初中英语语法资料精简版

虚拟语气

1）概念

表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等。可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句,非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况.通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。

2）虚拟语气的使用范围

主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。

3）法则：“后退一步法”

从句：①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。

②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。

③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。

主句：用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。

例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.

If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.

If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.

4）If虚拟语气的具体分析：

1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的用动词的过去式(或were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。

1) If places ______ a like, there would be little need for geographers(地理学家).（are）

2) If I _____ the meaning of the word, I wouldn't have to look it up.(know)

2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。

We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him,

A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned

C) would telephone D) had telephoned

3. 表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用动词过去式/were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。

Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often. (get)

4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句

if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，将had , should, were等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。（这种结构在口语中很少使用）。

Had he worked harder, he _____ the exams. (get through)

5）宾语从句中的虚拟语气

一、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气。按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。

二、表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成

三、would rather ＋从句,在这种结构中，从句的位于动词用过去形式表示虚拟。

6）主语从句中的虚拟语气

一、It be + 形容词+ that ．．．（should）．．．

二、It be + 过去分词+ that ．．．（should）．．．．

三、It is time（about time，high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．

7）表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，advice，decision等表语从句、同位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。

翻译练习

1. Why is she looking at me （像是她认识我似的）? I have never seen her before in my life.

2. I avoided mentioning the sensitive subject lest (触犯他)。

3.But for his wife’s help, he _________________（是不会成功的）

4. ______________（要不是因为我生病了）, I would have lent him a helping hand.

5. We are all for your proposal that _____________________（延迟讨论）.

6. we did not know his phone number, ______________ （否则我们会给他打电话的）.

倒装

倒装结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分（情态动词或助动词）放在主语之前。

如：now comes the chance. has he come?

一：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有：here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then,

There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.

In each room are ten students.

注意：在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中，且谓语是come, go, be等动词时，句子一般要全部倒装。如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语不须倒装。例如：Now, here goes the story.

There he comes.

Away they hurried. 他们急忙走开了。

二：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。这类词包括：not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only …but also…。

Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.

Not until he came back did I leave. (注意：只能是主句的主谓倒装)

On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.

三：as +adj. / adv. 以及“to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒装。

To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.

So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.

四：虚拟语气中，省去if 后，从句需要倒装。

五：“only + 状语”放在句首时，句子需要倒装。

Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.

Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.

六：由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。

Patient though / as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours.

Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English.

Try as he might, he couldn’t the box.

七.：so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，作“确实如此”讲要用正常语序。

He went to the film last night, so did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。

His mother told him to go to the film, so he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。

“he is a tall thin man.”“so he is.”“他又高又瘦。”“确实如此。”

翻译练习：

1. Only by working at evenings and weekeds________________ (他才能完成报告) by the deadline.

2. Not until Alice had a baby of her own （她才了解）how hard it was for her mother to have brought up her sister and her on her own.。

3. Scarcely _______________ (她看见报纸上的广告)when she booked a package tour with Bright Travel Service.

4. Under no circumstance ____________ her proposal that they take a vacation to Australia together.

5._________________________（吵闹的音乐不仅惹人讨），it could also be the cause of accidents.

定语从句

1. 定义：

定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。

2. 非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，关系代词不能用that，先行词指{人：用who、whom；物：which }

This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）

非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

3. 介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago=This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?= Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

4. 关系代词that 的用法

1）先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词修饰的时候

2）先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词修饰的时候

3）先行词既有人又有物，宜用that

4）先行词是all, much, little，few，something, anything, everything, nothing,none, the one等5）先行词被不定代词修饰,如all, any, every, few, little, no, some，no sooner等。例如:

6）先行词前面Only, one of，the only，the same, the very，the last 等词修饰的时候。

7）主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候

8）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.

五：区分定语从句与其相似句型。

在实际运用中，要分清到底是定语从句，还是并列句、状语从句、强调句或其它句型，然后再来确定关联词。

1. Mr Wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing golf.（这里and连接的是并列句，不能用whom代替them。如去掉and，就必须用whom代替them构成定语从句。）

2. It was last night that the terrible fire broke out. （这里是"It was+被强调部分+that... "构成的强调句型，故连接词不用when。）

同位语从句

典型例子：

1.John,my old friend, came this morning.

2.I have no idea what he is doing now.

3.The question who should do the work requires consideration

定语从句与同位语从句都可位于名词之后，而且都可用that，when，where，why，who等词引导，但它们是两种性质完全不同的从句，不可混淆。

区别：

一、定语从句是形容词从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；

同位语从句是名词从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。

1．We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。

2．We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。

二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等

同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。

1. A plane is a machine that can fly.

2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced.

三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；

同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略，更不能被代替。

1. The news （that）she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。

2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。

3. The reason （why =for which或that）he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。

4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。

四、而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位，一般没有复数形式,如：news, fact, promise, idea, word(消息), message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information，conception,notion，ability, advice, belief, doubt, discovery, , fear, , possibility, problem, question,

story, theory, thought。

1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。

2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school.

五、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引导定语从句, 它们分别指前面先行词所表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物，否则引导的就是同位语从句。

I still remember the day when he was killed. 我还记得他被害的那一天。

I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他什么时候被害的。

主语从句

1．主语从句主要有三类：

（1）由连词that引导的主语从句。

That she survived the accident is a miracle. 她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。

（2）用连接代词或连接副词if, whether 引导的主语从句。

When they will come hasn’t been made pubic. 他们什么时候来还不知道。

Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much. 她来不来都无关紧要。

（3）用关系代词引导的主语从句。

例如：What you need is more practice. 你所需要的是更多的训练。

What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。

注意：

主语从句可以直接放在主语位置上，也可以用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末（尤其是当谓语较短时）。

例如：That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 光沿直线传播，这是众所周知的事。

=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines. 众所周知光沿直线传播。

2．固定用法和译法

（1）It is +名词+从句

It is a fact that…/ It is good news that … …/ It is a question that ……/ It is common knowledge that … …类似的名词还有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing；no wonder；surprise等。

例如：It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 鲸鱼不是鱼，这是常识。

（2）It is +形容词+从句

It is necessary that……/ It is clear that……/ It is likely that … / It is important that …

类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.

例如：It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you . 他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。（3）It is +过去分词+从句

It is said that …/ It is reported that … / It has been proved that … / It must be proved that…

类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.

例如：It is thought that he is the best player. 大家都认为他是最好的选手。

（4）It +不及物动词+从句

It seems that … 好像是/ It happened that… 碰巧/

It follows that … 由此可见/ It has turned out that … 结果是…

类似的不及物动词还有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc.

例如：It now appears that they are in urgent need of help. 看起来他们急需帮助。

当“及物动词+ 宾语”较短时，也可用这种结构。

例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was. 让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。

It +某些固定结构+ 主语从句。

例如：It does not make any difference whether it rains or not . 下不下雨没什么分别。

It does not make the least difference to me what you do. 对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。

宾语从句

定义：一个句子在复合句中作动词或介词的宾语，在主句与从句之间有一个引导词

结构：“主语+谓语动词+引导词+从句

一：引导词

1. that常被省略。

She said (that) she would leave the book on his desk. 她说她会把那本书放在他的桌子上。 2. 当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，用if或whether来引导从句，意为“是否”。

Alice wanted to know if / whether her grandmother liked the bag.

在下列几种情况下，只能用whether, 不能用if:

● 当or not 紧随连词之后时。如：

I don't know whether or not he will come on time. 我不知道他能否按时来。

● 从句用作介词宾语时。如：

I am interested in whether he joined the army. 我对他是否入伍很感兴趣。

● 在带to的动词不定式前。如：

She doesn't know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home. 她不知道是去看电影还是在家看电视。

● 当宾语从句移至句首表强调时。如：

Whether this is true or not, I'm not sure. 这是否真实，我不敢肯定。

3. 宾语从句具有特殊疑问含义时用连接代（副）词引导，它们在宾语从句中充当一定成分，因此不能省略。如：

Did you hear what he said? 你听见他说的话了吗？（作宾语）

I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的。（作表语）

Could you tell me how I get to the post office? 你能告诉我到邮局怎么走吗？（作状语）二：宾语从句的语序：宾语从句一律用陈述语序，即“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”。

Could you tell me where Wei Fang lives?

三：宾语从句的时态

● 如果主句是祈使句或主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时，则宾语从句可根据句意的需要而选用任何一种时态；若主句是一般过去时，宾语从句用表示过去的某种时态。

I know he lives here. / I know he lived here ten years ago.

● 如果宾语从句表示客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、现阶段存在的客观事实、现在经常性或习惯性的动作、谚语、格言等，不论主句用何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播快。

He said time is money. 他说时间就是金钱。

四：宾语从句的否定转移

当主句谓语动词为think, suppose, guess, believe等词时，并且主语为第一人称时，从句的

否定词应转移到主句谓语动词上来。如：

I don't believe that he will come tomorrow. 我相信他明天不会来。

五：宾语从句中的虚拟语气

一、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气。

wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。

二、表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。

注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。

The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.

He insisted that he was honest.

表语从句

一：定义：表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。

结构：主语＋连系动词＋表语从句

连系动词：be, look, remain, seem, sound, appear become……..

二：连接词：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. （that常可省略）常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构

三注意：

A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。

False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.

Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。

False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.

C 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。

Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.

D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。

从句翻译练习：

1. __________________（我想强调的）is not the process but the result.

2.The news ___________________ （她儿子比赛获胜）made her so excited that she could hardly wait to tell it to the neighbors and relatives.

3.The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that _________________（是多少金钱都无法弥补的）.

4．Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits,_________________________(这进而增加了得心脏病的危险).

5.A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _______________(调查结果令人吃惊).

独立主格

独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。

一．独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

二、独立主格结构的构成形式

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；

名词(代词)+形容词；

名词(代词)+副词；

名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

1．名词或代词＋现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如：The man lay there, his hands trembling.

有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如：

The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.

2．名词或代词＋过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如：

The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.

3．名词或代词＋不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。如：

He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.

Time is pressing, two hours to go only.

4．名词或代词＋名词（短语）如：

Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

5．名词或代词＋形容词（短语）形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态。如：The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.

6．名词或代词＋副词副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。如：

The meeting over, we all went home.

7．名词或代词＋介词短语如：

The teacher came in, a book in his hand.

有时，独立主格结构中名词前面的定语可以省略。如：

The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed.

A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand.

三．独立主格结构的作用

1．作状语

1）表示时间如：

Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping.

2）表示原因如：

There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home.

3）表示条件如：

Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football.

4）表示方式或伴随如：

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

2．作同位语如：

There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen.

四．With/without 引导的独立主格结构

A．with+名词代词+形容词

He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.

B．with+名词代词+副词

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.

C．with+名词代词+介词短语

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.

D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.

E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.

F．with+名词代词+动词不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.

翻译练习：

1. ____________ (其他条件相同的情况下),a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

2._____________________(所有的航班被取消)because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

分词

1．分词的时态和语态

1）一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（having + 过去分词）用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：

Being a student, he was interested in books.

Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.

2）主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态；如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作，就用分词完成式的被动形式。如：

The question being discussed is important.

Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.

2．分词的用法

1）作定语

The man standing by the windows is our teacher.

The excited people rushed into the building.

2）作状语，分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。如：Being a student, I must study hard. （原因）

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. （时间）

The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. （方式）

注意：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系，用doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作，用having done表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系，则用done强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作，也可用having been done. 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引出。有时“with（without）+ 名词（或代词宾语）+ 分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。如：

He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken.

The bridge being built will be completed in May.（一般式被动语态）

Having lived in Nanjing for forty years, he knows the city very well.（完成式）

Having been asked to stay for supper, she couldn't very well leave.（被动完成式）

Not knowing his telephone number, I can't call him.不知道他的电话号码，我无法给他打电话。（否定式）

3.独立主格结构和分词的区别：

分词短语作状语：从句的主语当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语相同时，

独立主格结构作状语：从句的主语当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，有独立的的主语

如：Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.

翻译练习：

1. Last week, Tom and his friends celebrated his twentieth birthday, (尽情地唱歌跳舞).

2.___________________（屈服于金钱的诱惑）, he sold out the new design of the company to their opponent.

3._________________(有了那一堆堆稻草的保护), the bushes are not buried by moving sand.

4.___________________（和原来的计划比起来）, this plan is far more complete.

1.表示倍数的句型

1.倍数+ as + 形容词原级+ as

This tree is three times as tall as that one.

2.倍数+ 形容词比较级+ than

The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one. 这本字典比那本恰好贵5倍。

3."A + be + 倍数+ the + 计量名词+ of + B "

The newly broadened square id four times the size of the previous one.

新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。

4."The + 名词+ of + A + be + 倍数+ that + of + B "

The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one.

新扩建的广场为以前的四倍大。

5.其它

I'm twice/ double his age.

I've paid five times the usual price for the stamp.

The average income of the staff has been increased by 50 percent compared with last year.

与去年相比，该单位职工的收入增加了50%.

练习：

Prices are going up rapidly. Petrol now (现在汽油的价格是几年前的两倍).

2.“the more..., the more...”句型

1.表示“越……就越……”,是一个复合句,其中前面的句子是状语从句,后面的句子是主句。the用在形容词或副词的比较级前,more代表形容词或副词的比较级。例如: The more he gets, the more he wants. 他越来越贪。

The more she learns, the more she wants to learn. 她越学越想学。

2.主从句的时态常用一般现在时或一般过去时。例如:

The higher the ground is, the thinner air becomes.

The harder he worked, the more he got.

3.若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

The longer the war lasts, the more the people there will suffer.

4.若比较级作表语且不位于句首时,可以不用the。例如:

When we are more in danger, we should be braver.

5.主句在程度上随着从句变化而变化,常把被强调部分提前。例如:

The faster you run, the better it will be.

6.这种句型的特点是前后都可以有所省略。特别是谚语、俗语,只要意义明确,越简练越好The

more , the better.

7.这种句型中的比较部分通常是状语、宾语、表语,也可以是主语。例如:

The more English you practise, the better your English is.

The busier he is, the happier he feels.

The more air there is inside the tyre, the greater pressure there is in it.

8.若表示“越……越不……”时,常用“the more..., the less...”句型。

The more she flatters me, the less I like her. 她越逢迎我,我越不喜欢她。

9.若表示“越不……就越……”时,常用“the less..., the more...”句型。

The less he worried, the better he worked.

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零冠词 3. —How many ________ can you see in the following pictures? —Three. A. boys B. animals C. films D. buildings 4. Timmy goes to school ________ every day. It's 5 minutes' walk from his home to school. A. in a bus B. by plane C. on foot D. by boat 5. Everything is ________ at night markets. You don't need a lot of money to have a good time. A. cheap B. bad C. tired D. dear 6. —Excuse me, ________ is the nearest bookshop? —Go down the street and turn left at the second corner. A. how B. what C. where D. who 7. The sign tells us ________. A. NO SMOKING B. NO PARKING C. NO PHOTOS D. NO FOOD 8. —Can you play football? —Yes, I can, ________ I can't play it very well. 转折关系 A. or B. and C. so D. but 9. Last month, students had to have their lessons by internet ________ because of SARS. A. on the playground B. at home C. in the street D. near the hospital 10. It is ________ today than yesterday. Shall we go swimming this afternoon? A .the hottest B. hot C. hottest D. hotter 最高级要加the，由于hot为重读闭音节所以要双写t加est。 11. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let's join them! A. are talking B. talk C. will talk D. talked 出现listen,look等词，优先考虑使用进行时态。 12. ________ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympics.

初中英语语法速记口诀顺口溜

初中英语语法速记口诀顺口溜 一、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a， an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的 主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常 常要和冠词连用;②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the;③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： /s/结尾，es不离后， 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口，

词尾f、fe，s前有v和e; 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】①绝大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x 等结尾)，则一般加es;②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s;③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s;④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。 三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“’s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择; 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加; 若为无生命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s 结尾，则只加“’”;②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加 “’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”;③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A。

初中英语语法大全汇总

初中英语语法大全汇总 （一） 一.词类( ) 名词英文名称(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称例词等 冠词英文名称(缩写为.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。例词a() 代词英文名称(缩写为) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词例词 形容词英文名称(缩写为.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 例词. 数词英文名称(缩写为.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 动词英文名称(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词() 副词英文名称(缩写为.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词 介词英文单词(缩写为.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。例词. 连词英文单词(缩写为.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。例词. 感叹词英文单词(缩写为.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。例词. 二.名词() 1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。 专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 中国亚洲北京。 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: 老师茶改革 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 马汽车房间苹果风扇照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 人们家庭军队政府集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 火钢空气水牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 劳动健康生活友情耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词( )有复数形式,如: a 不可数名词( )一般没有复数形式. 抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 沙糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 玻璃玻璃杯纸报纸,文件 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。

初中英语语法 一般将来时练习题

一、单项选择 ( ) 1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be ( ) 2. Charlie ________ here next month. A. isn't working B. doesn't working C. isn't going to working D. won't work ( ) 3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be ( ) 4. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be ( ) 5. -_____ you ______ free tomorrow? - No. I _____ free the day after tomorrow. A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will C. Are; going to; will be D. Are; going to be; will be ( ) 6. Mother ________ me a nice present on my next birthday. A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give ( ) 7. - Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? -________. （不，不要。） A. No, you won't. B. No, you aren't. C. No, please don't. D. No, please. ( ) 8. - Where is the morning paper? - I ________ if for you at once. A. get B. am getting C. to get D. will get ( ) 9. ________ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ( ) 10. If they come, we ________ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have ( ) 11. He ________ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. is going to giving ( ) 12. He ________ to us as soon as he gets there. A. writes B. has written C. will write D. wrote ( ) 13. He ________ in three days. A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back ( ) 14. If it ________ tomorrow, we'll go roller-skating. A. isn't rain B. won't rain C. doesn't rain D. doesn't fine ( ) 15. - Will his parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow? - No, ________ （不去）. A. they willn't. B. they won't. C. they aren't. D. they don't. ( ) 16. Who ________ we ________ swimming with tomorrow afternoon? A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; go ( ) 17. We ________ the work this way next time. A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will doing ( ) 18. Tomorrow he ___ a kite in the open air first, and then ____ boating in the park. A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go ( ) 19. The day after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match. A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. is going to watch ( ) 20. There ________ a birthday party this Sunday. A. shall be B. will be C. shall going to be D. will going to be ( ) 21. They ________ an English evening next Sunday.

初中英语语法不定代词讲义

不定代词 一、不定代词的定义： 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。不定代词可以分为一般不定代词和复合不定代词。 二、一般不定代词及用法 1. some/any 含义：“一些”，既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 区别：1). some用于陈肯句；any用于疑问句或否定句。 I can see some flowers, but I can`t see any apples. 2). some 用在疑问句中有表示请求或建议的功能；any用在肯定句中有强调或加强语气的功能，意为“任何”。Would you like some coffee You may come at any time. 2. many/much 注意：“many”和“much”前可有so, too等词进行修饰。 There are too many mistakes in your diary. So many people are waiting for the bus. Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t go with you. I’ve got too much work to do. 3. few/a few/little/a little He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。

We still have a little time. There is little time left. 4. both, either, neither, all, every, none 5. “other” 、“another”、“others”和“the others” I have two pencils. One is yellow, the other is red. I don’t like this green pencil, please give me another one. In our class, some students like playing football, others like playing basketball.

初中英语语法宾语从句讲解-专项练习及答案

初中英语语法宾语从句讲解 小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词；主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时；陈述转化that引，一般疑问用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一．基本讲解来源：直接引语变间接引语 概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 Eg: He said,“I am good at drawing”. He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) 1.引导词 (1) that引导宾语从句时，通常用陈述句充当, that可省略。 Eg: She said,“I want to go there ”She said (that) she wanted to go there. (2) whether 或if 引导的宾语从句,由一般疑问句/选择疑问句充当，陈述语序。 Eg: “Are you interested in geography?” she said. She asked if/whether I was interested in geography. I wonder if /whether she has told the new to Li Lei . I’m not sure whether he will come or not. 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外 a. 介词短语后只用whether 不用if eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the panic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether. eg:I can?t say whether or not he will come on time c. if当如果讲时,引导的是条件状语从句，表示‘如果’，不能用whether. Eg: If you want to be a good teacher, it will take times. Whether you can succeed depends on how much effort you pay. (3).特殊疑问词引导宾语从句时，不可省略，陈述句语序。 特殊疑问词为：how , when, where, why ,which whose. E.g. …What do you want?? He asked. He asked me what I wanted. I have no idea where he is now. I don?t know how to deal with it. He asked whose handwriting is the best in the class. 2.宾语从句时态 a.主句为一般现在时，从句不受主句的限制 eg: Do you know if/whether he has seen the film? I?m sorry to hear that your father is ill. She says she is going to go to Beijing next week. He tells me that his sister came back yesterday. b.当主句是一般过去时，从句用过去的相应某种时态 She didn?t know why the boy was late again. (过去一般) I didn't know if/whether he had seen the film.（过去完成） I wondered when she was going to America.（过去将来） 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如： Eg: He said （that the earth moves round the sun. / that light travels much faster than sound.）The teacher told us （seeing is believing.）

初中英语语法-一般现在时练习题

一般现在时1定义 1

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1.表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。 时间状语： always, usually,regularly,every morning/night/evening/day/week,often,sometimes,occasionally,from time to time,twice a week,rarely,seldom,once a month, hardly, ever,neve e.g. I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning. 2.表示发生或者存在于说话之时的感觉，状态，和关系。时间的焦点在说话时的现在。 这样的动词有： know love have hear agree be think see taste feel seem look want belong require like等，这类动词的特点都有延续性，用一般时态就能表示动作或者状态的持续。 e.g. I see some twinkling stars in the sky. 3.表示客观事实和普遍真理。 e.g The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 4.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态。 e.g. I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 5.表示格言或警句中。 e.g Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 6.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时。 7.表示预先计划或安排好的行为。 8.小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。新闻报道类的内容，为了体现其“新鲜”性，也用一般现在时来表示过去发生的事情。 ☆注意★：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 5

初中英语语法大全

01 be的用法口诀 我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它；单数名词用is，复数名词全用are. 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃 变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑 02 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in. 要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行

午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错 at也用在明分前，说差可要用上to， 说过只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记， 莫让岁月空蹉跎 03 可数名词的复数变化规律 名词复数有规律，一般词尾加s; 辅音字母+y型，变y为i,es; ch,sh真有趣，s,x,es; f,fe真小气，字母v来把它替，es在后别忘记；字母o来真神奇，有生命来es,没有生命+s. 04

可数名词复数特殊变化规律 中日好友来聚会， 绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。 男士、女士a变e； 牙（齿）、脚双o变双e; 孩子们想去天安门， 原形后面r、 e 、n; 老鼠本来爱大米， mice,ice和rice. 注：中Chinese,日Japanese，好友people. 绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish （这些单词单复数一样）

man--menwoman--womentooth--teethfoot--feet child--childrenmouse--mice 05 一般现在时态 ① we、you、they作主语， 动词原形后面跟； 否定句，更容易， 动词前面加don't; 疑问句，别着急， 句首Do，来帮你， 后面问号别忘记； 肯定回答用Yes,

初中英语语法大全.pdf

1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……　 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from……和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing Does he come from Bejing