简明高中英语语法

简明高中英语语法

一、英语三大常用句式

1.主语（由名词/代词充当）十谓语（由不及物动词vi.充当）十(状语)。

He arrived yesterday.

2.主语十谓语（由及物动词vt.充当）十宾语（名词/代词充当）十(宾语补语)十(状语)。

He made me unhappy that day.

3.主语十谓语(连系动词link.v十表语)十(状语)。

He was clever at that time.

相关概念记忆:

1.主语: 一般就是放在句子谓语之前发出谓语动词动作的句子成份，常由名词/代词等充当。

2.宾语: 就是放在及物动词或介词之后的句子成份，常由名词/代词等充当。

3.表语: 就是放在连系动词后修饰或说明主语内容的句子成份。常由形容词/名词等充当。

4.宾语补语: 就是放在宾语后补充说明宾语的句子成份。常由形容词/名词/分词等充当。

5.及物动词vt.: 就是其后面必须加名词/代词的动词。一般不能单独存在。

6.不及物动词vi.: 就是其后面不能直接加名词/代词的动词。常常单独存在。

7.定语: 修饰名词/代词的句子成份。常由形容词等充当。

8.同位语：就是处于同一位置的句子成份。它往往放在所修饰的名词后面。

二、简单句、并列句、复合句概念

1. 简单句就是由一个主语或一个及以上主语和一个谓语构成的句子；或由一个主语和一个

谓语或一个及以上谓语构成的句子。

2. 并列句是由并列连词连接的两个或多个简单句构成的句子。

3.复合句就是由一个主句和一个及以上从句构成的句子。

三、定语从句

定语从句: 就是在主从复合句中充当定语的从句。它往往放在所修饰的名词或代词后面。

先行词: 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

定语从句引导词: 分为关系代词和关系副词

关系代词: who, whom, whose, which, that, as

关系副词: when, where, why

一）关系代词:

1.who: 表示“人”, 放在表示“人”的名词或代词后面，在定语从句中作主语或宾语{代替

whom}。

1} The man (who is sitting there ) is my brother.

who在定语从句中作主语,不能省略,但可用that 替代。

2.whom: 表示“人”, 放在表示“人”的名词或代词后面，在定语从句中作宾语。

1} The man (whom she is talking about) is my brother.

whom在定语从句中作宾语, 可以省略,也可用,who或that 替代。

2}The man (about whom she is talking) is my brother.

介词后whom在定语从句中作宾语, 但不可以省略,也不可用,who或that 替代。

3.whose: 表示“人的”或”物的”，在定语从句中作定语。但其后面必须有名词存在。

1} The man (whose son is a policeman) is very kind。那位其儿子是警察的人很和蔼。

whose表示“人的”,在定语从句中作定语。

2} The house (whose window faces south) is mine. 那座其窗户朝南的屋子是我的。

whose表示”物的”,在定语从句中作定语。

这句中的whose window =of which the window 或the window of which,可进行替换。

4.which: 表示“物”, 放在表示“物”的名词或代词后面，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。但有

时候which 可以代替前面整句或部分意思。

1} The book (which was bought yesterday) is very cheap.

which在定语从句中作主语, 不可以省略,但可用that 替换。

2} The book (about which she is talking) is very cheap.

介词后which在定语从句中作宾语, 但不可以省略,也不可用或that替换。

3} He failed again,( which made his parents very unhappy).

which在定语从句中作主语, 代替前面整句意思,不可以省略, 也不可用that 替换。

5.that 表示“人”或”物”，在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语。

1} The book (that was bought yesterday) is very cheap. That 在定语从句中作主语。

2} The man (that she is talking about) is my brother. that在定语从句中作宾语。

3} He is no longer the person( that he was years ago). that在定语从句中作表语。

当表示物的先行词一旦前面有序数词、最高级、不定代词、the very 、the only 等修饰时，定语从句引导词一般用that而不用which。

1} This is the first film( that I have ever seen).

2} This is the best film( that I have ever seen).

3} I have done all the things (that should be done).

4} This is the very book( that I am looking for).

5} This is the only dictionary (that I am using).

当先行词既有表示物的名词，又有表示人的名词时, 定语从句引导词一般用that而不用which。

1}I still remember the persons and the things( that we talked about that day).

6. as 表示“人”或”物”，在定语从句中作主语、宾语等。但as一般与the same….(as),

such….(as) 连用。

1} I am using the same dictionary (as he used). 我正在用他刚才用的一样的词典。

I am using the same dictionary (that he used). 我正在用他刚才用的同一本的词典。

2} He is such a clever boy( as everyone likes). as作宾语,引导定语从句。

他是这么一个像每个人都喜欢的聪明男孩。

He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. that作状语引导结果状语从句。

他是这么一个聪明男孩以致于每个人都喜欢他。

二）关系副词:

1.when 表示“时间”, 放在表示“时间”的名词或代词后面，在定语从句中作状语。

1} I still remember the days (when I stayed with you years ago).

I still remember the days (that I spent(vt) with you years ago).

2.where 表示“地点”, 放在表示“地点”的名词或代词后面，在定语从句中作状语。

1} This is the place (where I was born).

This is the place (that I visited(vt) years ago).

3.why 表示“原因”, 放在表示the reason后面，在定语从句中作状语。

1} This is the reason (why he was late).

This is the reason (that he gave me).

四: 名词性从句

名词性从句: 就是在主从复合句中具有名词作用的从句。它包括主语从句、表语从句、

宾语从句和同位语从句。

名词性从句引导词：

1.that：that在名词性从句中一般不作从句成份、没有意义、不能省略。在宾语从句中常

常省略，在表语从句中有时可省略，在主语从句或同位语从句中绝对不能省略。

2.wh-类: who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how, what,, whatever, whoever,

whomever等。wh-类引导词在名词性从句中常表示疑问意义，但有时候可不表示。

3.if/whether “是否” if“是否”只引导宾语从句, 一般也不与or not 连用,而whether则

不受此限制。

4.as if 可引导表语从句。It looks as if it is going to rain.

—)主语从句: 就是在主从复合句中充当主语的从句。它往往放在谓语动词之前或用it作形式主语后放在句末，来避免头重脚轻。

1} That he has lied is the fact that we know. that在主语从句中不能省略。

2} It is important that we should study hard from now on.

3} It is not decided yet when we are leaving for Shanghai.我们什么时候前往上海还没决定下来。

二) 表语从句: 就是在主从复合句中充当表语的从句。它往往放在连系动词之后，说明主语

内容。

1} The fact is that he has lied.

2} The question is when we are leaving for Shanghai.问题是我们什么时候前往上海。

3} This is where I was born. 这是我出生的地方。

This is when I was born. 这是我出生的时间。

This is how he did it.这是我做它的方法。

三) 宾语从句: 就是在主从复合句中充当宾语的从句。它往往放在及物动词或介词之后。介

词后的宾语从句往往是wh-类引导词开头的宾语从句，一般不以that 作为引导词。

1} He said(that) he was right.

2} I don’t know when we are leaving for Shanghai.

3} Thank you for what you have done for me.

特例: He stood still except that his lips moved slightly.

四) 同位语从句: 就是在主从复合句中充当同位语的从句。它往往放在所修饰的名词之后，

补充说明前面的名词。同位语从句一般以that 作为引导词。但idea、question后常跟wh-类引导词开头的同位语从句。

1} The news( that they had won(vi)) excited us. that 引导的是同位语从句。

The match( (that) they had won(vt)) was a close one. that引导的是定语从句。

2} I have no idea when we are leaving for Shanghai.

五、时态（10种常用时态）

一）一般现在时：表示1.）现阶段经常发生的动作或2.）现在存在的状态；3.）也表示一个人的习惯与爱好；4.）客观真理或5.）固定的时间表。谓语动词用动词原形或第三人称单数。

1} She goes to school by bike. (行为动词)

2} She is ill. (状态动词)

3} She likes singing.

4} He said that the earth turns around the sun.

5} The plane takes off at eleven o’clock.

二) 一般过去时: 表示1)过去发生的动作或2)过去存在的状态;也表示3)过去经常发生的动

作。谓语动词用过去式。

1} He opened the door.

2} He was ill.

3} He said that he often went fishing.

三) 现在进行时: 表示1)现在或2)现阶段正在进行的动作。谓语动词用am/is/are doing

1} She is dancing now.

2) She is dancing these days.

四) 过去进行时: 表示1)过去某一具体时间或2)过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。

谓语动词用was/were doing

1} She was dancing at 10 yesterday.

2} She was dancing all the time yesterday.

五) 一般将来时: 表示现在看来1)将要发生的动作或2)存在的状态。

谓语动词用will do ( I/We shall do) am/is/are going to do

1} He will visit China next week.

2} He will be better soon.

3} He is going to plant a lot of trees here.

六) 过去将来时: 表示过去某一时间看来1)将要发生的动作或2)存在的状态。

谓语动词用would do ( I/We should do) was/were going to do

1} He said he would visit China the next week.

2} He said he would be better soon.

3}He said He was going to plant a lot of trees here.

七) 现在完成时: 表示1)过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果;也表示2)过去发生的动

作延续下来到现在的情况(谓语动词用延续性动词)。谓语动词用have/has done

1} He has opened the door. (Now the door is still open(adj)).

2} He has lived here for five years/since five years ago.

八) 过去完成时: 表示过去某一时间之前1)发生的动作或2)存在的状态。

谓语动词用had done

1} He had done it before she came back.

2} He had been here for five years before he met her.

九) 现在完成进行时: 表示1)现在之前一直在进行的动作;也表示2)过去发生的动作延续下

来到现在还要延续下去的情况(谓语动词用延续性动词)。

谓语动词用have/has been doing

1} I have been dancing since I got home.

2} I have been studying English for three years.

十) 过去完成进行时: 表示1)过去某一时间之前一直在进行的动作。

谓语动词用had been doing

1} I had been dancing before she came back.

注意:

1.在时间/条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时;用一般过去时代替过去将来时;用现在完成时代替将来完成时。

1} If she comes tomorrow, he will give it to her.

2} He said if she came the next week, he would give it to her.

3} You must put away all these things when you have finished the task.

2. 有时候常用方向性动词(come, go, leave…)的进行时态表示将来时态。

1} He is coming to see me tomorrow.

六、非谓语动词

非谓语动词：就是不能作谓语的动词形式，但它仍具有一定的动词作用。它包括动名词、动词不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。

动名词：常常表示一个人的习惯与爱好。

动词不定式：常常表示将来意义。

现在分词：常常表示正在进行意义。

过去分词：常常表示被动完成意义。

一）动名词：就是具有名词作用的非谓语动词形式。

形式：

一般式：doing 被动式being done 完成式having done 否定式: not dong not being done not having done 完成式having done表示其动作发生在句子谓语之前。

作用:

1.作主语: 动名词作主语时放在句子谓语之前，或用it作形式主语,放在句末来避免头

重脚轻。

1} Walking after supper is his hobby.

2} It is his hobby walking with his wife after supper. It作形式主语。

2. 作表语: 动名词作表语时放在连系动词之后，说明主语内容。

1} His hobby is walking after supper.

3. 作宾语: 动名词作宾语时放在及物动词之后(与动词固定搭配有关)或介词之后。

1} He enjoys reading books.

2} Thank you for helping me.

4. 作定语: 动名词作定语常表示用途。

The waiting room 这里waiting 是动名词; the waiting car 这里waiting 是现在分词动名词的逻辑主语: 当我们要强调某个动名词的动作由谁发出时，就在该动名词前直接加上人称代词宾格或形容词性物主代词。

1} Do you mind |me/my/Tom’s/Tom opening the door?

二) 动词不定式: 就是具有名词、形容词、副词作用的非谓语动词形式。

形式：

一般式：to do 被动式to be done 完成式to have done 完成被动式to have been done 否定式:

not to do not to be done not to have done not to have been done

完成式to have done表示其动作发生在句子谓语之前。

作用:

1.作主语: 动词不定式作主语时放在句子谓语之前，或用it作形式主语,放在句末,来避

免头重脚轻。

1} To be rich is his wish.

2} It is his wish to become a doctor in future. It作形式主语。

2. 作表语: 动词不定式作表语时放在连系动词之后，说明主语内容。

1} His wish is to be rich.

3. 作宾语: 动词不定式作宾语时放在及物动词之后(与动词固定搭配有关)。

2} He wanted (vt)to go there.

4. 作宾语补足语/主语补足语: 动词不定式作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后，补充说明宾

语内容。动词后可否加宾语再加宾语补足语,与动词固定搭配有关。

1} He wanted me to go there. 宾语补足语

2} He made me do that. 宾语补足语

当原来的主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语补足语自然地变为主语补足语。

1} I was wanted to go there. 主语补足语

2} I was made to do that.主语补足语(在动词不定式作宾语补足语时省略的to应还原)

5. 作状语: 动词不定式常作目的状语、结果状语、原因状语等。

1）He came here to get the book back. 目的状语

2) They broke in, only to find nobody there. 结果状语(表示意想不到的结果)

3} I am very glad to see you. 原因状语

I am very glad to have seen you. 原因状语(to have seen you动作发生在am之前。)

6. 作定语: 动词不定式作定语以下三种为常用句式。

1} He has(“有”) a lot of work (to do(vt)). 这句中的do与the work应为动宾关系，主语

he同时充当do 的逻辑主语。

2} He was the first one( to leave). 序数词放在名词前，常用词不定式作定语。

3] He had no chance (to go to school).这句中的to go to school补充说明chance的内

容。

动词不定式的逻辑主语: 当我们要强调某个动词不定式的动作由谁发出时，就在该动词不定式前直接for sb。

1} It is important| for him to study hard from now on.

三) 分词: 就是具有形容词、副词作用的非谓语动词。它包括现在分词和过去分词两种。形式: 过去分词: done

现在分词: 一般式：doing被动式being done完成式having done

完成被动式having been done

被动式being done表示”正在被做” 完成式having done表示其动作发生在句子谓语之前。

作用:

1. 作定语: 分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前面,分词短语作定语一般放在所修饰的

名词后面。

1} The man( sitting there) is my brother.这句中的sitting there作定语,表示正在进行意义。= who is sitting there

2} The house( facing south) is mine. 这句中的facing south作定语,表示一般性情况。

= which faces south

1} The house( built years ago) is still new. 这句中的built years ago作定语,表示被动完成意义。=which was built years ago

2} He is a man (loved by all of us). 这句中的loved by all of us作定语,表示一般性情况。

= who is loved by all of us

2.作表语: 分词作表语时放在连系动词之后。现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，过去分

词作表语表示主语的状态。

1} The news is very exciting. exciting表示主语的特征

2} He was excited at the exciting news. excited表示主语的状态

excite(vt)(使….激动) 类似动词还有: please(使….高兴),interest(使….感兴趣),surprise(使….

惊讶),satisfy(使….满意),puzzle(使….迷惑不解),move(使….感动),astonish(使….非常惊

讶),disappoint(使….失望)等

3. 作宾语补足语/主语补足语: 分词作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后，补充说明宾语内容。

动词后可否加宾语再加宾语补足语,与动词固定搭配有关。现在分词作宾语补足语时表示正在进行意义, 过去分词作宾语补足语时表示被动完成意义。

1} I saw him dancing there. 宾语补足语

2} I saw the work done. 宾语补足语

当原来的主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语补足语自然地变为主语补足语。

1} He was seen dancing there. 主语补足语

2} The work was seen done. 主语补足语

4. 作状语: 分词常在句子中作时间、原因、方式/伴随、条件、结果等状语，具体作什么

状语要根据句子上下文意义得出。

1} Walking in the street, he met a friend of his. 时间状语

2} Being ill, he can’t go to school. 原因状语

3} Not having received a reply, she wrote another letter. 原因状语

4} Surprised at the news, he couldn’t say any word. 原因状语

5} Being operated on, the patient suddenly died. 时间状语

6} Operated on, the patient suddenly died. 时间状语

7} Given more time, I can do it better. 条件状语

8} He lay on the playground, listening to music. 伴随/方式状语

9} She dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 结果状语

10} Followed by his students, the teacher enter the office. 作状语说明背景情况

分词的逻辑主语: 一般情况下，当分词作状语时，句子的主语无条件地充当作状语的分词的逻辑主语。一旦句子的主语不能充当作状语的分词的逻辑主语,就在分词前直接加上人称代词主格，构成分词的独立主格结构。

1}He being ill, his mother took him to hospital.现在分词独立主格结构

2} It being a fine day, we can go fishing.现在分词独立主格结构

1}Hello said, he went forward to shake hands with her.过去分词独立主格结构

2} Ten people were killed, two children included.过去分词独立主格结构

高一英语语法填空专题练习

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虚拟语气 一、用所给动词的正确形式填空，注意使用合适的情态动词助动词 1. If I _____ my teacher before I graduated, I _____ him how much I appreciated him.(see, tell) 2. What do you think would happen if there_____no water in the world?(be) 3. But for the help from the police, I couldn’t_____ the hospital as soon as possible.(find) 4. It was demanded that no smoking _____ in the office, which made me satisfied. (allow) 5. If there had not been the new roads built by him, no changes _____ place in this small village. (take) 6. If Mr Wang _____ late for the meeting this weekend, what should we do? (come) 7. The hard study requires that I _____ at 5 o’clock every morning.(get up) 8. I wish I _____ the film the day before yesterday.(see) 9. It is natural that our government _____ the plan they had made.(stick) 10. How I wish every family______a warm house in such cold weather.(have) 二．单选 1. If you had given me enough time, I___ my part of the work. A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have finished D. had finished 2. Five minutes earlier, we ___ the train. A. will catch B. would catch C. would have caught D. will have caught 3. Our English teacher requires that we ___ a essay everyday. A. write B. written C. would write D. will write 4.Had my sister studied hard this term, she___ the final exam with flying colours. A. would pass B. could pass C. had passed D. would have passed 5.I wish I ___ what is happening there in WuHan now. A. know B. known C. knew D. should know 6.It is important that we ___ sports every day in the room because of the coronavirus. A. have B. would have C. must have D. will have 7.If there were no clear air in the world, everything including you and me ___. A. will die B. would die C. would have died D. would have been dead 8. ___ what was going to happen, I would never have left for America. A. Had I known B. If I know C. If I knew D. If had I known 9.The goverment ordered that the rescue operation ___ right away. A. should start B. started C. would be started D. be started 10. If only I _____ my new iphone!

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高中英语语法总结 第一章主谓一致 (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项: 1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。 2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物) 用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When we’ll go o ut for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。 4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。 7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。 None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。 8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。 9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.