成人高等教育学士学位英语考试复习要点

成人高等教育学士学位英语考试复习要点

一、考试题型：

词汇与语法、完形填空、阅读、翻译、写作

二、语法结构表（Grammar Category）

1、名词的复数形式和所有格

（1）名词的复数形式

名词的规则复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加－s或－es；

名词的不规则复数形式不是以词尾加－s或－es构成，其构成方法需要记忆：

e.g. foot－feet man－men tooth－teeth woman－women

（2）名词的所有格

名词的属格表示所属关系，它有两种不同的形式：一是由名词末尾加’s构成（有-s或-es的复数名词末尾只加’）；二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。如：

e.g. Uncle Tom’s Cabin the two boys’ mother the title of the book

·几个词作为一个单位时，’s应加在最后一个词的末尾

e.g. the Queen of England’s throne

·表示各自的所有关系时，名词末尾均需加’s，如不是这样，仅在最后一词末尾加’s，即表示他们共同的所有关系。

试比较：

John and Susan’s desk（约翰和苏珊共用的书桌）

John’s and Susan’s desk（约翰和苏珊各自的书桌）

·’s属格后的名词如指商店、家宅等地点时，该名词也常省略：

e.g. at the doctor’s（在诊所）to my uncle’s（到我叔叔家）

2、人称代词/物主代词/反身代词

（1）人称代词

主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

（2）物主代词

形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

（3）反身代词（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身，表强调或加强语气）

myself, yourself, himself, herself. Itself, ourselves; yourselves, themselves, oneself

e.g. Please help yourself to some tea.

I want to speak to the director himself.

3、句子和句子成分

Sentence是具有主语部分和谓语部分并有完整意义的可以独立的一组词。在英语中，sentence的基本结构有下列６种：

（１）主语＋谓语（SV） e.g. Day dawns.

（２）主语＋联系动词＋表语（SLP） e.g. Tom’s father is a professor.

（３）主语＋谓语＋宾语（SVO） e.g. Ruth understands French.

（４）主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语（SVOO） e.g. He told us the whole story.

（５）主语＋谓语＋主语补语（SVC） e.g. He died a poor man.

（６）主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语（SVOC） e.g. He found George intelligent.

根据句子的结构，句子可分为：

·简单句：含一个主语（或并列主语）和谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。e.g. She came into the classroom and sat down.

·并列句：由等立连词把两个或两个以上的简单句（叫做分句）合成的句

子。e.g. I came home early, but she remained to the end of the concert.

·复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句合成的句子。 e.g. He said he would come in the evening.（各类从句）

根据句子的目的或用途来看，句子又可分为：

陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句

4、动词的时态

(1)一般现在时

基本用法：表经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态，常和always, often, usually, sometimes, every day 等表时间的状语连用。

e.g. I go to school every day.

My father gets up very early.

Note: 一般现在时用于表将来的从句

e.g. When I grow up I’ll be a soldier.

I’ll wait till he comes.

(2)一般过去时

基本用法：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表过去的状

语连用，如a minute ago, yesterday, last week, in 1900, during the night, in those days等。

e.g. They got married last year.

It happened after three days.

(3)一般将来时

基本用法：表示单纯的将来事实，常用两个助动词shall, will, 常和表将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, in a few days等。

e.g. He’ll come next week.

They say that it will be good weather tomorrow.

I’ll ask him as soon as he comes.

(4)现在完成时

动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果），而这种影响（或结果）却往往是说话人的兴趣所在，所以后面常常不用时间状语。

e.g. The car has arrived.

I have lost my pen.

Have you ever seen the sea?

Notes: 比较have been和have gone

I have been to the library. I have gone to the library.

·表持续的动作或状态时，常和since, for引导的词语连用。

e.g. I have lived here for more than thirty years.

I have been here since last October.

(5)过去完成时

基本用法与现在完成时相似，通俗地说，是“过去的过去”。

e.g. I had finished my homework before supper.

When we got there the basketball match had already started.

They had been married many years before a child was born to them.

(6)将来完成时

表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响，常

和助动词shall, will连用。

e.g. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.

If you come at seven o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.

(7)现在进行时

基本用法：表现在（即说话人的说话时刻，或包括说话时刻在内的一段时间中）正在进行的动作，可与now, at present, at this moment, these days等时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语。

e.g. What are you doing now, John?

The telephone is ringing, would you answer it, please?

George is translating a book now.

Notes: 有些动词的现在进行时则表将来。e.g. He is dying. The

fruit is ripening. I am finishing.

(8)过去进行时

基本用法：表过去某一时间（或某一段时间）正在进行的动作，也常和表过去的时间状语连用。

e.g. I was practicing the violin at eight o’clock yesterday evening.

When I called him, he was having dinner.

They were expecting you yesterday.（表示“一直在等”）

(9)将来进行时

基本用法：表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。这个时态一般不表意愿，常表已安排好之事，给人一中期待之感。它一般只表离现在较近的将来，与表将来的时间状语连用。

e.g. What will you be doing this time tomorrow？

You’ll be hearing from me.

（10）现在完成进行时

主要用法：表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，下列动词常用于这个时态：live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，常和下列时间状语连用：all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently, 以及since, for 引导的时间状语短语连用。

e.g. What have you been doing all this time?

I’ve been writing letters all this morning.

He is ill. He’s been lying in the bed for three weeks.

5、主语和谓语的一致

（牢记邻近原则）

e.g. He or I am in the wrong.

He or his brothers were to blame.

Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow.

Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. Neither he nor they are mistaken.

6、it 的用法

(1)it用作引词（anticipatory）

·作形式主语，真实主语可为不定式，动名词，主语从句

e.g. It was his duty to attend to the matters.

It’s no use saying any more about what I think.

It seems that he is rich.

·作形式宾语，真实宾语可谓不定式，动名词，宾语从句

e.g. I find it easy enough to get on with Pam.

You must find it exciting working here.

I think it best that you should stay here.

(2)it用于强调结构

结构：It is (was)＋被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）＋who(that)……

e.g. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.

It was my two sisters who knew her best.（保持时态一致）

It was yesterday I first noticed it.

7、倒装语序

(1)完全倒装（complete inversion），即将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来

e.g. With the development of typewriter came the most advanced typewriter, the multi-printer, which produces high quality printing.(主语较长而谓语较短)

The hammer is missing and so are the nails.(由neither, nor, so引出的句子)

From the classroom came the loud voice of the person who was making a speech.(作为地点状语的介词短语置于句首)

(2)部分倒装（partial inversion），将助动词（包括情态助动词）移至主语之前

e.g. Only on special occasions can you wear this black dress.（句首为only＋状语）

Not a single clue could the police find.(句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语：never, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, not until, no sooner…had, not only…but also, etc.)

Do what you will, you can’t change this situation.(某些让步状语从句)

Had it not been for the shortage of funds, the hotel could have been built.(省略了if的非真实条件句)

8、动词不定式

不定式不能在句中单独用作谓语，但可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。

e.g. To see is to believe.

The important thing is to save lives.

She likes to play with the child.

It was a game to remember.

I stayed there to see what would happen.

I want you to be happy.

He was seen to enter the hall.

·“for＋名（代）词＋不定式”结构

e.g. It’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job.

·“of＋名词（或代词宾格）＋不定式”结构

It’s kind of you to say so.

·“疑问词＋不定式”结构

疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。

e.g. When to start has not been decided.

9、动名词

由动词原型加词尾-ing构成，与现在分词的构成法一样，同时具有动词特征与名词特征。可用作主语，表语，宾语，定语，补语。

e.g. Seeing is believing.

The main thing is getting there in time.

Have you finished reading the book?

Everybody was at his fighting post.

This is called turning things upside down.

·动名词复合结构

复合结构：名词属格或物主代词后加动名词，前者是后者的逻辑主语，这种复合结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。

e.g. Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us.

I can’t bear his staying up so late.

·有些动名词在句中具有主动形式，但含有被动的意义

e.g. The house needs repairing.

If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.

10、现在分词和过去分词

（1）现在分词

·构成：由动词原形加词尾－ing构成，与动名词的构成一致。

·与动名词的区别：现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系；动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质，二者在逻辑上无主谓关系。

e.g. a sleeping child(a child is sleeping) a sleeping car 卧车

·用法：用作表语，定语，状语，补语

e.g. The news is encouraging.

She is a charming child.

Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.

I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.

·现在分词独立结构：现在分词可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主语，置于现在分词之前，二者构成一种分词独立结构。

e.g. The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting of

f.

Weather permitting, we’ll have the match tomorrow.

（2）过去分词

·构成：规则动词加ed，不规则动词表

·用法：用作表语，定语，状语，补语

e.g. He’s gone.

Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?

Seen in the light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.

You must make yourself respected.

·过去分词独立结构：过去分词的独立主语常由名词或代词主格担任，一般置于过去分词之前。

e.g. This done, we went home.

Given time, he would win by perseverance.

11、虚拟语气

（1）非真实条件句所表的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆需用虚拟语气，详见下表：

e.g. If I knew the a nswer to all your questions, I’d be a genius.

We should have dropped by if we had had time.

If I made a mistake, I should try to remedy it.

If he should see me, he would know me.

（2）were, had, should等置于主语之前

在书面语中，条件从句可以不用连词if，而将谓语中的过去式were, had, should等移至主语之前。

e.g. Were you in my position, you would do the same.

Had he been in your position, he’d probably have done the same.

Had I time, I would come.

（3）虚拟语气还可用于各类从句中

·主语从句：常用句型结构如It is/was important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)th at…句型，It is/was desired(suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.)that…句型

e.g. It is important that we should speak politely.

It is desired that this rule shall be brought to the attention of the staff.

·宾语从句，常用动词有wish, demand, suggest, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire, etc.

e.g. I wish I got more letters.

He suggested that we should leave early.

I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once.

·表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词是should＋动词原形，句子主语常常是：suggestion, proposal, idea, motion, etc.

e.g. My suggestion is that we should tell him.

There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.

·定语从句，常用在It is time(that)…句型中

e.g. It is time we left.

It is time we went to bed.

12、复合句

构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同处在于，从句须由一个关联词引导。

引导从句的关联词共有下列7类：

从属连词：if, because, although, as

疑问代词：who, which, whom, what, whose

疑问副词：when, where, how, why

关系代词：who, which, whom, whose, that

关系副词：when, where, why

缩合连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whichever

缩合连接副词：when, where, why, whether, if

(1)主语从句

e.g. That we shall be late is certain.

It is certain that we shall be late.(it 作形式主语)

（2）表语从句

e.g. The problem is who we can get to replace her.

His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.

(3)宾语从句

e.g. I understand that he is well-qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience.

(3)定语从句：一般放在它所修饰的名（代）词之后，即先行词（antecedent）

e.g. The tall man who is standing over there is my brother.

The dog which was lost has been found.

I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

Note: 非限制性定语从句，如缺少也不会影响全句的主要思想，前面一般有

逗号。

e.g. Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.

(4)同位语从句，先行词多为：fact, news, idea, thought, reply, report, remark等抽象名词，关联词多为连词that。

e.g. The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

The hope that he may recover is faint.

(5)状语从句, 包括时间、原因、地点、结果、目的、条件状语从句等

e.g. When you cross a main road, you must be careful.

I’ll take my raincoat in case it rains.

三、英文翻译（英译汉）

1、词义的选择和引申技巧

英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：

1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义

They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词）

He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词）

Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词）

2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。

He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。

He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。

He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。

This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

词义引申是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。

1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。

The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。

2、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。

The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一级火箭升得更高，把“阿波罗号”送进围绕地球运行的轨道。

3、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词，或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。

Every life has its roses and thorns .每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

2、词类转译技巧

在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。

1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。

The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way .

植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。（名词转译）

As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。

2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。

The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.

我们居住的地球，形状象一个大球。（动词转译）

The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .

医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。（形容词转换）

3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。

It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.

使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。（作表语的名词转译）

The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .

太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（副词转译）

(完整版)成人学士学位英语单词(史上最全)

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