英语专业英美文学文学汇总

Literature terms

1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds

of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗）2Romance:It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（传奇文学）

3Heroic Couplet: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. (英雄双韵

体)

4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common English

meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented

syllable and an accented syllable. (五音步抑扬格)

meter 格律foot音步

5ballad:is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌谣）

6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行诗）

7Blank verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（无韵诗）

8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a character’s innermost thoughts); 2. the

act of talking while or as if alone(独白)

9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in the 18th century.（古典主义）

10Neo-classicism: neo-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. In writing plays, they used rhyme and couplet instead of blank verse, observed the

trinity --- the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主义）

11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other

documents are sometimes used.（书信体小说）

12Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois

revolutions. It embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by a sincere sympathy for the

poverty-stricken ,expropriated peasants.(感伤主义)

Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups

because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主义）

Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.

Brief Outline of British Literature：works

1. Early and Medieval English Literature

1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)

National epic:The Song of Beowulf

2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)

Arthurian Romance: Sir Gawain and

Green Knight

3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of Humanism

The first important realistic writer

“Father” of English poetry

The Canterbury Tales the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）,

the Knight（骑士）,

the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）,

the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）,

the Prologue（序诗）.

The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》

The Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》

Troilus and Criseyde《特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德》

Thomas Malory

Morte d’Arthur (Death of Arthur)《亚瑟之死》

William Langland

Piers the Plowman

[Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron《十日谈》

Ovid奥维德:《爱的艺术》《变形记》]

2. The English Renaissance (16 century)

Thomas More

Utopia

Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛

First person used blank verse

Death of Arthur 《亚瑟之死》

Tamburlaine the Great ?帖木儿大帝?

The Jew of Malta ?马尔他岛的犹太人?

The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus?浮士德博士的悲剧?Hero and Leander《海洛和利安得》

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love《牧羊人的恋歌》

William Shakespeare

one of the founders of realism in world literature as well as in English literature

V enus and Adonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》

The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克里斯受辱记》

Four tragedies：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奥塞罗》

King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》

Four comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of V enice《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》

Ben Jonson本·琼森

first poet- laureate

after Shakespeare the most eminent writer for the Elizabethan stage

the greatest dramatist after Shakespeare

the founder of the so-called “Comedy of Humors”,

Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》

Every Man Out of His Humor《人人扫兴》

Volpone 《福尔蓬奈》the Fox《狐狸》

The Alchemist《炼金术士》

Sir Thomas Wyatt托马斯·怀亚特

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 亨利·霍华德·萨里伯爵

Sir Philip Sidney 西德尼

Astrophel and Stella《爱星者和星星》Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》The Defence of Poetry《诗辩》

Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞

the Poet’s poet , a model of poetical art

greatest non-dramatic poet of his time

first master of English verse

The Shepherd’s Ca lendar《牧人月历》Amoretti 《爱情小诗》

The Fairy Queen《仙后》

Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根

The father of experimental philosophy

The most important prose writer of the Elizabethan Age

the first English essayist

the founder of English materialist philosophy.

The Advancement of Learning《学术的进展》The Novum Organum (The New Instrument)《新工具》The New Atlantis《新大西岛》The Essays 《散文集》(Of Studies)

3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution (17 century)

John Milton约翰·弥尔顿

the smartest man in Europe

a master of the blank verse

Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》

Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》Lycidas 《利西达斯》

Comus《科玛斯》a masque《假面剧》

John Bunyan约翰·班扬

Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner《功德无量》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman《恶人先生的生平和死亡》《贝德曼先生的一生》The Holy War《神圣战争》

John Donne约翰·邓恩

Founder of Metaphysical poetry选学派诗人

Songs and Sonnets《歌与短歌》Holy sonnet《圣十四行诗》Divine poem《神圣诗歌》Elegies and Satire《挽歌与讽刺诗》Meditations《冥想》/《沉思》4. The Age of Enlightenment (18 century)

Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏

Essay on Criticism《论批评》

The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》

Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾狄生andRichard Steel理查德·斯蒂尔

The Tatler and The Spectator

Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福

18世纪启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人

Robinson Crusoe

Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》

Colonel Jacque《杰克上校》

Moll Flanders《茉尔·弗兰德丝》

A Journal of the Plague Year《瘟疫记事》

Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特

One of the greatest masters of English prose

a master satirist

Gulliver’s Travels

A Tale of a Tub 《一个木桶的故事》The Battle of Books《书的战争》The Drapier’s Letters《一个麻布商的书信》

A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》

Samuel Richardson 塞谬尔·理查逊

Pamela 《帕美勒》

Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady《克拉丽莎》

The History of Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·葛兰底森爵士传》

Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁

最早的现实主义小说理论家

现实主义小说奠基人

Tom Jones《汤姆˙琼斯》

Don Quixote in England《唐吉诃德在英国》

Pasqin《巴斯昆》

The Historical Register for the Year 1736

《一七三六年历史记事》

The Tragedy of Tragedies or The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great 《悲剧的悲剧：或伟人汤姆传》

Joseph Andrews《约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历》

Jonathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德》

Amelia《阿米丽亚》

Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊

As Lexicographer or The Dictionary of the English Language英语词典Oliver Goldsmith戈德史密斯

Ano velist and poet belongs to the school of Sentimentalism She Stoops to Conquer《屈伸求爱》

The Vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德牧师传》

The Traveler and The Deserted Village

The Citizen of the World《世界公民》

Richard Brinsley Sheridan 谢里丹

The School for Scandal 《造谣学校》Comedy of Manners风尚喜剧Thomas Gray 格雷-------- sentimentalism

On the Death of a Favorite Cat 《爱猫之死》

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓园挽歌》

The Progress of Poetry 《诗的发展》

The Correspondence of Thomas Gray《格雷书信集》

William Blake威廉布莱克

Tiger 《老虎》

Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》

Songs of Experience《经验之歌》

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Robert Burns-罗伯特彭斯--- pre-romanticism

the most famous poets of the peasants in the world

A red red rose《我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰》

5. Romanticism in England (19 century)

Poetry

William Wordsworth华兹华斯

The prelude《序曲》

Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud《我好似一朵流云独自漫步》

To the 《咏水仙》

S. T. Coleridge柯林律治

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》《古水手谣》

Kubla khan 《忽必烈汗》

George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦

One of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism

one of the most influential poets of the time

Hours of Idleness《闲暇时刻》

Child Harold’s Pil grimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》.

Don Juan《唐璜》

She Walks in Beauty

Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱

Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》

Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》

Address to the Irish People《告爱尔兰人书》

The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》

The Masque of Anarchy《暴政的行列》

The Cenci《钦契一家》

A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》

The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》

Ode to the West Wind10. To a Skylark《致云雀》

John Keats济慈

Lamia《莱米亚》

Endymion《恩底弥翁》

On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer《初读查普曼译荷马史诗》Isaabella 《伊莎贝拉》

The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前夕》

Hyperion《赫坡里昂》

On a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》To Autumn《秋颂》

On Melancholy《忧郁颂》To a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》

Prose fiction

Walter Scott司各特

the first novelist to recreate the past

Waverley

Old Morality

Rob Roy

The Heart of Midlothian

Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》

Rob Roy

Novel

Jane Austen 简·奥斯丁

Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》

Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》

Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》

Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德花园》

Emma《爱玛》Persuasion 《劝告》

Romantic essay

Charles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆

Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》

Album Verses

Essays of Elia《伊利亚随笔》

William Hazlitt威廉·赫列特

Thomas De Quincey托马斯·德·昆西

6. The Victorian Age --- Critical Realism in England (19 century)

Novel

Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯

Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》

The Old Curiocity Shop《老古玩店》

The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》

fill in the Blanks

Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their primitive Northern Europe.

Beowulf was passed down from mouth to mouth.

Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.

Humanism refers to the literary culture in the Renaissance.

Humanism became the central theme of English Renaissance. Thomas More and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists

Humanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.

The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.

Early Plays in Middle Ages include The Miracle Play奇迹剧

The Morality Play道德剧The Interlud幕间休息剧The Classical Drama古典剧

The immediate predecessors of Shakespeare were a group of men from the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge, who were generally known as the University Wits

The key-note of Ham let’s character is melancholy，and there can be no Hamlet without melancholy

Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance

Hamlet’s learning , wisdom, noble nature,limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 17th and the 16th centuries.

Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse;

He was a great master of English language;

He was the summit of the English Renaissance and one of the great writers all over the world.

Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man

, craving (longing) for knowledge.

Satan is a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a republican Parliament

English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.

Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.

this period was characterized by the so-called neo-classicism of which the

leading figure was Alexander Pope.

The representative of Periodical Literature in Early 18th Century England: Addison and Steele

The best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island.

A social fable consists of four books. The hero of the novel is Lemuel Gulliver, a doctor. telling about his fantastic visits to some unbelievable places, in which the inhabitants are Lilliputians,the giants Brobdingnagians, Yahoos, and Houyhnhnms.

The features of the Romantic writings a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.

Romantic writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures

The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man

Personified nature plays an important role in the pages of Romantic writings

The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century

i wandered lonely contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter.The poem is about The beauty of nature

Question

1What is Literature？

Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences.

2What is Renaissance?

1. Definition

The Renaissance (14th – mid-17th century), which means rebirth and revival. The renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church(罗马天主教堂).

It is characterized with the growth of a more scientific outlook, major development in art and literature, new invention and overseas discoveries and a general assertion of human value and emancipation(解放) of the human intellect and power.

3Summarize the periods of Shakespeare’s literary career and achievements？

Shakespeare’s Literary Career

?Four successive periods with increasing maturity

◆1588-1593, the Period of Experiment and Preparation

●Richard III, a melodramatic chronicle-history play, largely imitative of Marlowe and yet showing striking power

●At the end of this period Shakespeare issued two rather long narrative poems on classical subjects, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece

◆1594-1601, the second period Shakespeare’s work, filled with chronicle-history plays and comedies

●Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, etc.

●Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It

●Romeo and Juliet

◆1601-1609, the third period of Shakespeare’s literary career, in which appeared Shakespeare’s great tragedies and certain cynical plays

●In these plays, Shakespeare sets himself to grapple with the deepest and darkest problems of human characters and life

●Shakespeare’s four great tragedies

?Hamlet: the struggle of a perplexed and divided soul/self

?Othello: the ruin of a noble life/ man by an evil one through the terrible power of jealousy

?King Lear: unnatural ingratitude working its hateful will and yet

thwarted at the end by its own excess and by faithful love

?Macbeth: the destruction of a large nature by material ambition

◆After 1609, the fourth period of Shakespear e’s literary career, a period

of romance-comedies

●Shakespeare did not solve the insoluble problems of life, but having presented them as powerfully, perhaps, as is possible for human intelligence, he turned in his last period to the expression of the serene philosophy of life

●Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest

(1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is "to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature". In his works, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides,

his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time.

(2)Shakespeare is amazingly prolific Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets,

and 2 long poems. No two of his play invoke the same feeling or image among the audience. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays. He gives us a world of full-blooded people who live and struggle, suffer and rejoice-representing all the complexities

and implications of real life.

(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and

the dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writersMany of his new c oinage and turns of expressions have

become every-day usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English

Bible are the two great treasures of the English language.

(4)Hence, Shakespeare has been universally

acknowledged to be the summit of the

English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over. 3Chaucer’s Contribution？

1. He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.

2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English), thus establishing English as the literary language.

3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language

4What is the Enlightenment Movement?

The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.

What is romanticism? What about its feature?

1. The general feature is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.

2. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.

3. The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man.

Personified nature plays an important role in the pages of their works.

文学赏析

Beowulf:---national epic

(1) Goodness conquers evil. (Beowulf stands for all that is good, brave and proper, while the monsters stand for evil.)

(2) Men against nature (The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.)

(3) Judge the greatness of a human being by the greatness of his deeds and his noble ancestry.

(4) Help thy neighbor. (Beowulf risks his life to help a neighbor, King Hrothgar, in trouble.)

(5) Forces of darkness—irrational, menacing—are always at work in society.

The writing features of Beowulf

1). The most important is in alliterative(头韵的) verse and in artistic form.

2). Another is the frequent use of metaphors and understatements(暗含的意义) for ironical humor.

The Faerie(Fairy) Queene and Comments

a long poem

1 The dominating thoughts of it: nationalism, humanism and Puritanism

2 The Spenserian stanza: a verse form consisting of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of 6 iambic feet with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.

3 The Faerie Queene is the first national epic of England in the age of the Renaissance. It expresses the poet’s patriotic feelings of national greatness, and voices the moral ideals of the English aristocracy as embodied in the noble, virtuous and brave knight.

The Image of Hamlet

1. He is a humanist free from medieval prejudice and superstition. He has love for the world rather than heaven, he cherishes a firm belief in

man’s power and destiny.

2. He loves good and hates evil. He adore his father, loves Ophelia and greets his school-fellows with hearty welcome, while he is disgusted with his uncle’s drunkenness and shocked by his mother’s shallowness

3. His intellectual genius is outstanding. He is a close observer. He can easily see through people. His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted. He is scholar, soldier and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.

The Merchant of V enice

The traditional theme

To praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.

The modern interpretation

To regard the play as a satire of the Christians’hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews, here represented by Shylock

Paradise lost

1. The theme of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority.

2. God: selfish despot暴君,cruel, unjust

3. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man, craving (longing) for knowledge

4. God’s angels are foolish, resembling the court of an absolute monarch.

5. Satan is a rebel against tyranny(专制，暴行) and Satan and his followers resemble a republican Parliament

The Image of Satan

1. Satan is the real hero of the poem.

2. He is firmer than the rest of the angels.

3. He has an invincible(战无不胜的) heart.

4. Satan remains superior in nobility and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy;

5. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.

6. Milton makes Satan as his own mouthpiece(代言人).

The Pilgrim’s Progress

Bunyan’s language

1.Bunyan’s language is chiefly plain and colloquial and quite modern in comparison with that of the writers of the Renaissance.

2. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful.

3. He paved the way not only in language style but also in writing technique of novels, for the novelists of the 18th century as Swift and Defoe.

The image of Robinson Crusoe

1.One of the representative of the rising bourgeoisie

2. An enterprising Englishman

3. A laborer, a hard-working industrious and intelligent man.

4. A typical colonizer, explorer, and a foreign trader.

5.He is alert, vigorous and resourceful

Blake’s poems such as tiger 《老虎》and comments on Blank

(1) Blake’s poems seem easy but difficult to understand for his m mysterious images and symbols, unless versed in ( skilled at )religious knowledge.

(2) Blake’s poems are full of emotion and apparent presentation of his progressive democratic idea in symbolism

Comments

1) Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century.

2) His poems were full of romantic spirit, imagery symbolism and revolutionary spirit.

3) He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.

Comments on Burns & His Poems

1. Burns was one of the most famous poets

of the peasants in the world.

2. He obtained the characteristic of all old Scottish songs: simplicity, vividness, humor, directness and optimism, with a

new spirit of romanticism.

Explanation William Wordsworth poem i wandered lonely

【赏析】：

这首诗写于诗人从法国回来不久。诗人带着对自由的向往去了法国，参加一些革命活动。但法国革命没有带来预期的结果，随之而来的是混乱。诗人的失望和受的打击是可想而知的，后来在他的朋友和妹妹的帮助下，情绪才得以艰难地恢复。这首诗就写于诗人的心情平静之后不久。

在诗的开头，诗人将自己比喻为一朵孤独的流云，孤单地在高高的天

空飘荡。孤傲的诗人发现一大片金色的水仙，它们欢快地遍地开放。在诗人的心中，水仙已经不是一种植物了，而是一种象征，代表了一种灵魂，代表了一种精神。

水仙很多，如天上的星星，都在闪烁。水仙似乎是动的，沿着弯屈的海岸线向前方伸展。诗人为有这样的旅伴而欢欣鼓舞、欢呼跳跃。在诗人的心中，水仙代表了自然的精华，是自然心灵的美妙表现。但是，欢快的水仙并不能时时伴在诗人的身边，诗人离开了水仙，心中不时冒出忧郁孤寂的情绪。这时诗人写出了一种对社会、世界的感受：那高傲、纯洁的灵魂在现实的世界只能郁郁寡欢。当然，诗人的脑海深处会不时浮现水仙那美妙的景象，这时的诗人又情绪振奋，欢欣鼓舞。

诗歌的基调是浪漫的，同时带着浓烈的象征主义色彩。可以说，诗人的一生只在自然中找到了寄托。

In the poem, writer not only sang the natural wonderful things, but also expressed the perpetual pleasure from momentary beauty Wordsworth’s Contribution

Wordsworth’s contribution to the historical development of English poetry lies also in his reaction against the stale poetic diction of neo-classicism of the 18th century and in the starting of the new tradition of romanticism by glorifying the world of nature and by the use of simple language of the common people

Comments on Don Juan

1.The story of the poem takes place in the later part of the 18th century.

2. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth.

3. This long poem describes Don Juan’s vicissitudes(变迁) of life and adventures in many countries.

4.The hero is made to participate in different historical events.

Thus we can get a broad panorama（全景）of the social life of the time.

5. The poem gives a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions.

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.

探析英美文学与英语教学的关系

探析英美文学与英语教学的关系 中国目前英语的学习可以说是蔚然成风，大有举国上下学英语的趋势。英语学习者一般可以分为两类：一是英语专业的学生，人数相对比较少；二是非英语专业的学生，这是一个非常庞大的群体。目前的现状是，在广大的英语学习者和爱好者对英语的痴迷当中，不仅淹没了英语专业的学科特点，而且也使英语专业的教学丧失了特点，甚至沦为与非英语专业的教学并无二致的地步，并且伴随着外部与内部的变化，一切都被体制化了。比如，在非英语专业的学生和教师那里，把英语学习与英美文学的教学分离开来了，即学习英语不用学习英美文学。而在英语专业中，文学教学则似乎成了学习英语的一道可有可无的程序。正如j.希利斯·米勒所说的那样，读小说、诗歌、剧本或是看戏成了越来越造作、次要、过时的活动。[1] 何谓文学？文学是语言的艺术。但现在中国的情形是：只要语言，抛弃了文学，或者说是隔断了语言与文学关系。就非英语专业的学生而言，很少接触到英美文学的作品，或者只是一些节本甚至是节段；而对英语专业的学生来说，虽然号召学生去读原著，但我们的高级英语的课本或是综合英语的课程或是阅读的课程，包括英美文学的选读本，选的都是一些节段。学生们似乎也更喜欢简写本的英美文学名著，甚或以根据名著改编的电影来代替阅读名著。这样，文学一词本身所具有的阅读实践的意义消失了。而学科本身也同样存在着值得引起注意的现象。比如，在我们现有英美文学的教材和选读本中，编著者最喜欢说的似乎是作家不幸的身世或是其奇特的经历。结果，作家在学生眼里成了生活的另类，学生们似乎更了解艾伦·坡是个酒鬼、疯子，海明威娶了几任妻子等等，但却忽略了他们的真知灼见对社会和人类智慧的贡献。 在这样的大背景下，文学教学的有什么意义？文学教学的目的应该是什么呢？ 在笔者看来，学习一门外语，应该有四个层次：一是学其语言，学会最基本的交流手段，学会怎么说、怎么写、怎么阅读、怎么翻译；二是学其文学，一国之文学不仅是其语言的艺术，而且还有这个国家的人们的爱恨情感和对真、善、美的追求；三是学其文化，了解其哲学、历史、宗教、音乐、艺术等有助于加强对异国的认识与人民之间的沟通；第四个层次也是最高的层次，是学习人类之文明。人类的语言、文化虽然各异，但仍存在着共通之处。哲学大师罗素曾经在《中西文明比较》的文章中说，不同文明之间的交流，过去已经多次证明是人类文明发展的里程碑。而我们现行的英语本科生的教育，过于专注基本技能的训练，似乎唯有听、说、读、写、译，别无其他。我常想，这样训练出来的学生，跟非英语专业的学生有什么区别呢？一个非英语专业的学生有自己的专业，英语学得好就如虎添翼。而英语专业的学生呢？ 笔者认为，英语学科不应成为被整个人文学科遗忘的角落，文学教学应不失其人文价值。正如比迪·马丁所说，如果没有受过文学理论的教育，学生们很少会有机会清晰地去思考问题[2]。在英语系，不仅要教授学生语音、语法、听说、阅读等等，更要教会学生去思考进行复杂的、深入的和富有想像力的思考。我们必须让学生看到所有的问题都是开放性的，要让他们相信，意义、价值并非在某个固定的地方，既不在作者的意图或是潜意识的动机那里，也不在文本的语境之中；既不在一种特殊的理论原那里，也不在批评家或是教师那里。文学教学不是要去寻找各种各样权威的或是正确的解释而是要为学生提供一个阅读和思考的场所，教师应该鼓励学生学会个性化的阅读和培养一种独立思考的能力。而对于非英语专业的学生而言，教学方法应更灵活，形式应更多样。针对大学英语课时少的情况，目前比较现实可行的办法，一是采用专题讲座的形式，挑选一些中国学生耳熟能详的英美作家，如莎士比亚、雪莱、狄更斯、海明威等人的作品，进行分析、讲解、讨论，如开设《西方名著赏析》；也可专讲某一文学专题，如《浪漫主义文学》、《圣经文学》、《希腊神话》等；二是把英美文学教学融入西方文化的教学中，如开设《西方文化导论》、《文艺复兴史》等；如进一步，可

英美文学重点整理

What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。

48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?

**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.

英语本科专业英美文学方向毕业论文选题参考

1。An Ａｎaｌｙsis ｏf Hａrｄy’s ComｐarisonｓiｎTeｓs ｏf ｔhe d’Urbｅｒｖｉlles 浅析哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中对比手法的运用 2. TｈｅＵse of Hemingway's Iceｂeｒg Ｔｈｅory in TheＯld Maｎand ｔｈe Sea 海明威“冰山原理"在《老人与海》中的运用 3。ＡnＡnａlｙｓis of Aｌeｃ’ｓＰeｒｓonalｉｔｉes iｎＴeｓs of the ｄ’Urbervｉllｅs 解读《德伯家的苔丝》中阿雷克的性格 4。AｎＩｎterpretation of the FemａlｅChａracter Estｅlｌa in Great Expecｔａtions 《远大前程》中女性形象艾丝黛拉解读 ５. An Interpｒｅtatｉon of tｈｅＦｅmalｅChaｒaｃtｅr MisｓHaｖishａmｉn Great Expecｔaｔiｏns 《远大前程》中女性形象郝维辛小姐解读 6.The Uｓe of Stream ｏf Ｃｏnscｉousness in Mrｓ。Ｄａllowaｙ 浅析《达洛维夫人》中的意识流运用 7。Ｆataliｓm iｎTess oｆthe ｄ’Uｒbervilles by TｈｏmaｓＨａrdy 哈代的宿命论在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现 8。An Analyｓis of Thoｍａs Ｈarｄy’s Aｔｔitｕdｅs tｏｗａrds the Ｈerｏine in Tess o ｆthｅd'Urbｅrｖiｌｌes 哈代对《德伯家的苔丝》中女主人公的态度解读 ９. AｎＩntｅrprｅｔaｔｉon on thｅTｈemes of ｔhｅPoｅｍｓWritten bｙＥmｉly Dickｅnｓon 艾米莉·狄金森诗歌主题解读 10．A CoｍparativｅStuｄｙbetween the Hｅroiｎes'Persoｎａlities in Jaｎe Eyre and Wuthering Heｉghts 《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》女主人公性格对比研究 １1。An Anａlysiｓon the Ｃauses of Ｔｅss's Ｔｒaｇｅdy 苔丝悲剧人生的成因分析 １2.AｎＩｎteｒpretatiｏｎof ｔhe １８ｔh—century Ｅｎglish Fｅmale’ｓChｏice of HusbａndｓfroｍJane Austen's Novels 从简·奥斯丁作品解读十八世纪英国女性择偶观 14。ＡCoｍpａｒaｔｉve StｕdｙoｆTｈree ChineｓｅＶersｉｏｎs of “ＯｆＳtud ｉｅｓ” 《论学习》三种汉译本比较研究 15．Translａtion ＳtｒategieｓanｄＴechniques of Lｏng SｅntｅnceｓiｎTEＭ8 英语专业八级中长句的翻译策略与技巧 1６. ＡＳurvｅy ｏn the Ｓtatus oｆＥnglish and AｍｅrｉｃanＬiterary Clａssiｃs’ Reａｄｉngｏf Enｇlｉｓh Mａjors 英语专业学生阅读英美文学名著状况调查 17。A Survｅy on the Current Tｅａcｈiｎg Situatioｎof Ｅnglish aｎd Ameｒｉcａn Literaturｅs ｉn Ｕniversｉtiｅs of Chｉｎa 关于我国高校英美文学教学现状的调查报告

英语本科专业英美文学方向毕业论文选题参考

1.An Analysis of Hardy’ s Comparisons inTess of the d'Urbervilles 浅析哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中对比手法的运用 2.The Use of Hemingway’ s Iceberg Theory in The Old Man and the Sea 海明威“冰山原理”在《老人与海》中的运用 3. An Analysis of Alec’ s Personalities Tessin of the d'Urbervilles 解读《德伯家的苔丝》中阿雷克的性格 4.An Interpretation of the Female Character Estella in Great Expectations 《远大前程》中女性形象艾丝黛拉解读 5.An Interpretation of the Female Character Miss Havisham in Great Expectations 《远大前程》中女性形象郝维辛小姐解读 6.The Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway 浅析《达洛维夫人》中的意识流运用 7.Fatalism in Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy 哈代的宿命论在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现 8.An Analysis of Thomas Hardy’ s Attitudes towards the Heroine in Tess of the d'Urbervilles 哈代对《德伯家的苔丝》中女主人公的态度解读 9. An Interpretation on the Themes of the Poems Written by Emily Dickenson 艾米莉·狄金森诗歌主题解读 10. A Comparative Study between the Heroines’ Personalities inJane Eyre and Wuthering Heights 《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》女主人公性格对比研究 11.An Analysis on the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 苔丝悲剧人生的成因分析 12.An Interpretation of the 18th-cen tury English Female’ s Choice of Husbands from Jane Austen ’ s Novels 从简·奥斯丁作品解读十八世纪英国女性择偶观 14.A Comparative Study of Three Chinese Versions of“ Of Studies ” 《论学习》三种汉译本比较研究 15.Translation Strategies and Techniques of Long Sentences in TEM 8 英语专业八级中长句的翻译策略与技巧 16. A Survey on the Status of English and American Literary Classics’ Reading of English Majors 英语专业学生阅读英美文学名著状况调查 17. A Survey on the Current Teaching Situation of English and American Literatures in Universities of China 关于我国高校英美文学教学现状的调查报告 18.A Survey on the English Majors ’ Current Learning Situation of English and American Literatures in Universities of China 高校英语专业学生英美文学学习现状调查报告 19. A Survey on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of the Course of English and American Literatures’ Marginalizatio 英美文学课程“边缘化”现状调查与对策研究 20. A Survey on the English Majors’ Use of Electronic Dictionaries in Learning English and

英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照

e to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。 5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。 6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。 8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。 9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。 10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。 11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter r hymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should b e strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and t ype characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要

英语专业英美文学论文题目大全

论《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术 Tom Jones, a Dissipated but Kindhearted Man 放荡而又善良的汤姆琼斯 The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost 《失乐园》中的自由意志和反叛精神 On the Development of Shylock’s Character 论夏洛克的性格发展 Morality and Criticism in Tom Jones 评《汤姆?琼斯》中的道德观与批评观 On Imogen，the New Feminine Image in Cymbeline 论《辛白林》中伊慕琴的新女性形象 Burns’View on Love and Friendship 论彭斯的爱情友谊观 The Reflection of Art and Life in Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode on a Nightingale 《希腊古瓮颂》与《夜莺颂》中艺术与生活的对照 The Womanism in "The Color Purple" On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication 谈中国人和英美人非语言交际的差异 On the Contribution of the American Blacks during American Civil War 美国黑人在美国历史上的贡献 On American Black English 浅谈美国黑人英语 On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American 浅谈中美婚姻观念的差异 A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries On the Ideological Content in Bacon’s Essays 论培根散文的思想性 Women's Movement in 1960s in American 美国六十年代的妇女运动 Analysis the negative effects of violent television and movie on children 浅析影视暴力对青少年儿童的负面影响 The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning 汉语环境对英语学习的影响 A Comprehension of Male Centrad Literature through A Doll’s House 黑色的坚毅——小说《飘》主人公的性格分析Black Determination——An Analysis of the Personalities of the Main Character in Gone with the Wind 从浪漫走向世俗的新型女性——《理智与情感》中玛丽安的性格分析 人性的扭曲信任的危机--重读《奥》剧杂感Random Thoughts on Othello

英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)

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参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.

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