 switch：多分支选择语句 case：分支，在switch语句块中表示不同的分支

default：缺省，一般在switch语句中使用 continue：继续（结束本次循环） break：中断（跳出整个循环） return：返回 void：空类型（用于函数没有返回值时） 5．预处理＃define：定义一个宏名来代替一个字符串＃include：引入程序所需要的头文件＃undef：条件编译＃ifdef：假如定义＃ifndef：假如没有定义 6．其他 sizeof：用于计算所占内存空间的大小 volatile： C语言关键字volatile（注意它是用来修饰变量而不是上面介绍的__volatile__）表明某个变量的值可能在外部被改变，因此对这些变量的存取不能缓存到寄存器，每次使用时需要重新存取二．Turboc2.0 环境中常用的关键词 File(文件) Load（加载） New（新建） Save（保存） Write to（另存为） Directory（目录） Change dir（改变目录） Quit（结束） Run（运行） Program reset（程序重置） Goto cursor（运行到光标处） Trace into（跟踪） Step over（单部执行） Compile（编译） Compile to obj（编译成目标文件） Make EXE file（制作可执行文件） Link EXE file（链接可执行文件） Build all（创建全部） Options（选项）

七年级下册英语短文带中文翻译(1-12单元)

Unit 1 (sectionB 3a) Dear Student, My name is Bob . I live in Toronto , Canada , and I want a pen pal in China . I think China is a interesting country . I’m 14 years old and my brithday is in November . I can sperk English and a littie Frenth . I have a brother , Paul , and a sister , Sarah . They have pen pals in the United Kingdom and Australia . I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports . My favorite subject in school is P.E . It’s fun . But I don’t like math. It’s too difficult! Can you wtite to me soon? Bob 亲爱的同学，我的名字叫鲍勃，我住在加拿大的多伦多。我想在中国找个笔友。我认为中国是个非常有趣的国家。我十四岁，我的生日在九月。我能说英语和一点法语。我有一个哥哥 Paul, 和一个姐姐Sarah。他们在英国和澳大利亚有笔友。我喜欢和我的朋友们看电影和做运动。在学校我最喜欢的科目是体育。它很有趣。但我不喜欢数学。它太难了。你能尽快给我写信吗 Bob 3b PEN PAL WANTED My name is Tom King . I’m 14 years old and I’m from Australia . I sperk English . I have a brother , Sam , and a sister , Lisa . I play soccer on weekengs . It’s my favorite sport . I like music at school . It’s fun! My favorite movte is The Long Weekend . Do you know it ? It’s an action movie . Please write and tell me about yoursrlf. 征集笔友我的名字是汤姆~金。我14岁,我来自澳大利亚。我讲英语。我有一个哥哥, 萨姆,和一个妹妹,莉莎。我在周末踢足球，那是我最喜欢的运动。我喜欢学校的音乐课。它是有趣的!我最喜欢的电影是《这个长周末》。你知道它吗?它是一部动作片。请写信给我,告诉我有关你的一些情况。 Unit 2 (sectionB 3a) Welcome to the Garden District Turn left on First Avenue and enjoy the city’s quiet streets and smail parks . Take a walk through the park on Center Avenue . Across from the park is an old hotel . Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden . This is the benginning of the garden tour. 欢迎来到这个花园区在第一大街左转并享受这个城市的安静街道和小公园。在中心大道上散步穿过这个公园。在公园对面是一个老旅馆。紧靠这个旅馆旁边是一个带着有趣花园的小房子。开始游历这个花园。

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学院：专 2011年6月电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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有关交通灯中英文翻译资料

当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤、违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通灯系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行监控；各路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控中心能改变其周期；对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，以信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。 The times is a automation times nowadays , traffic light waits for much the industry

equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of. Therefore, a good traffic light controls system , will give road aspect such as being crowded , controlling against rules to give a technical improvement. With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop, as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies, intelligence equipment has had very big development , the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction. The main body of a book is designed having introduced a intelligence traffic light systematically. The function being intelligence traffic light navar's turn to be able to come true has: The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area; Every crossing has the fixed duty period , charges centre for being able to change it's period and in depending on a road when being crowded; The motor vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately , abstracts and the vehicle shop sign. Within world range, one uses the microelectronics technology , the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide's , centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant. But, how, computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect's brought it's effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of conversation of scientific community , is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays. The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine's only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light , use opera tion in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.

英语背诵美文30篇(翻译)

生而为赢（中文翻译） ——新东方英语背诵美文30篇目录： ·第一篇：Y outh 青春 ·第二篇：Three Days to See(Excerpts)假如给我三天光明（节选） ·第三篇：Companionship of Books 以书为伴（节选） ·第四篇：If I Rest, I Rust 如果我休息，我就会生锈 ·第五篇：Ambition 抱负 ·第六篇：What I have Lived for 我为何而生 ·第七篇：When Love Beckons Y ou 爱的召唤 ·第八篇：The Road to Success 成功之道 ·第九篇：On Meeting the Celebrated 论见名人 ·第十篇：The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理论半对半 ·第十一篇What is Y our Recovery Rate? 你的恢复速率是多少？ ·第十二篇：Clear Y our Mental Space 清理心灵的空间 ·第十三篇：Be Happy 快乐 ·第十四篇：The Goodness of life 生命的美好 ·第十五篇：Facing the Enemies Within 直面内在的敌人 ·第十六篇：Abundance is a Life Style 富足的生活方式 ·第十七篇：Human Life a Poem 人生如诗 ·第十八篇：Solitude 独处 ·第十九篇：Giving Life Meaning 给生命以意义 ·第二十篇：Relish the Moment 品位现在 ·第二十一篇：The Love of Beauty 爱美 ·第二十二篇：The Happy Door 快乐之门 ·第二十三篇：Born to Win 生而为赢 ·第二十四篇：W ork and Pleasure 工作和娱乐 ·第二十五篇：Mirror, Mirror--What do I see镜子,镜子,告诉我 ·第二十六篇：On Motes and Beams 微尘与栋梁 ·第二十七篇：An October Sunrise 十月的日出 ·第二十八篇：To Be or Not to Be 生存还是毁灭 ·第二十九篇：Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说 ·第三十篇：First Inaugural Address(Excerpts) 就职演讲（节选） 1．青春-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 青春不是人生的一个阶段，而是一种心境；青春不是指粉红的面颊、鲜艳的嘴唇、富有弹性的膝盖，而是指坚定的意志、丰富的想象、充沛的情感；青春，它是清新的生命之泉。青春是一种气质，勇敢胜过怯弱，渴求冒险而不贪图安逸。这样的气息60老者常常有，20青年恰恰无。年岁增添，未必使人垂老；理想不再，终于步入暮年。岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂。忧烦、惶恐、自卑，使人心灵扭曲，心灰意冷。无论60还是16岁，人人心中都怀着对新奇事物的向往，象孩童般对未来充满憧憬，此情永不消退，在生活的游戏中汲取快乐。在你我的内心深处都有一座无线电台，只要它接收到人间和上帝发出的美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就会青春永驻。

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。

中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译

韶关学院期末考核报告科目：专业英语学生姓名：学号：同组人：院系：专业班级：考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师：评分：

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced

机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外文翻译英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are

英语短文中英文翻译

my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天，一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它（大象），这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说，“不要在我卖出它（大象）之前说关于它（大象）的事，然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”，这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后，他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说，“现在，你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道坏的耳朵”，这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象？”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答，“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象，还有我想知道它（大象）是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不