英文文章及翻译
2.1算法思想的提出
2.1 algorithm proposed ideas
所谓赋权汉密尔顿回路最小化问题是指，给定n个点及n个点两两之间的距离(或权数)，求一条回路，使之经过所有的点，且经过每个点仅一次，而整条回路(也称路径或边界)的总距离(或总权数)最小。
The so-called empowerment Hamilton loop minimization problem is to point to that, given n points and n points of the distance between (or opposite); a circuit weight, make through all the points, and after each point only once, and the whole loop (also called path or boundary) total distance (or total weighted function) minimum.
这一问题总是可以通过枚举法求出其解的，但由于枚举法的计算量过大，达到(n－1)!的数量级，因而，不是可行的方法。由此，人们提出了启发式算法来求解问题的近似解。所谓启发式算法，一般地讲，就是发现某些最优解所具备的特征或不应具备的特征，对应有特征而言，求出含应有特征的可行解；对不应有特征而言，从解空间中剔除不应有特征的解，再从剩余空间中找一个解。因而，启发式算法可以定义为：从最优解的必要条件出发，设计一个有效算法，使之求出的解满足这些必要条件。
This problem can always through the enumeration method find out the solution, but due to the enumeration method of computing dimension, achieve (n - 1)! The magnitude of the issue, therefore, is not feasible method. Thus, people put forward to solve the
problem of heuristic algorithm approximate solution. Alleged heuristic algorithm, generally speaking, is that some optimal solution has the characteristics or not should possess the characteristics of concerned, should ask the characteristics of the feasible solution containing should have characteristics; Should not have characteristics of concerned, from the solution space to remove the solution should not feature, and again from the remaining space looking for a solution. Therefore, heuristic algorithm can be defined as: from the optimal solution of the necessary conditions, and to design an effective algorithm, make out the solution meet these necessary condition.
就一般算法的本质而言，它是提供一种规范的过程，经由该过程得出的解满足问题最优解的充分条件，即算法应该是问题最优解的充分条件的一种规范实现过程；而算法设计本身要求，算法必须给出解，因此，算法实际上还要满足最优解的必要条件，即算法可以定义为：算法是问题最优解的充分必要条件的一种规范实现过程。
The essence on the general algorithm, it is to provide a standard of process through this process, that the optimal solution meet problem, namely, the sufficient conditions for the existence of the optimal algorithm should be problems the sufficient conditions for the existence of a normal realization process; And algorithm design itself requirements, algorithm, therefore, must be solution
algorithm actually also to meet the necessary conditions of the optimal solution, namely algorithm can be defined as: algorithm is the optimal solution of the problem, the sufficient and necessary conditions of a normal realization process.
启发式算法只满足了算法的必要性条件，而没有满足其充分性条件，就一般意义而言，其结果不是问题的最优解。基于这一思路，经典启发式算法的做法就是从满足必要条件的解空间中找出一个解，这就产生了一个问题：这样的解是否还可以按某种规则改进?这就涉及局部极值或重叠应用启发式算法的问题。如果存在局部极值或进一步优化的规则，那么，在已有解的基础上继续运用这些规则会极大改进算法的性能，这就是本算法的基本思路。Heuristic algorithm only satisfy the necessary condition of the algorithm, and not meet its adequacy condition, general sense, the result is not the problem of optimal solution. Based on this idea, it is classic heuristic algorithm from meet the necessary conditions in the solution space find a solution, which has a problem: such a solution according to certain rules whether can also improve? This will involve local extremum or jackknife application of heuristic algorithm. If there are local extremum or further optimized rules, then, on the basis of the existing solution continued to use these rules will greatly improve performance of the algorithm, this is the basic thought of this algorithm.
2.2算法的规则分析
Rules of 2.2 algorithm is analyzed
依据上述局部优化的算法思想，对赋权汉密尔顿最小化问题进行分析。对该问题的一般形式(包括平面和非平面)给出一条规则：最优路径上各点在插入路径时，其路径变化量最小。
Based on the above local optimization algorithm for empowerment Hamilton thoughts, analyzes minimization problem. The general form of the problem and the plane (including plane are one rule:) the optimal path is inserted in different points on the route, the minimum amount of path changes.
这是本文给出优化算法的基础。关于该规则，用反证法可以简单地证明，即若最优路径上有某一点在插入路径时，其路径变化量不是最小，那么，至少还有一种插入法的路径变化量更少，则以路径变化量更小的插法来代替原插入方法，由此形成的回路其路径更短，而这与原路径最短的假设矛盾，所以，规则成立。
This is the basis of optimization algorithm are given in this paper. About the rules, with counter-evidence method can simply proof, the optimal path sacrificed if a certain point when inserted in, its path path is not the smallest amount of variation, then, there is at least a insertion method path variation less, criterion with path variation inserted more small method to replace the former insert method, thus forming a loop its path, and this more short with the
original path the shortest hypothesis is contradictory, so, rules established.
依据上面的分析，给出相应的算法。
Based on the above analysis, and gives corresponding algorithm.
2.3.1优化方法
2.3.1 optimization method
第0步，确定一个初始的循环起点。即以汉密尔顿回路上的某一点作为循环的起点，以该起点为当前点，转入第1步。
The first 0 step, sure an initial cycle starting point. Namely to Hamilton back at some point as a way of starting point and by the cycle for current points, to start the first step.
第1步，跨线切割形成孤立点。即在已形成的汉密尔顿回路上，以当前点为跨线的起点，按路径方向作跨线，用跨线切割中间点，使该中间点成为孤立点，而该跨线成为一条边；此时，回路的路径上不包含全部点，故非然汉密尔顿回路，转入第2步。
Step 1, cross line form outlier. The Hamilton has formed namely in road, by current points to the starting point for cross line direction, by path across lines, use cross line middle point, make the intermediate point become isolated points, while the cross
line become an edge; At this time, circuit path does not contain all points, so the ran Hamilton circuit, turn to step 2.
第2步，将孤立点重新连入路径中。按路径变化量最小原则，将被切割下来的孤立点重新连入回路中；连入之后，回路的路径中包括全部点，故又形成汉密尔顿回路，转入第3步。
Step 2, will outlier to concatenation path. According to the minimum amount of path changes, it will be cut down the principle of outlier to concatenation loop; Concatenation, circuit path after, so it is also include all the points, turn to form Hamilton circuit for the first three steps.
第3步，如果产生了路径的变化，则以新路径取代旧路径，但以原跨线的起点为循环的新起点，也为当前点，返回第1步，继续计算；否则，走向下一点，以下一点为当前点，转入第4步。
Step 3, if produced path changes, criterion with new path to replace the old path, but the starting point to the cross line for the cycle of new starting point, but also for the current point, return to step 1, continue to computing; Otherwise, toward the next point, the following point for the current point, turn to step 4.
第4步，判断一个循环是否完成，即当前点是否是循环的起点。如是，则算法结束；如不是，则转入第1步。(算法描述完毕)
Step 4, judge a cycle is completed, namely the starting point of the point is cycle. If yes, then algorithm ended; If not, then turn to step 1. (arithmetic description finished)
当算法结束时，回路上的每一个点相对于其它点都是最优，即回路达到其局部极值。
When algorithm end, back every point on relative to the other point is the optimum, namely loop achieve its local minima.
对平面问题，为简化计算，当跨线为内连线时，不作变动，向下一点走；当跨线为外连线时，切割其中间点，然后再将被切掉的中间点重新连入路径中。
On planar problem, for the simplified calculation, when cross line is the attachment, does not make the change, down a little walk; When cross line cutting to the attachment, between point of, and then will be cut off to the middle point scored path.
论文外文文献翻译3000字左右
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
外文文献及翻译
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英文论文及中文翻译
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英语美文(带翻译)
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快速外文文献翻译
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毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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【英文文献及翻译】中国高速铁路China High-Speed Railway
China High-Speed Railway As the economic grow, intercity travel demand has increased dramatically in the Greater China Area. Traditional railways can hardly satisfy the passenger and freight travel demand, high speed rail is hence proposed and constructed after 1990s. This study aims to integrate current development of both rail-based and Maglev high speed trains in this area. From 1997, Taiwan kicked-off its high speed rail construction by importing the technology of Japanese Shinkansen. The Taiwan High Speed Rail is a 15-billion US dollars project. To save the cost of construction and management, the BOT model was applied. Though not totally satisfied, this project is still successful and ready to operate in the 4th quarter of 2007. China is preparing its high speed rail services by upgrading current networks. The capacity and operating speed are all increased after 5-times system upgrade. The 6th upgrade will be initiated in 2006. By then, trains will run at a speed of 200km/h in a total distance of 1,400km in 7 different routes. From the white paper published by the Ministry of Railway in China, there will be totally 8 rail-based High Speed Train services. Four of them are North-South bound, and four of them are East-West bound. 5 of the 8 High Speed Rails are now under construction, the first line will be finished in 2009, and the 2nd one will be in 2010. By 2020, there will be totally 12,000 kilometers high speed rail services in China. The 250 billion US dollars construction cost still leaves some uncertainties for all these projects. Finally, the future of the Maglev system in China is not so bright as rail-based. Shanghai airport line could be the first, also the last Maglev project in China if the approved Shanghai-Hangzhou line cannot raise enough 4.4 billion dollars to build it. Steel rail composition Steel rail is composed of iron, carbon, manganese, and silicon, and contains impurities such as phosphorous, sulphur, gases, and slag. The proportions of these substances may be altered to achieve different properties, such as increased resistance to wear on curves. The standard configuration for North American rail resembles an upside down T. The three parts of T-rail are called the base, web, and head. The flat base enabled such rail to be spiked directly to wooden crossties; later, rail was placed on the now-standard steel tie plate. While the proportions and precise shape of rail are subject to constant analysis and refinement, the basic T-section has been standard since the mid-19th century. Weight
英语美文欣赏带翻译
Friends or 'Enemies?' When I was younger, my Dad used to tell me: "Boys don't want to be your friend." He then left the rest to my imagination. At the time, I didn't agree. I thought: I can crack a good joke, I know how to shoot a hoop, and I'm a cheerful person (but not in an annoying way). What kind of boy wouldn't want to be around that kind of girl? Turns out, my Dad was right. Not to be all "Samantha Brick" about it, but in my experience, single, heterosexual men aren't actively looking for an exclusively platonic relationship with a woman they find sexually attractive. This of course is not a revolutionary concept. In fact, it seems pretty natural to me. Now, I will be the first to say that it is really and truly the most wonderful thing in the world if the attraction is mutual. But the Powers That Be seem to like to play these complicated little mating games with humans where the guy we want to re-enact scenes from 9? Weeks with sees our attractiveness level as akin to that of a discarded dishcloth, and the most physical we could see ourselves being with the guy who actually likes us is a game of ping pong over an especially long table. All of which means that someone usually ends up getting rejected. I'm sure I'm not alone when I say I have struggled with the scenario where I am not interested in a man romantically, but I want to keep him as a friend because he is funny and I enjoy his company, or he has shown himself to be that rare specimen known as "a nice, genuine person, " or he simply doesn't mention his therapist in every other sentence. Rather than string him along and give him hope, I feel compelled to somehow communicate to him sooner rather than later that we'll just be staying friends, nothing more. Otherwise, I think I am being unfair to him. Why should he waste his romantic stamina on me when there are loads of other single women out there who might fall instantly in love with him? The thing is, it can sometimes be tricky to reject a man and keep him as a friend. If the operation is not executed carefully, you may end up creating a "menemy." It requires a certain amount of skill to be able to turn down a man's sexual advances or romantic gestures and then get him to agree to meet you for blueberry pancakes the following weekend and chat about the latest Woody Allen film. Some men aren't satisfied with just that. I'm not clear why. What's so bad about friendship? Everyone needs buddies. But I've seen men react poorly or simply fall off the face of the earth. I get it -- their feelings are hurt. None of us likes getting rejected. But in my experience, some men find it especially soul-crushing. I am only bringing all of this up because I recently had to go through this scenario again. I had spent some time cultivating a friendship with a man who, in my defense, I thought was gay. So I didn't see the harm in him buying me the occasional falafel, or accepting an invitation to see a film with him. Isn't that what friends are for? But a mutual friend shed light on his sexual orientation (straight) and suggested that his intentions -- and attentions -- weren't platonic. He had never "made the moves" but now it was all crystal clear -- that explains the way he had looked at me that time the tahini sauce dribbled down my chin! Since he had clearly been too timid to express his feelings, I thought I would be clever this time and subtly mention the dates I had been going on, focusing on the one guy I was kind of keen on, so that he would know that I was "unavailable" for heavy petting and those sorts of activities, but that I was available for things like roller skating, falafel-eating and shooting the breeze. Doesn't that sound nice? That way, he would known not to try to lean in for a kiss, and I wouldn't have to pull the Stevie Wonder dance and dodge him went he went for it. It was like pre-rejection, yet I was sparing his feelings because he didn't even have to put himself out there! I really thought I was being brilliant. It backfired, of course. Said man ended up sending me an email rant accusing me of being insensitive by talking about other men when he had "feelings for me." As if I am psychic, by the way, just because I am a woman! How was I supposed to know that? I think in his mind we were dating. In my mind, he was my new gay BFF. In the end, I got mad at him for getting mad at me, and now the friendship has ended. And I have created yet another "menemy." Look, I have also tried the direct thing: "I really like you, but only as a friend, " but you can only do that when the guy has made his intentions clear, and in my experience, they either cope okay (though rarely do I feel much enthusiasm for friendship after that), or they really don't cope well. I also tried the thing where you make them think they are rejecting you, but it gets quite confusing and only works if the guy isn't very sharp, and why would I -- or you -- be hanging out with someone not that sharp in the first place? As we all remember, Billy Crystal's character says men and women can't be friends in When Harry Met Sally because the sex stuff gets in the way. I do have single, male, heterosexual friends with whom I have an easy, non-romantic rapport, but I honestly don't know if they would walk away if I was sprawled naked on a bed calling out to them. I may not be everybody's cup of tea, but sometimes, I wonder if they wonder. And they may wonder if I wonder. If so, I hope they'll keep it to