药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案

多媒体技术教程》（第三版）习题解答

第1章绪论

1．多媒体信息系统和多媒体计算机有什么不同？在概念上应如何看待两者之间的关系？多媒体信息系统是新一代高度集成的、功能强大的、智能化的计算机信息系统，它是提供多媒体信息、辅助人们对环境进行控制和决策的系统，是基于计算机、通信网络等现代化的工具和手段，服务于管理领域的信息处理系统。而多媒体计算机指的是硬件设施，多媒体计算机是多媒体信息系统得以应用的平台。

2．试归纳叙述多媒体关键特性以及这些特性之间的关系。

多媒体的关键特性主要包括信息载体的多样性、交互性和集成性这三个方面，这既是多媒体的主要特征，也是在多媒体研究中必须解决的主要问题。

信息载体的多样性是相对于计算机而言的，指的就是信息媒体的多样化，有人称之为信息多维化；多媒体的第二个关键特性是交互性，多媒体系统将向用户提供交互式使用、加工和控制信息的手段，为应用开辟更加广阔的领域，也为用户提供更加自然的信息存取手段；多媒体的集成性主要表现在两个方面，一是多媒体信息媒体的集成，二是处理这些媒体的设备与设施的集成。

信息载体的多样性是集成性的基础，没有多种信息媒体，也就无法进行多媒体信息的集成化处理；而处理多媒体的设备与设施的集成性是实现交互性的前提，没有系统、网络、软硬件设施的集成，就无法为用户交互式使用、加工和控制信息提供平台。

3．为什么说多媒体缩短了人类信息交流的路径？人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是什么？

与以往的方法相比，计算机在数据处理方面有了很大的改善。计算机所提供的功能强大的数据组织和构造技术，如传统数据结构中的数组、向量、队列、堆栈、树和堆等，为动态地加工和处理数据提供了基础。高效的算法和高速的网络通信，大大地加强了用文字和数据表示概念的能力并加速了它的传递过程。但人类并不是仅仅依赖文本这一类单一的数据形式来传递所有的信息和接受概念的，图像、声音等多媒体信息都是人类获取和传递信息极为重要的渠道。图像的信息量最大，一幅画胜过千言万语，最直观、最能一目了然。而动态的影像视频和动画则更生动、更逼真、更接近客观世界的原型、更能反映事物的本质和内涵。声音和文字也是信息的重要媒体，综合应用不仅有利于接受，也有利于存储（记忆）和保留。这就意味着必须同时启动大脑的形象思维和逻辑思维，才能更好地获得更多更有用的信息。因此，通过多种感觉器官用多种信息媒体形式向人提供信息才算是更好的表达方法，它不仅加速和改善了理解，并且提高了信息接受的兴趣和注意力。多媒体正是利用各种信息媒体形式，集成地用声、图、文等来承载信息，也就是缩短信息传递的路径。

人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是为了高效的获取、传递以及使用信息。计算机的发展使得人类的信息处理手段得到加强，高速的计算能力扩展了对数据进行重复计算的能力，大规模的存储扩展了记忆信息的范围，高速通信网使得我们可以同远在异地他乡的同事、朋友、亲人甚至陌生人进行快速的信息交换。这些机器成为我们与他人进行交流的中介。

第2章媒体及媒体技术

1．为什么说媒体具有不同的抽象层次？对媒体的抽象层次和性质进行小结。

在获得媒体语义的过程中，抽象起着十分重要的作用，这种抽象是复杂的，而且与任务有关。通常包括若干抽象层，每一个抽象层都包含着与具体的任务和问题域有关的模型。从接近具体感官的信息表示层到接近符号的信息表示层，信息的抽象程度递增，而数据量则递减。语义就是在从感官数据到符号数据的抽象过程中逐步形成的。对不同媒体来说，媒体的语义是处于不同层次上的。抽象的程度不同，语义的重点也就不同。

2．媒体的空间含义是指什么？媒体的时间含义是指什么？媒体的时空综合是指什么？什么是媒体的时空“上下文”？

多媒体信息的空间意义有两种解释。第一种是指表现空间，尤其是指显示空间的安排，目前在大多数研究中指的都是这一类。第二种空间意义是把环境中各种表达信息的媒体按相互的空间关系进行组织，全面整体地反映信息的空间结构，而不仅仅是零散的信息片断。

2

媒体的时间也有两种含义。一是表现所需的时间，这是所有媒体都需要的。第二种时间意义即同媒体的空间一样，媒体的时间也可以包含媒体在时间坐标轴上的相互关系。

媒体的时间关系存在于同步、实时等许多方面。空间和时间组成了一个三维的时空坐标系统。时间与空间的联系构成了媒体的时空“上下文”。

3．媒体的结合为什么会产生“感觉相乘”的效果？试举几个例子对此加以说明。

多媒体的作用在很大程度上是媒体之间结合产生的影响。这种结合可以是低层次的，如在显示窗口中提供多种媒体信息片断，并将视觉、听觉相互结合，造成一种比较适合的媒体表现环境；也可以是高层次的，由各种媒体组成完全沉浸的虚拟空间，但应该如何结合现在还缺乏理论上的指导。媒体之间可以相互支持，也可以相互干扰。如果媒体之间是相互支持的关系，则这种媒体结合所产生的效果就是“感觉相乘”效应。

“感觉相乘”的例子很多，比如以视听并举的方式传递信息，比仅仅依靠观察或者解说能产生更好的效果；为了追求更强的沉浸感，虚拟现实环境的构建往往需要综合考虑视觉、听觉、触觉甚至嗅觉等多种感觉。

4．什么是媒体的语义？什么是隐喻？[不考]

各种媒体的信息在最低层次上都是二进制位流。如果仅仅作为信息的简单通道，系统不必了解媒体的语义，但如果要多媒体系统具有对媒体进行选择、合成等方面的能力，就必须赋予它媒体的语义知识，从而使得系统能在媒体之上对媒体进行比较、选择和合成。媒体被赋予的媒体的语义知识即为媒体的语义。

在与多媒体系统交互的过程中，人所依据的是关于这种交互的概念模型，也称心智模型（Mental Model）。这种概念模型的建立往往需要培训和经验，不易于被用户所接受。一种较好的方法是模拟人对其他事物的知识和技能，把它们挪到多媒体系统中使用，媒体的多样性为这种模拟提供了一个很好的基础，这种模拟，就是隐喻技术。

5．研究声音心理学对声音的处理会带来哪些好处？试举例加以说明。说明掩蔽、临界频带、相位对声音的影响。[不考]

各种声音可以互相掩蔽，也就是说一种声音的出现可能使得另一种声音难于听清。纸张的沙

沙声、鼓掌声、咳嗽声等往往会掩盖说话声和音乐声。一般说来，在掩蔽音条件下，要

听清被测量的测验音，就必须提高测验音的强度。由于声音的掩蔽效果，可以欺骗人的听觉。在频率的某一临界区里，各种声音强度是相互作用的，合成声音的响度由这些频率共同决定，但在临界区内不会改变。如果超出临界区，声音的响度不再相互作用，随频率而变。这个临界区就是临界频带，其宽度视其中心频率而定。

从声音的波形来看，声音的起点和方向也要反映声音的特性，这就是声音的相位。当两个声音相同而相位完全相反时，它们将相互抵消；当两个声音相同而且相位也相同时，声音就会得到加强。相位的确定对于多声道声音系统的设计非常重要，它可以应用在回声的消除、会议系统的声音设计上等。

6．声音的数字化过程是怎样的？什么是声音的符号化？

声音在真实世界是模拟的，时间和幅度上是连续的，声音的数字化主要包括采样、量化、编码等步骤。

波形声音可以把音乐、语音都进行数字化并表示出来，但这并没有将它看成音乐和语音。对声音的抽象化（即符号化）表示包括两种类型，一种是音乐、一种是语音。声音的符号化即将声音转变为符号序列的过程。

7．声音的三维化处理所基于的原理是什么？双工理论的作用在何时体现得较为明显、何时又会失效？耳廓模型的建立是为了达到什么样的目标？[不考]

声音的三维化处理基于的原理是双工理论。人耳对声音定位的特性，通过大脑的综合作用后，对有差别的声音信号进行了相对于空间位置的定位。很显然，如果按此方法使用计算机向人耳提供不同的声音，人的大脑也会综合出声音的位置信息。

双工理论过于简单，这一理论实际上是处于一个较理想的状态下，即无反射、无折射和单频率等，但实际上人耳所处的环境比双工理论描述的环境要复杂得多。按照双工理论，人耳应没有在垂直平面的定位能力，不能够区分前后，因为在这些情况下两耳间声音的到达时间差ITD和两耳间声音的强度差IID都几乎为零；而实际上，人耳确实具有这方面的能力，这就是耳廓的作用。

耳廓模型的建立，主要为了模拟出人耳的听觉特性，具体来讲，就是模拟如何解析声源的本身信

3

号特征、声源的空间三维位置、声源所处的环境这3个因素。建立正确的耳廓模型有利于创造三维的虚拟听觉空间。

8．视觉心理学对视觉信息的处理辅助体现在哪些地方？如何利用这些心理学特性？[不考]

虽然光的物理特性与心理知觉有关，但并不是线性的。把物理波的强度加倍，感受到的亮度却并不加倍。对光的色调和亮度的感觉不仅和它的频率与强度有关，而且还和它出现的背景有关，和同时出现的周围光有关。即使是最简单的物理因素也要受到神经系统的复杂分析，从而产生出复杂的心理知觉反应。将物理性质和心理知觉区分开来，就是十分重要的。在多媒体信息系统的设计过程中，充分考虑视觉心理学特性，能提供更好的人机交互方式。

第3章多媒体数据压缩

1．如何衡量一种数据压缩方法的好坏？多媒体数据存在哪些类型的冗余？

评价一种数据压缩技术的性能好坏主要有3个关键的指标：压缩比、图像质量、压缩和解压的速度。希望压缩比要大，即压缩前后所需的信息存储量之比要大；恢复效果要好，尽可能地恢复原始数据；实现压缩的算法要简单，压缩、解压速度快，尽可能地做到实时压缩解压。除此之外还要考虑压缩算法所需要的软件和硬件。

一般而言，多媒体数据中存在的数据冗余类型主要有以下几种。（1）空间冗余在同一幅图像中，规则物体和规则背景的表面物理特性具有相关性，这些相关性的光成像结果在数字化图像中就表现为数据冗余。

（2）时间冗余

时间冗余反映在图像序列中就是相邻帧图像之间有较大的相关性，一帧图像中的某物体或场景可以由其他帧图像中的物体或场景重构出来。音频的前后样值之间也同样有时间冗余。（3）信息熵冗余

信源编码时，当分配给第i个码元类的比特数b(yi)= .lgpi时，才能使编码后单位数据量等于其信源熵，即达到其压缩极限。但实际中各码元类的先验概率很难预知，比特分配不能达到最佳。实际单位数据量d>H(S)，即存在信息冗余熵。

（4）视觉冗余

人眼对于图像场的注意是非均匀的，人眼并不能察觉图像场的所有变化。事实上人类视觉的一般分辨能力为26灰度等级，而一般图像的量化采用的是28灰度等级，即存在着视觉冗余。（5）听觉冗余

人耳对不同频率的声音的敏感性是不同的，并不能察觉所有频率的变化，对某些频率不必特别关注，因此存在听觉冗余。

（6）其他冗余

包括结构冗余、知识冗余等。

2．数据压缩技术可分为几大类？每类有何主要特点？

根据解码后数据与原始数据是否完全一致进行分类，压缩方法可被分为有失真编码和无失真编码两大类。

有失真压缩法压缩了熵，会减少信息量，而损失的信息是不能再恢复的，因此这种压缩法是不可逆的。无失真压缩法去掉或减少了数据中的冗余，但这些冗余值是可以重新插入到数据中的，因此冗余压缩是可逆的过程。有失真压缩法的冗余压缩取决于初始信号的类型、前后的相关性、信号的语义内容等。由于允许一定程度的失真，可用于对图像、声音、动态视频等数据的压缩。如采用混合编码的JPEG标准，它对自然景物的灰度图像，一般可压缩几倍到十几倍，而对于自然景物的彩色图像，压缩比将达到几十倍甚至上百倍。采用ADPCM编码的声音数据，压缩比通常也能做到4∶1～8∶1。压缩比最为可观的是动态视频数据，采用混合编码的DVI多媒体系统，压缩比通常可达50∶1～100∶1。

无失真压缩法不会产生失真，从信息语义角度讲，无失真编码是泛指那种不考虑被压缩信息的性质的编码和压缩技术，它是基于平均信息量的技术，并把所有的数据当作比特序列，而不是根据压缩信息的类型来优化压缩。也就是说，平均信息量编码忽略被压缩信息语义内容。

在多媒体技术中一般

药学英语第五版第三单元

Biochemistry Seeks to Explain Life in Chemical Terms The molecules of which living organisms are composed conform to all the familiar laws of chemistry, but they also interact with each other in accordance with another set of principles, which we shall refer to collectively as the molecular logic of life. These principles do not involve new or yet undiscovered physical laws or forces. Instead, they are a set of relationships characterizing the nature, function, and interactions of biomolecules. If living organisms are composed of molecules that are intrinsically inanimate, how do these molecules confer the remarkable combination of characteristics we call life? How is it that a living organism appears to be more than the sum of its inanimate parts? Philosophers once answered that living organisms are endowed with a mysterious and divine life force, but this doctrine (vitalism) has been firmly rejected by modern science. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life. Although biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in medicine, agriculture, nutrition, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself. All Macromolecules Are Constructed from a Few Simple Compounds Most of the molecular constituents of living systems are composed of carbon atoms covalently joined with other carbon atoms and with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The special bonding properties of carbon permit the formation of a great variety of molecules. Organic compounds of molecular weight less than about 500, such as amino acids, nucleotidase, and monosaccharide, serve as monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides,

英语选修八小课文及翻译第四单元word版本

Unit4 Act Two, Scene 1 MAKING THE BET 第二幕第一场打赌 It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day. Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation. 第二天上午11点，在亨利·希金斯家。亨利同皮克林上校正坐着深切地交谈。 H: Do you want to hear any more sounds? 希：你还想不想听听更多的发音呢？ CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four distinct vowel sounds; but your one hundred and thirty beat me. I can't distinguish most of them. 皮：不听了，谢谢。我本来还很自负的，因为我能清晰地发出24个元音来。而你发出了130个元音，其中多数我都分辨不清。你赢我了。 H: (laughing) Well, that comes with practice. 希：（笑起来）这都是练习的结果。 There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups. 敲门声起，皮尔斯夫人（管）带着甜点、茶壶、奶酒和两个杯子进来。 MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you. 管：（犹豫地）一个年轻姑娘求见你。 H: A young girl! What does she want? 希：年轻姑娘！她想要什么？ MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machines. 管：哦，很普通的一个年轻姑娘，手指甲脏兮兮的。我本来还以为你是要她来对着机器讲话的呢。 H: Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce. 希：怎么啦？她的口音很有趣吗？咱们来看看吧。皮尔斯夫人，带她进来。 MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goes downstairs) 管：（半听不听地）好吧，先生。（随即向楼下走去） H: This is a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records on wax disks ... 希：还真是运气，我让你看看我是怎样在唱片上录音的。 MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs. Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to the two men.) 管：（返回来）先生，这就是那个年轻姑娘。（伊莱扎跟在皮尔斯夫人后边羞怯地走进房来。 她穿着破旧的衣服，还脏兮兮的。进来就朝两位先生行屈膝礼。 H: (disappointed) Why! I've got this girl in my records. She's the one we saw the other day. She's no use at all. Take her away. 希：（失望地）好啦，我已经给这个年轻姑娘做过记录了。她就是那天我们见到过的那个，现在根本没有用了，带她走吧！ CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady? 皮：（温和地）年轻姑娘，你想要干什么？E: (upset) I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street. But they won't take me 'less I speak better. So here I am, ready to pay him. I'm not asking for any favours - and he treats me like dirt. 伊：（不安地）我想在花店里当卖花姑娘，不想到街上去卖花了。但是他们不会要我，除非我讲话讲得好些，所以我来了，准备付给他钱。我并不是求他帮忙——可他把我当下贱人看待。 H: How much? 希：你给多少钱？ E: (happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets French lessons for two shillings an hour

真题翻译答案

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1)你应该适当花一点时间休息和锻炼。(reasonable) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) 总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。(in general) In general, children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) 待适当的机会来临，他就能抓住。(come along) Wh en the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4）每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起，享受生活。(set aside) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life 5) 我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景。(hand in hand) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father 6) 他最终辜负了父母的期望。(live up to) He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 相比之下，我们的用油量大幅度上升了。(in contrast) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) 经过努力，他成功地克服了自己的致命弱点。(overcome) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. 1) 人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。 It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure. 2) 与此相反，乐观主义能使你幸福、健康和成功。 Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful. 3) 当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习的经历从中汲取益处。 When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience ) 在问题或困难面前，要想想自己的长处并树立起自信心。 Think about your strengths and build up self-confidence in front of problems or difficulties. 5) 不要让消极的想法阻碍你。 Don’t let negative thoughts hold y ou back. 6) 每个人都经历过失败和失望，因此不要过多地责怪自己。 Everyone has experienced failures and disappointments, so don’t blame yourself too much. 1) She wore a dress ____with a pattern of rose__________ (有玫瑰图案) on it. 2) Helen had ____prepared a wonderful/good meal for us_ (为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜). 3) Ann _______promised faithfully___ (信誓旦旦地保证) that she would never tell. 4) Could you ____deliver this letter__ (把这封信送到) to the accounts department? 5) We were offered ____a selection of milk and plain____chocolate (精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力). 6) Tell the children to ___keep out of mischief / behave themselves_____(别胡闹). 7) We could hear _____the sound of distant thunder_____ (远处打雷的声音). 8) The project has now __received approval from the government (得到政府的批准). 9) Kelly loved her husband ____in spite of the fact that he drank too much (虽然他喝酒太多). 10) Experts seem unable to ____agree whether the drug is safe or not_ (就这个药是否安全取得一致意见). 1. Not every bomb has hit its target. 并非每个炸弹都击中了目标。 2. We can have one or the other but not both simultaneously. 我们能够得到其中一个，但不能同时两个都有。 3. She wanted nothing more than work. 她只想要工作。 4. You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 5. I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling. 有个小孩在追逐自家的兄弟姐妹时踩了我的脚，却仍未向我道歉。 1. 并非所有父母都和你一样能提供很多情况。 Not all parents are as informative as you

药学英语第五版原文翻译

IntroductiontoPhysiology Introduction Physiologyisthestudyofthefunctionsoflivingmatter.Itisconcernedwithhowanorganismperformsitsv ariedactivities:howitfeeds,howitmoves,howitadaptstochangingcircumstances,howitspawnsnewgenerati ons.Thesubjectisvastandembracesthewholeoflife.Thesuccessofphysiologyinexplaininghoworganismsp erformtheirdailytasksisbasedonthenotionthattheyareintricateandexquisitemachineswhoseoperationisgo vernedbythelawsofphysicsandchemistry. Althoughsomeprocessesaresimilaracrossthewholespectrumofbiology—thereplicationofthegenetic codefororexample—manyarespecifictoparticulargroupsoforganisms.Forthisreasonitisnecessarytodivid ethesubjectintovariouspartssuchasbacterialphysiology,plantphysiology,andanimalphysiology. Tostudyhowananimalworksitisfirstnecessarytoknowhowitisbuilt.Afullappreciationofthephysiolog yofanorganismmustthereforebebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Experimentscanthenbecarriedo uttoestablishhowparticularpartsperformtheirfunctions.Althoughtherehavebeenmanyimportantphysiolo gicalinvestigationsonhumanvolunteers,theneedforprecisecontrolovertheexperimentalconditionshasmea ntthatmuchofourpresentphysiologicalknowledgehasbeenderivedfromstudiesonotheranimalssuchasfrog s,rabbits,cats,anddogs.Whenitisclearthataspecificphysiologicalprocesshasacommonbasisinawidevariet yofanimalspecies,itisreasonabletoassumethatthesameprincipleswillapplytohumans.Theknowledgegain edfromthisapproachhasgivenusagreatinsightintohumanphysiologyandendoweduswithasolidfoundation fortheeffectivetreatmentofmanydiseases. Thebuildingblocksofthebodyarethecells,whicharegroupedtogethertoformtissues.Theprincipaltype softissueareepithelial,connective,nervous,andmuscular,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.Manyconnective tissueshaverelativelyfewcellsbuthaveanextensiveextracellularmatrix.Incontrast,smoothmuscleconsists https://www.sodocs.net/doc/078234142.html,anssuchasthebrain,theh eart,thelungs,theintestines,andtheliverareformedbytheaggregationofdifferentkindsoftissues.Theorgans arethemselvespartsofdistinctphysiologicalsystems.Theheartandbloodvesselsformthecardiovascularsyst em;thelungs,trachea,andbronchitogetherwiththechestwallanddiaphragmformtherespiratorysystem;thes keletonandskeletalmusclesformthemusculoskeletalsystem;thebrain,spinalcord,autonomicnervesandgan glia,andperipheralsomaticnervesformthenervoussystem,andsoon. Cellsdifferwidelyinformandfunctionbuttheyallhavecertaincommoncharacteristics.Firstly,theyareb oundedbyalimitingmembrane,theplasmamembrane.Secondly,theyhavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemol eculestosmalleronestoliberateenergyfortheiractivities.Thirdly,atsomepointintheirlifehistory,theyposses sanucleuswhichcontainsgeneticinformationintheformofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA). Livingcellscontinuallytransformmaterials.Theybreakdownglucoseandfatstoprovideenergyforother activitiessuchasmotilityandthesynthesisofproteinsforgrowthandrepair.Thesechemicalchangesarecollect ivelycalledmetabolism.Thebreakdownoflargemoleculestosmalleronesiscalledcatabolismandthesynthes isoflargemoleculesfromsmalleronesanabolism. Inthecourseofevolution,cellsbegantodifferentiatetoservedifferentfunctions.Somedevelopedtheabil itytocontract(musclecells),otherstoconductelectricalsignals(nervecells).Afurthergroupdevelopedtheabi litytosecretedifferentsubstancessuchashormonesorenzymes.Duringembryologicaldevelopment,thispro cessofdifferentiationisre-enactedasmanydifferenttypesofcellareformedfromthefertilizedegg. Mosttissuescontainamixtureofcelltypes.Forexample,bloodconsistsofredcells,whitecells,andplatele ts.Redcellstransportoxygenaroundthebody.Thewhitecellsplayanimportantroleindefenseagainstinfection 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地