On Functions of Dialect in The Mayor of Casterbridge from a Sociolinguistic Perspective

ISSN 1927-0232 [Print] ISSN 1927-0240 [Online]

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html,

Higher Education of Social Science

V ol. 4, No. 3, 2013, pp. 35-39

DOI:10.3968/j.hess.1927024020130403.1001

On Functions of Dialect in The Mayor of Casterbridge from a Sociolinguistic Perspective

GAO Jie [a],*

[a]

School of International Education, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, China.* Corresponding Author.

Received 2 March 2013; accepted 12 May 2013

Abstract

Dialect is often employed in fiction writing to achieve special effects, as it is a social indicator, carrying social connotations and reflecting aspects of the speaker’s identity. Sociolinguistics is a sub-discipline of linguistics, which examines the relationships between language and society, with the speech variation (especially dialect) and the accompanying social significance or functions as the main focus. Therefore, sociolinguistic theories and research findings may play an effective role in the analysis of functions of dialect in fictional conversations. The Mayor of Casterbridge is considered Hardy’s first masterpiece; some critics regarded it as his greatest tragic novel. One of the distinctive characteristics of Hardy’s style consists in his masterly use of Wessex dialect in his fictional conversations. Based on relevant theories in sociolinguistics, the paper attempts to analyze the functions of dialect used in the fictional conversations in Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge and concludes that the use of dialect is not only successful in conveying a vivid fictional world, adding the local color, mirroring social significance, but is also consistent with Hardy’s social and artistic pursuits.

Key words: The Mayor of Casterbridge; Dialect; Sociolinguistics

GAO Jie (2013). On Functions of Dialect in The Mayor of Casterbridge from a Sociolinguistic Perspective. Higher Education of Social Science, 4(3),35-39. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html,/index.php/hess/article/view/j.hess.1923669720130403.1001 DOI: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html,/10.3968/j.hess.1923669720130403.1001

INTRODUCTION

Fiction, as an important genre in literature, has been traditionally regarded as the epitome of society, depicting various aspects of social reality, and mirroring social life of a particular period of the times. Language is an indispensable part of society; therefore, social factors may have a great influence on the writing of fiction, and the language used in fiction may bear social marks of a certain society. In fact, the variation and complexity of language, dialect in particular, has been employed in fiction writing to convey subtle information and to produce special effects, which is particularly manifested in the conversations between characters. Speeches of each character are peculiar due to various social factors such as their social characteristics, role relationships between them and different situations. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society, with the speech variation (especially dialect) and the accompanying social significance or functions as the main focus. Thus, Sociolinguistic theories and research findings may be of help to better comprehend functions of dialect used in fictional conversations. To this end, this paper attempts to analyze the functions of dialect used in the fictional conversations in Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge from a sociolinguistic perspective.

1. DIALECT IN HARDY’S THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE

The Mayor of Casterbridge is considered Hardy’s first masterpiece; some critics regarded it as his greatest tragic novel. “Hardy created in Henchard the most remarkable and dominant of all his characters, providing him with a surrounding group of fascinating—if in comparison with him—minor characters, and a rich historical and social scene.” (The Mayor of Casterbridge , 1995, p.xiii)

On Functions of Dialect in The Mayor of Casterbridge from a Sociolinguistic Perspective

One of the distinctive characteristics of Hardy’s style consists in his masterly use of Wessex dialect in his fictional conversations in The Mayor of Casterbridge. Before the late 19th century, Wessex was only a historical term defining the southwestern area of Britain which had been ruled by the west Saxons in the early Middle Ages. But since Hardy employed Wessex dialect in his novels and poems, Wessex has come to mean the rural and pre-industrial culture. In The Mayor of Casterbridge,his representation of dialect expresses “not only the semantic need of the community that used it, but also shows the effect on an utterance of its whole context, personal and social” (Chapman, 1994, p.125). “The dialect of the agricultural laborers… forms the most, if not the only, amusing portion of the book” (Chapman, 1994, p.118). Through the free switching and sharp contrast of Wessex dialect and Standard English, Hardy not only successfully created a vivid fictional world with the peculiar local color, but also depicted vital and vibrant characters mirroring different social significances, which was consistent with Hardy’s social and artistic pursuits.

2. FUNCTIONS OF DIALECT IN HARDY’S THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE

This paper attempts to analyze the functions of dialect used in the fictional conversations in Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge from a sociolinguistic perspective.

2.1 Depicting a Vivid Fictional World with a Diversity of Social Structure

The term “dialect” is widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to user” (Hudson, 2000, p.48). According to Catford, “dialect is language variety related to the performer’s provenance or affiliations in a geographical, temporal or social dimension” (Catford, 1965, p.85). To be simple, a dialect is what a speaker speaks habitually, which is determined by who he/she is and by the diversity of social structure. Therefore, in principle, dialects are different ways of saying the same thing and tend to differ in phonetics, phonology, lexicon and grammar. Based on these facts, many novelists have simply used a set of useful conventions such as dialects, which help both to establish different social groups and to facilitate a subsequent recognition.

Hardy confines his writing to the rural community which he remembered from his own youthful experience. In The Mayor of Casterbridge,his employment of Wessex dialect expresses not only the semantic need of the community that uses it, but also shows the social context in which the story develops. Hardy’s dialect shows far more than the locality of its characters. The Mayor of Casterbridge is focused on a town rather than the rural life, a Wessex town caught in the past and just embracing the nineteenth-century rustic social changes. Hardy employed the subtle differences between three kinds of dialects to portray characters belonging to three different social groups.

Example 1

“Dost mind how you could jerk a trout ashore with a bramble,

and not raffle the stream, Charl?” a deposed keeper was saying,

“Twas at that moment I caught’ee once, if you can mind?”

(Chapter 36, p.257)

The above example is what an ex-gamekeeper says to an ex-poacher, who fought once but sits calmly together now, talking about the past, in Peter’s Finger, the church and inn of Mixen Lane. Here we have the dirty Peter’s Finger inn, situated in the dirtiest and most dangerous side of the town.

“It (Mixen Lane).was the hiding-place of those who were in

distress, and in debt, and trouble of every kind. Farm-labourers

and other peasants, who combined a little poaching with their

farming, and a little brawling and bibbing with their poaching,

found themselves sooner or later in Mixen Lane. Rural

mechanics too idle to mechanize, rural servants too rebellious

to serve, drifted or were forced into Mixen Lane.” (Chapter 36,

p.254)

As the writer describes, people living in Mixen Lane belong to the social group of the lowest social standing in the fictional world of Casterbridge. Their speeches bear the strongest marks of vulgarity to convey the local color and show the social contrast. “Dost mind” (Don’t you remember), “Twas” (it was), “’ee” (you) and “you can mind” (you can remember) are the markers of their dialect. These features of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation are widely regarded as common in the speeches of uneducated people of the humble status. That may also be explained from the perspective of the sociolinguistic theory of networks (Hudson, 2001). Mixen Lane forms a dense network in which a speaker knows and spends time with people who know each other well. The closer an individual’s network ties are with his local community, the closer his language comes to localized vernacular norms.

Example 2

“What did ye come away from yer own country for, young

maister, if ye be so wownded about it?” (Chapter 8, p.53)

At the Three Mariners Farfrae has joined the townspeople who gather there, and at the request of the tradesmen, he sings a beautiful Scottish song full of sadness and pity. The listeners are moved, and they convince him to sing two more songs. By the end of his songs, the townspeople are attracted by Farfrae, and they try to persuade him to stay. The example here is what Christopher Coney says to Farfrae. The people at Three Mariners are those of relatively higher social standing than those gathering in Mixen lane. The frequenters there are the townspeople like “Billy Wills the glazier, Smart the shoemaker, Buzzford the general dealer, and others of a secondary set of worthies, of a grade somewhat below that of the diners at the King’s Arms”(Chapter 6, p.42). From the words, the reader can see these characteristics. Compared with the first example, there are relatively

GAO Jie (2013). Higher Education of Social Science, 4(3), 35-39

fewer dialect markers in this sentence. The core syntactic structure and words indicate the general standard language and only a few dialect markers like “ye” (you), “yer” (your) and spelling variation such as “maister” (master) imply his social background.

Example 3 “

Hey! How about the bad bread, Mr. Mayor?”“Will you replace

the grown flavour we’ve still got by sound grain?”(Chapter 5,

p.37)

The King’s Arms is the chief hotel in Casterbridge, “a spacious bow-window projected into the street over the main portico, and from the open sashes came the babbles of voices, the jingle of glasses, and the drawing of corks” (Chapter 5, p.33). People in the King’s Arms are of the highest social status and their speeches are standard. According to the network theory, it is a network of multiplexity, in which there is more than one basis for a tie among individuals and individuals may have the inclination to pursue ‘the elite’. These ‘elites’ are among the people who are important to them in everyday life. Therefore, the Standard English used by the people in the King’s Arms suggests their high social standing in Casterbridge.

Just as sociolinguistic studies show, the social values assigned to certain groups in a society will be attached to the linguistic forms used by the members of these groups. The use of particular language variants may be evaluated as socially prestigious or socially stigmatized. The former refer to those that are positively valued due to their association with groups of high social status, whereas the latter carry a stigma because of their association with groups of low social status. By the use of different markers of dialect, Hardy successfully created a vivid fictional world made up of three different social groups, thus adding the local color and enriching the social background where the characters live, which convinces the reader of a sense of reality in the novel.

2.2 Portraying the Social Identities of Different Characters

Individual speech is the social indicator of the speaker including social class, age and gender. Thus, characters speak in different ways due to differences in social status, occupation, education, age, gender, and more importantly, personality having developed on the basis of all the former factors. This causes a challenge to novelists in creation. The reader should appreciate dialects of different speakers due to these factors at phonological, lexical and syntactic levels.

Example 4

“Then is there any house to let—a little small new cottage just a

–builded, or such like?” (Chapter 1, p.7)

One summer evening, Henchard, together with his wife and child, is walking towards the village of Weydon-Priors in the region known as Wessex. While they rest, a turnip-hoer speaks to them. From him, the family learns that there is no work and no housing available in Weydon-Priors. The difference between the speeches of Henchard and the turnip-hoer here owes something to the convention of Victorian fiction that major characters of intelligence and virtue speak better than the minor characters. However, there are still some markers of dialect or non-standard English such as “builded” and “such like”, which indicates the humble origin of Henchard, a traveling worker.

Example 5

If anybody will tell me how to turn grown wheat into wholesome

wheat I’ll take it back with pleasure. But it can’t be done.”

(Chapter 5, p.38)

Years later, Henchard becomes the Mayor of Casterbridge. Confronted with the businessmen’s rebuke, he answers in a condescending manner. His speeches carry no makers of dialect, which implies his rise in the social status.

Example 6

“But ‘tis her money that floats en upward. Ha-ha - how cust odd

it is! Here be I, his former master, working for him as man, and

he the man standing as master, with my house and my furniture

and my what-you-may-call wife all his own.” (Chapter 32, p.229)

In the end, Henchard, losing everything in competing with Farfrae, becomes a traveling worker again. Markers of dialect can be found in his speech now, which shows his fall in the social standing.

Language is regarded as an external behavior, which helps to identify a speaker as a member of some group. Members of a speech community can recognize and respond to subtle differences in the language usage that are associated, within a certain speech community, with social or economic or political or religious or cultural or other divisions of the society. The foreignness of a person’s speech can be perceived so as to distinguish him or her from the speech community and imply the social distance between them. This can be illustrated by the example of Donald Farfrae.

Example 7

“It is true I am in the corren trade – but I have replied to no

advairrtisment, and arrange to see no one. I am on my way to

Bristol – from there to the otherside of the warrld to try my

fortune in the great wheat-growing districts of West.” (Chapter

7,47)

Farfrae is a young Scotsman who passes Casterbridge on his way to America. However, Henchard quickly notices Farfrae's ability in business, and hopes to make him general manager. When he arrives at Casterbridge, his Scottish identity is easily discerned, which is shown through the variation at the phonetic level: “Corren”, “advairrtisement” and “warrld” with the peculiar pronunciation of long vowel [?:]. The markers of Scottish dialect show his foreignness in the speech community of Casterbridge and his social distance from the townspeople.

On Functions of Dialect in The Mayor of Casterbridge from a Sociolinguistic Perspective

Farfrae is well-rounded. He knows business and understands society's desires for courtly manners and entertainment. Henchard greatly respects Farfrae and asks him for advice on several important occasions. However, in the end, Farfrae has everything that Henchard does not: the love of Lucetta, the support of the townspeople, and eventually the mayorship of Casterbridge. With the establishment of his dominant status in Casterbridge and the acceptance of the townspeople, Farfrae uses scarcely any regional forms, making a sharp contrast to his first appearance as a Scott, which can be shown by another example in the chapter 37. A royal personage is about to pass through the borough. The council members meet, before the appointed day, to arrange the details of the procedure. “I am afraid so, it is out of question, indeed. But of course, you can see the doings full well, such as they are to be, like the rest of the spectators.” (Chapter 37, p.263) The reader can notice that there is almost no Scottish dialect mark in his speech. By doing so, Hardy indicates that Farfrae has become the core persona in Casterbridge.

By the switching of dialects and Standard English used by the two important heroes, Hardy successfully showed their rise and fall in the fictional world.

2.3 Representing the Subtle Role-relationships Between Characters

Character’s speech in the novel is a vital part of its contact with the real world.

“It is a way of forming that relationship with the characters

which is a dimension of the relationships which they form

among themselves. Such at least is the way in which the

Victorian novelists and their readers approached their art.”(Pettit,

1994, p.118)

Example 8

“What can we two poor lammigers do against such a multitude!”

expostulated Stubberd, in answer to Mr Grower’s chiding.

“ ‘Tis tempting ‘em to commit felo de se upon us, and that

would be the death of the perpetrator; and we wouldn’t be the

cause of a fellow-creature’s death on no account, not we!”

“Get some help, then! Here, I’ll come with you. We’ll see what

a few words of authority can do.”(Ch.39, p.280)

The interpersonal function of language mainly involves the ways in which people negotiate and maintain social status. In other words, the ways they make use of language can help establish themselves in the social hierarchy and maintain these relations with other people. We do not use our language in the same way all the time, but vary it according to whether we are speaking to a member of the family, a close friend, a stranger or a child. We associate certain forms of language with professions and circumstances. Relation between addressor and addressee refers to the relative status, extent of shared knowledge and amount of interaction among participants.

In the above-mentioned example, the townswomen eagerly perform the skimmity ride to bring shame to Lucetta, and the council members want to arrest the people responsible for the skimmity ride. Mr. Grower, the magistrate, leads the council members in searching for the perpetrators. Here, he argues with Stubberd, the constable. Hardy uses dialect pragmatically to show the differences in local relationships. Now Grower’s use of standard speech gives the required effect of his relative position and power to command. Stubberd’s lower status and helpless anxiety are emphasized by deviant syntax, dialect lexis and malapropism such as “‘Tis”, “’em”, “commit felo de se” and “that would be the death of the perpetrator”.

Example 9

It was dinner-time –they never met except at meals –and she

happened to say when he was rising from table, wishing to show

him something, “if you’ll bide where you be a minute, father, I’ll

get it.”

“‘Bide where you be’,” he echoed sharply. “Good God, are you

only fit to carry wash to a pig-trough, that ye use such words as

those?”

She reddened with shame and sadness.

“I meant, ‘Stay where you are,’ father”, she said in a low humble

voice. “I ought to have been more careful.” (Ch.20, p.189)

Hardy makes full use of contacts, and sometimes tensions between different varieties of English. At different times, dialect can serve opposite purposes –either to bring characters closer together by showing an increasing emotional attatchment, since dialect is associated with childhood or with one’s most intimate relationships and informal moods; or to draw them apart, by emphasizing a social gap or acting as an unpleasant reminder of humble origins. This latter function is illustrated by this example when Elizabeth talks to her father. According to the accommodation theory, a speaker may choose not to converge but to diverge, by moving his or her speech away from the other party, to show his or her attitude towards the addressee and establish the social distance between them. When Henchard finds out Elizabeth is not his daughter, he is outraged and hates her when he sees her, so he rebukes her when she said the dialect “bide”. The incident contributes to the increasing strained relationship between them. After that, the girl watches her linguistic behavior more carefully, remembering to say “humble bees” rather than “hag-rid”. This phenomenon can also be explained by the accommodation theory, according to which we tend to accommodate our speech to the speech of the people we are talking to, in the hope that they will like us more for doing so. Through this example, the reader may sense Hardy’s sarcastic attitude towards the improvement of familiar speeches by observing the rules of propriety. Victorian fiction frequently reflects the social concern about proper and improper words. There is perhaps a specific irony in Henchard’s own switch from “you” to the non-standard “ye” under the stress of feeling as he criticizes Elizabeth. Henchard’s own ambivalent social status is shown not only by his violent objection to dialect but also by his use of “ye” in his criticism.

GAO Jie (2013). Higher Education of Social Science, 4(3), 35-39

In fact, there are some other places in the novel where Hardy uses “bide” in Henchard’s speeches, the word Henchard regards as vulgar, to imply the relationships between the characters and the attitude of the speaker to the addressee. In chapter 7, strongly attracted by Farfrae, Henchard tries to persuade him to stay at Casterbridge by offering him the position of general manager, saying “if you will bide and be my manager I will make it worth your while”. As sociolinguistic researches show, dialect always implies solidarity to show intimacy. Henchard tries to impress Farfrae by the intimate use of dialect. In chapter 41, Elizabeth-Jean comes to Henchard’s, who is upset by Lucetta’s death and Henchard comforts her, asking to stay with him, saying “Now do you bide here with me this morning”, convincing her again that he can find happiness with her. Stronger dialect often signals emotional upheaval which is also highly effective in heightening dramatic tension. By the use of dialect, Henchard actually tries to narrow the gap between him and Elizabeth.

2.4 Choosing the Appropriate Styles of Speaking in Particular Situations

People choose different styles in different situations. No one speaks the same way all the time and they constantly use nuances of the languages they speak for a variety of purposes.

A sudden change from dialect can be immensely effective. There is a fine example in The Mayor of Casterbridge when Henchard, as a magistrate, is confronted by the furmity woman who witnessed the sale of his wife. She is brought in as a vigorous dialect speaker, calling the constable “old turmit-head”, but when she starts to accuse Henchard, she loses most of her non-standard dialect features and takes on a more choric role, being a judge and a person to take revenge.

Example 10

“A man and a woman with a little child came into my tent,” the

woman continued. “ They sat down and had a basin apiece. Ah,

Lord’s my life! I was of a more respectable station in the world

then than I am now, being a land-smuggler in a large way of

business; and I used to season my furmity with rum for them

who asked for’t. I did it for the man; and then he had more; till

at last he quarrelled with his wife, and offered to sell her to the

highest bidder. A sailor came in, and bid five guineas, and paid

the money, and led her away. And the man who sold his wife

in that fashion is the man sitting there in the great big chair.”

(Chapter 28, p.201)

The switching from the dialect to relatively standard speech has a very special dramatic effect. The ugly old woman speaks in a way that is not consistent with her social identity, which puts emphasis on the strong condemnation of Henchard’s past mistake.

CONCLUSION

Dialect is a social indicator, carrying social connotations and reflecting aspects of the speaker’s identity. Dialect is often employed in fiction writing to achieve special effects, Based on relevant theories in sociolinguistics, the paper analyzes the functions of dialect used in the fictional conversations in Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge and concludes that the use of dialect is not only successful in conveying a vivid fictional world, adding the local color, mirroring social significance, but also consistent with Hardy’s social and artistic pursuits ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At the completion of my article, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and great appreciation to all those who have contributed to this article directly or indirectly. Special thanks are due the scholars who have done invaluable work in the related fields such as sociolinguistics and literature. In addition, I would like to extend my gratitude to my beloved parents and friends, without whose encouragement and gentle care I cannot accomplish my study smoothly. REFERENCES

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(5), 20-24.

五年级上册成语解释及近义词反义词和造句大全.doc

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On the contrary Onthecontrary, I have not yet begun. 正好相反，我还没有开始。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, the instructions have been damaged. 反之，则说明已经损坏。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, I understand all too well. 恰恰相反，我很清楚 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, I think this is good. ⑴我反而觉得这是好事。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, I have tons of things to do 正相反，我有一大堆事要做 Provided by jukuu Is likely onthecontrary I in works for you 反倒像是我在为你们工作 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, or to buy the first good. 反之还是先买的好。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, it is typically american. 相反，这正是典型的美国风格。 222.35.143.196 Onthecontrary, very exciting.

恰恰相反，非常刺激。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, But onthecontrary, lazy. 却恰恰相反，懒洋洋的。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, I hate it! 恰恰相反，我不喜欢！ https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, the club gathers every month. 相反，俱乐部每个月都聚会。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, I'm going to work harder. 我反而将更努力工作。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, his demeanor is easy and nonchalant. 相反，他的举止轻松而无动于衷。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Too much nutrition onthecontrary can not be absorbed through skin. 太过营养了反而皮肤吸收不了. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, I would wish for it no other way. 正相反，我正希望这样 Provided by jukuu Onthecontrary most likely pathological. 反之很有可能是病理性的。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html, Onthecontrary, it will appear clumsy. 反之，就会显得粗笨。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/074052033.html,

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争，往往是悲惨的、没有光华的、没有幸福的，在孤独与静寂中展开的斗争。……他们只能依靠自己，可是有时连最强的人都不免于在苦难中蹉跎。罗曼·罗兰 8.伟大的心胸，应该表现出这样的气概用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付开始的不幸。鲁迅人在逆境里比在在顺境里更能坚强不屈。遇厄运时比交好运时容易保全身心。 9.要抓紧时间赶快生活，因为一场莫名其妙的疾病，或者一个意外的悲惨事件，都会使生命中断。奥斯特洛夫斯基。 10.在我一生中最悲惨的一个时期，我曾经有过那类的想法：去年夏天在我回到这儿附近的地方时，这想法还缠着我;可是只有她自己的亲自说明才能使我再接受这可怕的想法。 11.他们说一个悲惨的故事是悲剧，但一千个这样的故事就只是一个统计了。 12.不要向诱惑屈服，而浪费时间去阅读别人悲惨的详细新闻。 13.那起悲惨的事件深深地铭刻在我的记忆中。 14.伟大的心胸，应该用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付一切的不幸。 15.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百万个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。门捷列夫 16.生活需要爱，没有爱，那些受灾的人们生活将永远悲惨;生活需要爱，爱就像调味料，使生活这道菜充满滋味;生活需要爱，爱让生活永远充满光明。

英语造句

一般过去式 时间状语：yesterday just now (刚刚) the day before three days ag0 a week ago in 1880 last month last year 1. I was in the classroom yesterday. I was not in the classroom yesterday. Were you in the classroom yesterday. 2. They went to see the film the day before. Did they go to see the film the day before. They did go to see the film the day before. 3. The man beat his wife yesterday. The man didn’t beat his wife yesterday. 4. I was a high student three years ago. 5. She became a teacher in 2009. 6. They began to study english a week ago 7. My mother brought a book from Canada last year. 8.My parents build a house to me four years ago . 9.He was husband ago. She was a cooker last mouth. My father was in the Xinjiang half a year ago. 10.My grandfather was a famer six years ago. 11.He burned in 1991

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学生造句--Unit 1

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不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句

知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句 本文是关于知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句，感谢您的阅读！ 知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句知己 基本解释：顾名思义是了解、理解、赏识自己的人，如"知己知彼，百战不殆";更常指懂你自己的挚友或密友，它是一生难求的朋友，友情的最高境界。正所谓:"士为知己者死"。 1.谓了解、理解、赏识、懂自己。 2.彼此相知而情谊深切的人。 【知己近义词】 亲信，好友，密友，心腹，挚友，深交，相知，知交，知友，知心，知音，石友，老友，至友 【知己反义词】 仇人敌人陌路 【知己造句】 1、我们想要被人爱、想拥有知己、想历经欢乐、想要安全感。 2、朋友本应是我们的亲密知己和支持者，但对于大多数人来说，有一些朋友比起帮助我们，更多的却是阻碍。 3、那么，为什么你就认为，随着年龄的增长，比起女人来男人们的知己和丰富的人际关系更少，因此一般容易更孤独呢？ 4、他成了我的朋友、我的知己、我的顾问。 5、无论在我当州长还是总统的时候，布鲁斯都是我的密友、顾问和知己。他这样的朋友人人需要，也是所有总统必须拥有的。

6、波兰斯基有着一段声名卓著的电影生涯，也是几乎所有电影界重要人物们的挚友和同事，他们是知己，是亲密的伙伴。 7、搜索引擎变成了可以帮追我们的忏悔室，知己，信得过的朋友。 8、这样看来，奥巴马国家安全团队中最具影响力的当属盖茨了――但他却是共和党人，他不会就五角大楼以外问题发表看法或成为总统知己。 9、我们的关系在二十年前就已经和平的结束了，但在网上，我又一次成为了他精神层面上的评论家，拉拉队，以及红颜知己。 10、这位“知己”，作为拍摄者，站在距离电视屏幕几英尺的地方对比着自己年轻版的形象。 11、父亲与儿子相互被形容为对方的政治扩音筒、知己和后援。 12、这对夫妻几乎没有什么至交或知己依然在世，而他们在后纳粹时期的德国也不可能会说出实话的。 13、她把我当作知己，于是，我便将她和情人之间的争吵了解得一清二楚。 14、有一种友谊不低于爱情；关系不属于暖昧；倾诉一直推心置腹；结局总是难成眷属；这就是知己！ 15、把你的治疗师当做是可以分享一切心事的知己。 16、莉莉安对我敞开心胸，我成了她的知己。 17、据盖洛普民意调查显示，在那些自我认同的保守党人中，尽管布什仍维持72%支持率，但他在共和党领导层中似乎很少有几位知

英语句子结构和造句

高中英语~词性~句子成分~语法构成 第一章节：英语句子中的词性 1.名词：n. 名词是指事物的名称，在句子中主要作主语.宾语.表语.同位语。 2.形容词;adj. 形容词是指对名词进行修饰~限定~描述~的成份，主要作定语.表语.。形容词在汉语中是（的）.其标志是: ous. Al .ful .ive。. 3.动词：vt. 动词是指主语发出的一个动作，一般用来作谓语。 4.副词：adv. 副词是指表示动作发生的地点. 时间. 条件. 方式. 原因. 目的. 结果.伴随让步. 一般用来修饰动词. 形容词。副词在汉语中是（地）.其标志是：ly。 5.代词：pron. 代词是指用来代替名词的词，名词所能担任的作用，代词也同样.代词主要用来作主语. 宾语. 表语. 同位语。 6.介词：prep.介词是指表示动词和名次关系的词，例如：in on at of about with for to。其特征：

介词后的动词要用—ing形式。介词加代词时，代词要用宾格。例如：give up her（him）这种形式是正确的，而give up she（he）这种形式是错误的。 7.冠词：冠词是指修饰名词，表名词泛指或特指。冠词有a an the 。 8.叹词：叹词表示一种语气。例如：OH. Ya 等 9.连词：连词是指连接两个并列的成分，这两个并列的成分可以是两个词也可以是两个句子。例如：and but or so 。 10.数词：数词是指表示数量关系词，一般分为基数词和序数词 第二章节：英语句子成分 主语：动作的发出者，一般放在动词前或句首。由名词. 代词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当。 谓语：指主语发出来的动作，只能由动词充当，一般紧跟在主语后面。 宾语：指动作的承受着，一般由代词. 名词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当. 介词后面的成分也叫介词宾语。 定语：只对名词起限定修饰的成分，一般由形容

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

六级单词解析造句记忆MNO

M A: Has the case been closed yet? B: No, the magistrate still needs to decide the outcome. magistrate n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 A: I am unable to read the small print in the book. B: It seems you need to magnify it. magnify vt.１．放大，扩大；２．夸大，夸张 A: That was a terrible storm. B: Indeed, but it is too early to determine the magnitude of the damage. magnitude n.１．重要性，重大；２．巨大，广大 A: A young fair maiden like you shouldn’t be single. B: That is because I am a young fair independent maiden. maiden n.少女，年轻姑娘，未婚女子 a.首次的，初次的 A: You look majestic sitting on that high chair. B: Yes, I am pretending to be the king! majestic a.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，高贵的 A: Please cook me dinner now. B: Yes, your majesty, I’m at your service. majesty n.１．［Ｍ－］陛下（对帝王，王后的尊称）；２．雄伟，壮丽，庄严 A: Doctor, I traveled to Africa and I think I caught malaria. B: Did you take any medicine as a precaution? malaria n.疟疾 A: I hate you! B: Why are you so full of malice? malice n.恶意，怨恨 A: I’m afraid that the test results have come back and your lump is malignant. B: That means it’s serious, doesn’t it, doctor? malignant a.１．恶性的，致命的；２．恶意的，恶毒的 A: I’m going shopping in the mall this afternoon, want to join me? B: No, thanks, I have plans already. mall n.（由许多商店组成的）购物中心 A: That child looks very unhealthy. B: Yes, he does not have enough to eat. He is suffering from malnutrition.

小学语文反义词仿照的近义词反义词和造句

仿照的近义词反义词和造句 仿照的近义词 【仿制解释】：仿造：～品 【模仿解释】：个体自觉或不自觉地重复他人的行为的过程。是社会学习的重要形式之一。尤其在儿童方面，儿童的动作、语言、技能以及行为习惯、品质等的形成和发展都离不开模仿。可分为无意识模仿和有意识模仿、外部模仿和内部模仿等多种类型。 仿照的反义词 【独创解释】：独特的创造：～精神ㄧ～一格。 仿照造句 一、老师让我们仿照黑板上的图画一幅画。 二、仿照下面的句式，以“只有”开头，写一结构与之相似的复句。 三、仿照例句的句子，在下面两句的横线上补写相应的内容。 四、仿照例句，以“记忆”或“友情”开头，另写一句话。 五、仿照下面两个例句，用恰当的词语完成句子，要求前后语意关联。 六、仿照开头两句句式，通过联想，在后面两句横线上填上相应的词语。 七、仿照所给例句，用下面的词展开联想，给它一个精彩的解释。 八、仿照例句，以“你”开头，另写一个句子。 九、仿照下列句式，续写两个句子，使之与前文组成意义相关的.句子。 十、我们也仿照八股文章的笔法来一个“八股”,以毒攻毒,就叫做八大罪状吧。

十一、仿照例句，任选一种事物，写一个句子。 十二、仿照下面一句话的句式和修辞，以“时间”开头，接着写一个句子。 十三、仿照例句，以“热爱”开头，另写一句子。 十四、仿照下面的比喻形式，另写一组句子。要求选择新的本体和喻体，意思完整。 十五、根据语镜，仿照划线句子，接写两句，构成语意连贯的一段话。 十六、仿照下面句式，续写两个句式相同的比喻句。 十七、自选话题，仿照下面句子的形式和修辞，写一组排比句。 十八、仿照下面一句话的句式，仍以“人生”开头，接着写一句话。 十九、仿照例句的格式和修辞特点续写两个句子，使之与例句构成一组排比句。 二十、仿照例句，另写一个句子，要求能恰当地表达自己的愿望。 二十一、仿照下面一句话的句式，接着写一句话，使之与前面的内容、句式相对应，修辞方法相同。 二十二、仿照下面一句话的句式和修辞，以“思考”开头，接着写一个句子。 二十三、仿照下面例句，从ABCD四个英文字母中选取一个，以”青春”为话题，展开想象和联想，写一段运用了比喻修辞格、意蕴丰富的话，要求不少于30字。 二十四、仿照下面例句，另写一个句子。 二十五、仿照例句，另写一个句子。 二十六、下面是毕业前夕的班会上，数学老师为同学们写的一句赠言，请你仿照它的特点，以语文老师的身份为同学们也写一句。

base on的例句

意见应以事实为根据. 3 来自辞典例句 192. The bombers swooped ( down ) onthe air base. 轰炸机 突袭 空军基地. 来自辞典例句 193. He mounted their engines on a rubber base. 他把他们的发动机装在一个橡胶垫座上. 14 来自辞典例句 194. The column stands on a narrow base. 柱子竖立在狭窄的地基上. 14 来自辞典例句 195. When one stretched it, it looked like grey flakes on the carvas base. 你要是把它摊直, 看上去就象好一些灰色的粉片落在帆布底子上. 18 来自辞典例句 196. Economic growth and human well - being depend on the natural resource base that supports all living systems. 经济增长和人类的福利依赖于支持所有生命系统的自然资源. 12 1 来自辞典例句 197. The base was just a smudge onthe untouched hundred - mile coast of Manila Bay. 那基地只是马尼拉湾一百英里长安然无恙的海岸线上一个硝烟滚滚的污点. 6 来自辞典例句 198. You can't base an operation on the presumption that miracles are going to happen. 你不能把行动计划建筑在可能出现奇迹的假想基础上.

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.