基督教主要分支的特点及对比研究

石河子大学毕业论文

题目：基督教主要分支的特点及对比研究

A Comparative Study On the Main Branches of

Christianity and Their Features

院（系）：外国语学院

专业：英语

班级： 2 班

学号：2012505008

姓名：丁华侨

指导教师：渠新峰

完成日期： 2016年1月31日

Abstract

Christianity as one of the three major religions, is established in Palestinian territories in the first century. In 392, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire, Christianity subsequently obtained a great development. In 1054, Orthodox Church split with Catholicism. Influenced by the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, people gradually realize the importance of human. Protestant came into being under such background. These three branches distributed in various countries and regions, which has a very important influence in politics, economics and culture. The research shall find out the distinguished features of the branches and made a comparison between them, so that Chinese and foreign friends as well as English learners could know the characteristics and differences between the main branches of Christianity, and avoid the culture misunderstanding caused by the branches.

Key words:Catholicism; orthodox church; protestant; features; comparison

摘要

基督教作为世界三大宗教之一，于公元一世纪产生于巴勒斯坦地区。392年基督教成为罗马帝国国教，随后基督教得到了极大的发展。1054年东正教与天主教分裂。受文艺复兴，启蒙运动的影响，人们对宗教有了不同的理解，新教应育而生。三个派系分布在各个国家地区，在政治，经济，文化等方面具有非常重要的影响。本文通过对三个主要分支的研究，发现各个分支的显著特征，从而进行对比分析，能够让中外友人以及英语学习者理解基督教主要分支的特点及区别，减少因分支差异而产生的文化误解。

关键词：天主教；东正教；新教；特点：对比

Contents

I. Introduction (1)

II. Literature Review (1)

III. The Major Characters of Catholicism (3)

A. The center of Catholicism (4)

B. Catholic beliefs (4)

C. The traditional Catholic seven sacraments (5)

IV. The Main Features of Orthodox Church (6)

A. Theology (6)

B. Worship (8)

1. Church calendar (8)

2. Fasting (8)

C. Holy mysteries (9)

V. An Introduction of Protestanism (9)

A. Spread (10)

B. Theology (10)

C. Major branches (12)

VI.The Difference betweent the Three Branches (13)

A. Apostolic Succession (13)

B. Bible (13)

C. Clergy (14)

D. Holy spirit (14)

E. Marriage and divorce (14)

F. Mary (14)

G. Pope (15)

H. Purgatory (15)

I. Sacraments (15)

J. Encharist (15)

K. Saints (16)

L. Salvation (16)

M. Scripture (16)

Ⅶ. Conclusion (16)

Works Cited (18)

I. Introduction

Christianity is rooted in Judaism and founded by Jesus in the Palestinian territory in mid-century, breakaway from Judaism as an independent religion in 135. Early Christianity had been subjected to cruel persecution and repression of the Roman emperors. In 313, Emperor Constantine I issued Edict of Milan, declared common freedom with Christianity and all other religious without discrimination.

Since then Christianity became an official legitimate religion. In 393, Christianity became the state religion of Roman Empire, and gradually became the man spiritual pillar of middle European federal society. In 1054, Christianity split into the Roman Catholic and Orthodox. In the 16th century, with the rise of Western European nation-state and public class, the reformation movement broke out against rule of Pope. After these, some of the new sect, known as the Protestant,were split from the Catholic Church. Christianity is a concept of Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant. However, there are various differences between the branches as doctrine, festival, calendar and church style.

In the past ten years, the way of transportation and communication has changed greatly. China has become the second largest economy around the world, the average income of Chinese has increased sharply. Thus, people have more chance to communicate with foreigners who are Christians for the reason of working, studying or traveling. English learners should have the general knowledge of Christianity, which could be divided as Catholicism, Orthodox Church and Protestantism, only by this way, can they show their respects to these believers and avoid the unnecessary embarrassment caused by our misunderstanding of the branches.

The research will focus on the following three aspects: the main features of Orthodox Church and Catholicism, the history of Protestantism and the features of it, and the main differences between the three branches.

II. Literature Review

A.The Current situation of Domestic research

The researches about Christianity’s branches focus on their spread features in Chinese different provinces and regions at different time, theirs influences on Chinese

culture, mind, and behavior, Chinese attitudes to the new religions.

B.The Current situation of Foreign research

For Orthodox Church, the researches are main about it’s influence and status in Russia. Protestantism’s researches are about its history and its spread around the world. Besides, there are some comparison between Orthodox Church and Catholicism.

C.The Background of Christianity

Christianity has been greatly influenced by two cultures: One is the Hebrews, ancestor of the Jewish. Another is the Greek.

Christianity is one of the world's three major religions. Neale has put forward(1997）that “Christianity is referred to Roman Catholic (Catholicism called in China ), Orthodox (Orthodox), Protestantism (in China called Christian or Protestant) and a number of other smaller factions in.”

Wang Meixiu said that(2006) that “Christianity comes from the Jewish community in Palestinian territories around the 1st century which is the product of Jewish mass movement against domination of the Roman.”In the beginning, Christianity is just a small branch of Judaism. Early Christianity is created by the mass movement, which is religion of lower people, and participants are mostly the poor, artisans, slaves or semi-free. Different from the Mother Church's emphasis on the Old Testament, Christianity stresses the saving grace of the spiritual leader Jesus Christ. Believers would call Jesus as the Christ. The world is originally found To Magnesia church book in the 2nd century, which referred to a new religion worshiped Christ as Lord, greatly different from Judaism. Since then it spreads throughout the Mediterranean coast.

It could be find in A Brief History of Christianity(2006) that “Constantine declared Edict of Milan in Milan in 313, Christianity became the legal religion. Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century.”

In 395, under the internal contradictions and the external invasion, the Eastern Roman with Constantinople as the center splits from the Roman Empire, and Rome is still the center of West Rome. Since then the territory of the Roman Empire was divided into two, Bulgakov writes(1996) that “the Eastern Roman Empire, including Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt; the Western Roman Empire,

including Italy, Gaul, Britain, Spain and other places”. For culture, the Eastern Roman is mainly dominated by Greek, Latin is still prevailing in West Rome.With the division of Roman, Christianity began to split into the Roman Catholic and Orthodox. Pope is the center of Western Roman, who can control the monarchy and the military leaders. The Western Roman Empire comes to an end in 476 AD, and the Eastern Roman Empire lasts until 1453.

D.The Definition of Protestant

Protestant is a new Christian concept, after the 16th century Reformation, different from the old Christian forces like Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. Le Feng claims that(2004) “three major sects of Protestant mainly refer to: Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican, and these sects’consistent view is opposed to the pope’s control of different Church”. They declared that the Bible is the supreme principle of faith, and did not recognize that the Church has the absolute authority of explaining doctrine, emphasizing individual could directly communicate with God with a priest as mediation. Owning to the attitude of Protestants, they are called protestants.

Lewis Christopher Alan believes that(2008) “the reformation is the product of the following reasons: First, it is influenced by the Renaissance and humanism; Second, the establishment and expansion of capitalism lead to the outbreak of the reform; Third, the Development of Nationalism contributes to the outbreak of reform; Fourth, disasters fell upon the public increased their opposition to the church”.

III. The Major Characters of Catholicism

The Roman Catholic Church is the largest of all Christain churches in the world. It has about 1 billion members. Most Catholics are living in Europe, North America and South America. The main countries are Brazil with 120 millions Catholics, Mexico with 75.4 millions Catholics, Italy with 55.9 mullions of Catholics, America with 53 millions of Catholics and France with 46.45 millions of Catholics. The important festivals are Christmas, Easter, Pentecost and Feast of Assumption. Pentecost is a Christian festival that takes place on the seventh Sunday after Easter and celebrates the sending of the Holy Spirit the first followers of Christ. Feast of assumption is to celebrate Virgin Mary into the heaven at the end of her earthly life. The famous church of Catholicism are Saint Peter’s Basilica, Notre Dame, Milan

Cathedral and Westminster Cathedral.

A. The Center of Catholic

Vatican city is the official seat of the catholic church，and its head，the pope，rules through a civil governor. As with any other country，this miniature country sports its own flag，coins its own coins，runs its own postal，transportation，telephone systems，and radio broadcasting station.Vatican city is all grown up. Size is not a criterion in our definition of what constitutes a country. A country need only be an independent state, with distinct territorial boundaries and its own government. As weighing in at a mere 0.17 square miles, Vatican holds the title of being the smallest country in the world.

B. Catholic beliefs

Catholicism could include the Roman Catholic Church, the various Churches of Eastern Christianity, the Old Catholic Church, Anglicanism, and at least some of the "independent Catholic Churches" and, again in this interpretation, the beliefs and practices of Catholicism include:

Direct and continuous organizational descent from the original church founded by Jesus, who, according to tradition, designated the ApostlePeter as its first leader.

Belief that Jesus Christ is Divine, a doctrine officially clarified in the First Council of Nicaea and expressed in the Nicene Creed.

Transubstantiation, the belief that the elements in the Eucharist become really, truly, the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ at consecration, resulting in the Real Presence of Christ, and that, because Christ himself is present in the sacrament, he is to be honoured in it with the worship known asEucharistic adoration.

Possession of the "threefold ordained ministry" of Bishops, Priests and Deacons.

All ministers are ordained by, and subject to, Bishops, who pass down sacramental authority by the "laying-on of hands", having themselves been ordained in a direct line of succession from the Apostles.

Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles from which the Scriptures were formed. This teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other.

A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments.

The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship.

Veneration of Mary, the mother of Jesus as the Blessed Virgin Mary or Theotokos, and veneration of the saints.

A distinction between adoration (latria) for God, and veneration (dulia) for saints. The term hyperdulia is used for a special veneration accorded to the Virgin Mary among the saints.

The use of prayer for the dead.

The acceptance of canonizations.

Requests to the departed saints for intercessory prayers.

C. The traditional Catholic seven sacraments

Churches in the Catholic tradition administer seven sacraments or "sacred mysteries": Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation,Eucharist, Penance, also known as Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.

Baptism -the Sacrament of Baptism, the first of the three sacraments of initiation, is also the first of the seven sacraments in the Catholic Church. It removes the guilt and effects of Original Sin and incorporates the baptized into the Church, the Mystical Body of Christ on earth.

Confirmation or Chrismation - the second of the three sacraments of initiation because, historically, it was administered immediately after the Sacrament of Baptism. Confirmation perfects our baptism and brings us the graces of the Holy Spirit that were granted to the Apostles on Pentecost Sunday.

Penance (also called Confession and Reconciliation) - the Sacrament of Confession is one of the least understood, and least utilized, sacraments in the Catholic Church. In reconciling us to God, it is a great source of grace, and Catholics are encouraged to take advantage of it often, even if they are not aware of having committed a mortal sin.

Anointing of the Sick - traditionally referred to as Extreme Unction or Last Rites, the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick is administered both to the dying and to those who are gravely ill or are about to undergo a serious operation, for the recovery of their health and for spiritual strength.

Holy Orders - The Sacrament of Holy Orders is the continuation of Christ's priesthood, which He bestowed upon His Apostles. There are three levels to this

sacrament: the episcopate, the priesthood, and the diaconate.

Holy Matrimony - is the sacrament of joining a man and a woman for mutual help and love, consecrating them for their particular mission of building up the Church and the world, and providing grace for accomplishing that mission. Western tradition sees the sacrament as conferred by the canonically expressed mutual consent of the partners in marriage; Eastern and some recent Western theologians not in communion with the see of Rome view the blessing by a priest as constituting the sacramental action.

IV. The Main Features of Orthodox Church

Orthodox Church is the second largest Christian Church in the world, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents. The Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, teaching that it is theOne, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles, and practicing what it understands to be the original faith passed down from the Apostles. Geographically, the majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians in the 21st century reside in Greece, Eastern Europe andRussia, with less numerous communities in the former Byzantine regions of the Middle East and around the Eastern Mediterranean. There are also many small but growing communities in other parts of the world, formed in part through immigration and in part through conversion and missionary activity. They celebrate Easter which is subjected to Julian Calendar, Palm Sunday which is celebrated on the previous Sunday, and Ascension Day on the first Thursday 40 days after Easter.

A. Theology

Trinity-Orthodox Christians believe in the Trinity. The Holy Trinity is three, distinct, divine persons, without overlap or modality among them, who share one divine essence - uncreated, immaterial and eternal. These three persons are typically distinguished by their relation to each other. The Father is eternal and not begotten and does not proceed from any, the Son is eternal and begotten of the Father, and the Holy Spirit is eternal and proceeds from the Father. Orthodox doctrine regarding

the Holy Trinity is summarized in the Nicene Creed.

Resurrection of Christ - The Orthodox Church understands the death and resurrection of Christ Jesus to be real historical events, as described in the gospels of the New Testament. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, was in his humanity crucified, and died, descending into Hades (Sheol), the place of the dead, as all humans do. But He, alone among humans, has two natures, one human, one divine, which are indivisible and inseparable from each other through the mystery of the incarnation. Hades could not restrain the infinite God. Christ in His divine nature captured the keys of Hades and broke the bonds which had imprisoned the human souls who had been held there through their separation from God.

Neither could death contain the Son of God, the Fountain of Life, who arose from death even in his human nature. Not only this, but he opened the gates of Hades to all the righteous dead of past ages, rescuing them from their fallen human nature and restoring them to a nature of grace with God, bringing them back to life, this time in God's heavenly kingdom. And this path he opened to all who choose to follow him in time yet to come, thus saving the human race. Thus the Orthodox proclaim each year at the time of Pascha (Easter), that Christ "trampled down death by death, and on those in the tombs bestowed life."

Eschatology-Orthodox Christians believe that when a person dies the soul is temporarily separated from the body. Though it may linger for a short period on Earth, it is ultimately escorted either to paradise (Abraham's bosom) or the darkness ofHades, following the Temporary Judgment. Orthodox do not accept the doctrine of Purgatory, which is held by Roman Catholicism. The soul’s experience of either of these states is only a "foretaste"—being experienced only by the soul—until the Final Judgment, when the soul and body will be reunited.

Saints and mother of Christ-The Orthodox Church believes death and the separation of body and soul to be unnatural—a result of the Fall of Man. They also hold that the congregation of the Church comprises both the living and the dead. All persons currently in heaven are considered to besaints, whether their names are known or not. There are, however, those saints of distinction whom God has revealed as particularly good examples. When a saint is revealed and ultimately recognized by a large portion of the Church a service of official recognition is celebrated. The Christ Child from the moment of conception was both fully God and fully Man. Mary is thus called the 'Theotokos' or 'Bogoroditsa' as an affirmation of the divinity of the One to

whom she gave birth. It is also believed that her virginity was not compromised in conceiving God-incarnate, that she was not harmed and that she remained forever a virgin. Scriptural references to "brothers" of Christ are interpreted as kin, given that the word 'brother' was used in multiple ways, as was the term 'father'. Due to her unique place in salvation history, Mary is honored above all other saints and especially venerated for the great work that God accomplished through her.

Sin-when Orthodox Christians refer to Fallen Nature they are not saying that human nature has become evil in itself. Human nature is still formed in the image of God; we are still God's creation, and God has never created anything evil. But our fallen nature remains open to evil intents and actions. It is sometimes said that we are "inclined to sin"; that is, we find some sinful things attractive. It is the nature of temptation to make sinful things seem the more attractive, and it is the fallen nature of humans that seeks or succumbs to the attraction. Orthodox Christians reject the Augustinian position that the descendants of Adam and Eve are actually guilty of the original sin of their ancestors. But just as any species begets its own kind, so fallen humans beget fallen humans, and from the beginning of our existence we lie open to sinning by our own choice.

Christian Life-The Orthodox Church, in understanding itself to be the Body of Christ, and similarly in understanding the Christian life to lead to the unification in Christ of all members of his body, views the church as embracing all Christ's members, those now living on earth, and also all those through the ages who have passed on to the heavenly life. The church includes the Christian saints from all times, and also judges, prophets and righteous Jews of the first covenant, Adam and Eve, even the angels and heavenly hosts. In Orthodox services, the earthly members together with the heavenly members worship God as one community in Christ, in a union that transcends time and space and joins heaven to earth. This unity of the Church is sometimes called the communion of the saints.

B. Worship

1. Church calendar

Many church traditions, including its schedules of services, feasts, and fasts, is structured by its calendar, which provides a strictly observed intermingled set of cycles of varying lengths. The fixed annual cycle begins 1 September, and establishes the times for all annual observances that are fixed by date, such as Christmas. The

annual Paschal cycle is established relative to the varying date of Pascha each year and affects the times for such observances as Pascha itself, Great Lent, Holy Week, and the feasts of Ascension and Pentecost.

Lesser cycles also run in tandem with the annual ones. A weekly cycle of days prescribes a specific focus for each day in addition to others that may be observed. 2. Fasting

fasting means abstaining from meat and meat products, dairy (eggs and cheese) and dairy products, fish, olive oil, and wine. Wine and oil—and, less frequently, fish —are allowed on certain feast days when they happen to fall on a day of fasting; but animal products and dairy are forbidden on fast days, with the exception of "Cheese Fare" week which precedes Great Lent, during which dairy products are allowed. Wine and oil are usually also allowed on Saturdays and Sundays during periods of fast. In some Orthodox traditions, caviar is permitted on Lazarus Saturday, the Saturday before Palm Sunday, although the day is otherwise a fast day. Married couples also abstain from sexual activity on fast days so that they may devote themselves fulsomely to prayer

C.Holy mysteries

There are at least seven sacraments in the Orthodox Church. The first is baptism which is the Christian rite of initiation in the Church. Chrismation is the second sacrament which bestows upon us the Holy Spirit. Holy Communion is the sacrament of receiving the resurrected body and blood of Jesus Christ. Although all Orthodox Christians are to confess their sins daily to God privately, all are encouraged to participate in the sacrament of Confession with a priest. Marriage is a sacrament of the Church for it is Christ himself through the priest or bishop that joins the couple together. Ordination to the sacred priesthood is also a sacrament, as is Holy Oil (Unction) which the faithful are anointed with for the healing of soul and body and for the forgiveness of sins.

It is the sacraments of the Church that manifest God's saving energies in our lives.

A life without the sacraments is like a life without God. One of the Church's important functions besides preaching, teaching and caring for her children, is to make these sacraments available to her people.

V. An Introduction of Protestant

A. Spread

There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide among approximately 2.4 billion Christians. In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region,100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa.Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population.

In European countries which were most profoundly influenced by the Reformation, Protestantism still remains the most practiced religion. These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom. In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary, it remains one of the most popular religions. Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements, there are only few Protestant adherents; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs, restrictions during the Communist rule, and also the ongoing secularization. Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased. According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Protestants made up 12% of the EUpopulation.

B. Theology

1. Fundamental principles

If a Christian denomination is to be considered Protestant, it must acknowledge the following three fundamental principles of Protestantism.

Scripture alone:The belief in the Bible as the highest source of authority for the church. The early churches of the Reformation believed in a critical, yet serious, reading of scripture and holding the Bible as a source of authority higher than that of church tradition. The many abuses that had occurred in the Western Church prior to the Protestant Reformation led the Reformers to reject much of its tradition, though some would maintain tradition has been maintained and reorganized in the liturgy and in the confessions of the Protestant churches of the Reformation. In the early 20th century, a less critical reading of the Bible developed in the United States, leading to a "fundamentalist" reading of Scripture. Christian fundamentalists read the Bible as the "inerrant, infallible" Word of God, as do the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox,

Anglican and Lutheran churches, but interpret it in a literalist fashion without using the historical critical method.

Justification by faith alone:the belief that believers are justified, or pardoned for sin, solely on condition of faith inChrist rather than a combination of faith and good works. For Protestants, good works are a necessary consequence rather than cause of justification.

Universal priesthood of believers:the universal priesthood of believers implies the right and duty of the Christian laity not only to read the Bible in the vernacular, but also to take part in the government and all the public affairs of the Church. It is opposed to the hierarchical system which puts the essence and authority of the Church in an exclusive priesthood, and makes ordained priests the necessary mediators between God and the people.

2. Trinity

Protestants who adhere to the Nicene Creed believe in three Persons (God the Father, Jesus the Son, and the Holy Spirit) as one God. Others, beginning with the Polish Brethren and sustained by the Unitarians in Transylvania, England and the United States, reject the Trinity.

3. Five solae

Sola scriptura:t his idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation; that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone; that everything taught in the Bible is correct; and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church.

sola fide states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.

Solus Christus: the Protestants characterize the dogma concerning the Pope as Christ's representative head of the Church on earth, the concept of works made meritorious by Christ, and the Catholic idea of a treasury of the merits of Christ and

his saints, as a denial that Christ is theonly mediator between God and man. Catholics, on the other hand, maintained the traditional understanding of Judaism on these questions, and appealed to the universal consensus of Christian tradition.

Sola Gratia:protestants perceived Roman Catholic salvation to be dependent upon the grace of God and the merits of one's own works. The reformers posited that salvation is a gift of God (i.e., God's act of free grace), dispensed by the Holy Spirit owing to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ alone. Consequently, they argued that a sinner is not accepted by God on account of the change wrought in the believer by God's grace, and that the believer is accepted without regard for the merit of his works, for no one deserves salvation.

Soli Deo Gloria: All glory is due to God alone since salvation is accomplished solely through his will and action not only the gift of the all-sufficient atonement of Jesus on the cross but also the gift of faith in that atonement, created in the heart of the believer by theHoly Spirit. The reformers believed that human beings—even saints canonized by the Catholic Church, the popes, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy—are not worthy of the glory.

4.Christ's presence in the Eucharist

The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

C. Major branches

Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion,which

has 80 million adherents.

Calvinism refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things —in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification "by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone", the doctrine that scripture is the final authority on all matters of faith, denying the belief of the Catholic Church defined at the Council of Trentconcerning authority coming from both the Scriptures and Tradition. In addition, Lutheranism accepts the teachings of the first fourecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church.

VI. A Comparison Between the Three Branches

A.A postolic Succession

Orthodox:this is an important part of Orthodox belief and ensures continuity with the church that Christ founded.

Protestant:with the exception of the Anglicans and some Lutherans, this idea is rejected. Rather it is important to emphasis continuity of teaching with that of the apostles, rather than a direct line of succession.

Roman Catholic:as in Orthodoxy, this is of vital importance to the church. There is also some degree of mutual recognition of the validity of Orthodox ordinations.

B. Bible

Orthodox:accept the 39 Old Testament and 27 New Testament books, but also a collection of books not found in the original Hebrew Bible.

Protestant:protestants reject the deuterocanonicals as not being inspired scripture and term them Apocrypha,

Roman Catholic:agrees with Orthodoxy as to the validity of these books.

Orthodox:Priests and Bishops must be male, but deaconesses are permitted, though the order is dormant.Priests and deacons may marry before ordination but not after. Bishops, on the other hand, must be celibate.

Protestant:the majority of Protestants do not require celibacy as a condition of election to the clergy. Many churches practice female ordination, including those within the Anglican communion, where the issue of female episcopacy is currently being discussed.

Roman Catholic:all clergy are required to be male. Priests and Bishops must also be celibate, with the exception of Eastern Rite Catholics and Anglican married clergy who subsequently convert to Catholicism. These groups are allowed to have married priests.

D. Holy Spirit

Orthodox:the third person of the Trinity, proceeding from the Father alone as in the original Nicene Creed. The Father sends the Spirit at the intercession of the Son. The Son is therefore an agent only in the procession of the Spirit.

Protestant:The Holy Spirit proceeds from both the Father and the Son.

Roman Catholic:agrees with the Protestant view.

E. Marriage and Divorce

Orthodox:marriage is a mystical union between a man and a woman. Divorce is generally only allowed in cases of adultery, though there are exceptions.

Protestant:Marriage is a contract, but is not unbreakable. Divorce is discouraged, but permitted as evidence of human weakness. Some denominations permit remarriage in church.

Roman Catholic:marriage is seen as an unbreakable contract & a type of Christ and the church. Remarriage after divorce is not permitted unless there is some canonical impediment to the marriage. In this situation, an annulment may be granted.

F. Mary

Orthodox:Mary is venerated as Theotokos. By this is meant that the son she bore was God in human form. She is first amongst the saints and 'ever-virgin'.

Protestant:Mary was a holy woman who was chosen to bear the Son of God. Her perpetual virginity and intercession are denied.

Roman Catholic:the view is similar to the Orthodox church - the title 'Mother of God' being used more commonly than Theotokos. This title forms one of the 'Marian Dogmas' of the Church. The others are Mary's perpetual virginity, assumption and immaculate conception.

Orthodox:as the Bishop of Rome, he has a primacy of honour when Orthodox, not of jurisdiction. At present, his primacy is not effective as the papacy needs to be reformed in accordance with Orthodoxy. His authority is thus no greater or lesser than any of his fellow Bishops in the church.

Protestant:the Pope is the leader of the Catholic church, having no authority to speak for the church as a whole.

Roman Catholic:the Pope is the 'Vicar of Christ' i.e. the visible head of the church on earth and spiritual successor of St. Peter. He has supreme authority within Christendom.

H. Purgatory

Orthodox:an intermediate state between earth and heaven is recognized, but cleansing and purification occur in this life, not the next.

Protestant:Purgatory is rejected - Christ's death on the cross is sufficientto remove the penalty for all our sins.

Roman Catholic:a state of cleansing and preparation for heaven. Also a state where the punishment due to unremitted venial sins may be expiated.

I. Sacraments

Orthodox:there are at least seven Sacraments: Baptism, Chrismation, Eucharist, Holy Orders, Holy Unction, Marriage and Penance. The list is not fixed.

Protestant:generally, only two sacraments are recognized: Baptism and the Eucharist.

Roman Catholic:the number of Sacraments is fixed at seven and is the same list as that in Orthodoxy, with the exception of Chrismation, which is generally known as 'Confirmation'.

J. Eucharist

Orthodox:commonly termed the 'Mystic Supper' or 'Divine Liturgy' - This makes present Christ's sacrifice and therefore forgiveness of sins is obtained through it. It is also an encounter with the Risen Christ.

Protestant:the Eucharist, like Baptism is only a symbol of grace. The sacrificial nature of the Eucharist is also rejected.

Roman Catholic:the position is similar to the Orthodox. The Eucharist is also known as the 'Holy sacrifice of the Mass'.

K. Saints

Orthodox:a special group of holy people,who are venerated. They may act as

intercessors between God and Man and may be invoked in prayer.

Protestant:all Christians are saints, called to imitate Christ. Only Christ may mediate between God and Man.

Roman Catholic:the position is very similar to Orthodoxy. For sainthood, it is also required that at least two verifiable miracles have occurred as a result of the intercession of that person.

L. Salvation

Orthodox:salvation is "faith working through love" and should be seen as a life long process. The Ultimate aim of every Orthodox Christian is to obtain Theosis or union with God.This is done through living a holy life and seeking to draw closer to God.

Protestant:salvation is the free and unmerited gift of God to man. It is obtained by grace through faith in Christ alone. Through Christ's atoning sacrifice, we are rendered acceptable to God and judged righteous in his sight.

Roman Catholic:salvation is by grace, specifically sanctifying grace, which is given initially through Baptismal regeneration and then maintained through the Sacraments, which are 'channels of grace'.

M. Scripture

Orthodox:there is one source of divine revelation: Tradition. Scripture forms the oral part, and the writings of saints, decisions of ecumenical councils etc. are also part of it.

Protestant:Scripture alone is the only infallible guide and the final authority on matters of Christian faith and practice.

Roman Catholic:alongside Sacred Scripture, Sacred Tradition are to be considered sources of divine revelation. Tradition and scripture are interpreted by the magisterium or teaching authority of the church.

Ⅶ. Conclusion

The thesis studies the main character of different Christianity branches and makes a comparative study among them. The different branches are not difficult to distinguish if one is familiar with their features.

Among three branches, Catholicism has the longest history, and it is the largest religion group with more than 1 billion members. Vatican city is the official seat of the catholic church，and its head，the pope，rules through a civil governor. Most Catholics are living in Europe, North America and South America. The important festivals are

浅谈基督教与西方文明

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中西文化概论专科期末考试题库

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为何中国没有发展基督教

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浅析基督教对近代科学诞生的促进作用

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宗教学概论 方尔加 2011年8月30日 一．宗教的表现形式（现象） （1）亚洲 中东：伊斯兰教（什叶派、逊尼派）、基督教、犹太教（不同宗教，不同教派）车臣地区、高加索地区 印巴地区 中国新疆、西藏地区 印尼、菲律宾 东南亚 泰国（北部和南部） （2）非洲 尼日尼亚（伊斯兰教与基督教） 喀麦隆（伊斯兰教与基督教） 苏丹（伊斯兰教、基督教、非洲原始宗教） 索马里 （3）欧洲 天主教、东正教、伊斯兰教 法国、挪威、英国与北爱尔兰（亚。当斯） 总的来说，宗教问题都可以归结为经济原因、利益的分配。 参考资料：《东方瞭望周刊》2007年第17期《出身名校的佛门弟子》《东方瞭望周刊》2007年第6期《当代中国宗教信仰调查》 《中国新闻周刊》2010年第32期 我国宗教原则：自办、自养、独立自主 二．宗教学 （1）宗教学与宗教观 原始社会有唯物主义、唯心主义，但没有哲学。 宗教学与宗教观的关系类比哲学与常人的世界观 （2）“宗教学”的概念的产生 产生的前提是承认各种宗教 首先提出“宗教学”概念的是麦克斯。缪勒（英国籍德国人）论文集《宗教学概论》，标志着西方开始承认其他宗教。刚开始的研究是比较性的研究，比较历史比较功能。 比较的方法：信仰主义（信仰者的方法）、实证主义（反对形而上，形而上强调

理性主义）、客观主义即价值中立（没有绝对的中立只有相对的） （3）什么叫宗教学 揭示宗教本质的、从历史中揭示宗教发展规律的、系统化、理论化的学问。（4）宗教学研究的对象 宗教的基本构成要素（最低限度的要素；决定宗教性质的要素；决定其他非基本要素；所有宗教所共有的） 宗教发展的历史 宗教的社会功能即对以下的影响：一是上层建筑包括思想与政治两个方面，其中思想包括政治、法律、道德、艺术、哲学、宗教等方面，而政治则包括制度与机构。二是经济基础。 宗教哲学（何谓观？即大角度、根本性的角度） （5）宗教学研究的方法（马克思的方法） 不能用精神来解释精神 到经济基础中去寻找宗教产生的根源 要在社会的发展变化中研究宗教 最终把人神关系、神神关系还原成人人关系。

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