英语专业英国文学文艺复兴时期名词翻译

The Elizabethan time: refer to the period in English history from

composed plays that broke free of England's past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home,

end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland.

Renaissance（文艺复兴）: The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. T he word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as

models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.

Humanism: A philosophy that places faith in the dignity of humankind and rejects the medieval perception of the individual as a weak, fallen creature. "Humanists" typically believe in the perfectibility of human nature and view reason and education as the means to that end.

The English Reformation: was a series of events in 16th

Sonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in ltalian. He rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.

①The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after

the most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line

‘octave’of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line

‘sestet’ usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The transition from

octave to sestet usually coincides with a ‘turn’ ( ltalian, volta )in

the argument or mood of the poem. In a variant form used by the Englis h poet John Milton, however, the ‘turn’ is delayed to a later

position around the tenth line. Some later poets----notably

William Wordsworth----have employed this feature of the

‘Miltonic sonnet’while relaxing the rhyme scheme of the octave to abbaacca . The Italian pattern has remained the most widely used in English and other languages.

②The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet

after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a

final couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. An important variant of

this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poet

Edmund Spenser), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the ‘turn’comes with

the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of

an epigram.

Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form’s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat’s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley’s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.

The Spenserian sonnet uses three quatrains and a couplet like the Shakespearean, but links their three rhyme schemes in this way: abab bcbc cdcd ee. The Spenserian sonnet develops its theme in two parts like

the Petrarchan, its final six lines resolving a problem, analyzing a narrative, or applying a proposition put forth in its first eight lines.

iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格

the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.

Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.

【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】

Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..” “Studies serve for delight.” “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”

Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目

Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of

human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】

William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.

①The great comedies: A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The

Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night.

②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.

英国文学名词解释

Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature

自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)

英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

英国文学史习题全集(含答案)

Part One Early and Medieval English Literature Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks. 1. In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England. A. William the Conqueror B. Julius Caesar C. Alfred the Great D. Claudius 2. In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is ____ . A. Langland B. Wycliffe C. Gower D. Chaucer 3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____. A. novel B. drama C. romance D. essay 4. The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances. A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B.Beowulf C. Piers the Plowman D. The Canterbury Tales 6. After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _____. A. French B. English C. Latin D. Swedish 9. The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. A. loyalty B. revolt C. obedience D. mockery 11. ______, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about 1340. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Bacon D. John Dryden 12. Chaucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in ____. A. Flanders B. France C. Italy D. Westminster Abbey 15. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _____ based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”. A. The Legend of Good Women B. Troilus and Criseyde C. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D. Beowulf Key to the multiple choices：1-5 ADCAB 6-10 ACBAB 11-15 ADAAB Ⅱ. Questions 1.What are the features of Beowulf? https://www.sodocs.net/doc/fb6417442.html,ment on the social significance and language in The Canterbury Tales. Part Two The English Renaissance Ⅰ. Match the writer and his works. 1.Thomas More 2.Holinshed 3.Hakluyt 4.Richard Tottel 5.Philip Sidney 6.Walter Raleigh 3

英国文学名词解释

课件上找的 1)classicism 2)realism 3)sentimentalism 1.Epic: 史诗 A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral form and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. 2.Alliteration: 头韵 A rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）. 3.Kenning:比喻的复合辞(=metaphor) A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry; for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle. 4.Understatement: expressing something in a controlled way. 5.Romance:传奇 A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. 6.Renaissance文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪） Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. “Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. The Renaissance, which means “rebirth” or “revival”, is actually an intellectual

简述翻译的定义及其历史演变

1.简述翻译的定义及其历史演变 学者候林平将历史上人们对“翻译”定义为三个阶段，每个阶段有不同的定义： （1）第一阶段是传统语文研究阶段，这时候对翻译的定义是比喻式的，鸠摩罗什认为翻译“有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，有令呕秽也”，傅雷认为翻译“如临画”“如伯乐相马” （2）第二阶段是现代语言学研究阶段。英国的翻译理论家卡特福德将翻译视为不同语言文本材料的替代。美国语言学家奈达，则如下定义：所谓翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文信息。 （3）第三阶段是当代多学科研究阶段： 在《翻译语言学》理论中，卡特福德开宗明义，翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作：即用一种语言的文体代替另一种语言的文本过程。 关于翻译的定义中国较为熟悉的有以下几种： 1）翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来了的东西准确而完整的表达出来。 2）翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物过程。 3）所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。 西方的翻译在历史上前后曾出现六次高潮或可分为六个阶段： 第一阶段是公元三世纪中叶罗马对希腊古典作品的翻译，这是欧洲也是整个西方历史上第一次大规模的翻译活动，它开创了翻译的局面。 第二个翻译高潮涌现于罗马帝国后期至中世纪初期，以形形色色的《圣经》译本的出现为标志。 第三阶段发生于中世纪中期，西方翻译家云集，西班牙的托莱多，把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语，其中有大量用阿拉伯文翻译的希腊典籍。 第四阶段发生于文艺复兴时期，翻译活动达到前所未有的高峰，翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、宗教等各个领域。 第五阶段发生于文艺复兴后，17世纪下半叶至20世纪上半叶，翻译家不仅翻译古典著作，而且对近代和当代作品也有很大兴趣，如莎士比亚等，东方文学译品也相继问世。 第六个大发展阶段在二战结束至今。二战后西方经济稳定为翻译事业提供物质基础，由于时代的演变翻译特点发生巨大变化，这一时期的翻译从范围规模作用直至形式都与过去任何时代大不相同，取得很大进展。机器翻译的出现是对几千年来传统手工翻译的挑战，也是人类翻译史上具有深远意义的革命。 翻译事业在我国也有着悠久的历史： 第一次翻译的高潮出现在东汉至北宋时期，这一时期的翻译活动以佛经为主，佛经的翻译开启了我国历史上第一次大规模的文字翻译活动。 第二次高潮出现在明朝后期至鸦片战争期间，翻译的内容主要涉及西欧各国的基督经籍、科技、哲学、文学等著作。 第三次高潮出现在五四运动至新中国成立时期，期间翻译活动促进了马克思主义理论在中国的广泛传播。 第四次高潮是新中国成立至今，新中国的成立，使得我国的翻译事业得到了大解放，翻译活动也进而进入一个最兴盛，最繁荣的发展新时期。

(完整版)英国文学名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里?乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉?朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

文艺复兴时期的英国文学简介

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Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet". Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets. Allegory Allegories are typically used as literary devices or rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey. Epic(史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 简史P39Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters.[1] It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century"[2] and Paul Fussell has estimated that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."[3]Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare. Blank verse, of varying degrees of regularity, has been used quite frequently throughout the 20th century in original verse and in translations of narrative verse. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at

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英国文学名词解释

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