中国话对英语的“十大贡献”

英语，代表西方的强势文化。作为世界性的大语种，它成了现代与文明的标志。有人跟风叫嚷：只要具备两条就是“现代文盲”，一，不懂英语；二，不会电脑。其实，文化所涉及的领域形形色色，是否可以这样说，不会写毛笔字、不会算卦，就等于“国学文盲”？

凭人怎么说吧，现代中国为了追求“和世界接轨”，几乎把英、法、俄、德、日、意、西班牙和阿拉伯语，当成了通向世界、通向文明的惟一桥梁。母语——中国话可以弄得一塌糊涂，甚至不如日本人写得漂亮，讲得流利；英语，却必须要捱过大学六级、托福考试。这据典型的崇洋媚外做法，似乎该回头了。随着中国国力的增强，汉语也逐渐变成了外国人的香饽饽儿。仔细一看才发现，许多英语词汇其实就源于汉语，欧洲人做过精细的统计，自1994年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中，中式英语贡献了5%到20%，超过任何其他来源。

英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European languages)，包含着印度、西亚和欧洲的语言。目前使用的英语单词中，有不少是从非印欧语系“拿来”的，这在狭义上，就是英语中的外来语。这些白皮黄心的“鸡蛋词”，无须向“英语世界”做额外解释，就能顺利地理解、沟通。脱胎于汉语的“鸡蛋词”，早就默默地影响全世界了。除“孔夫子(Confucious)”、“中国功夫(kung fu)”、“麻将(mahjong)”或者“豆腐(tofu)”之类绝无仅有的称谓，再挑拣10个真正有中国气质、代表华夏气派、并影响全球当代生活的“鸡蛋词”，便足以说明问题。

(一)丝绸——silk

中国是养蚕大国，丝绸的故乡。瓷器和丝绸始终是古代中国对外贸易的绝密技术和看家商品，直到鸦片战争前，英国进口到广州的钢琴，还干不过珠光宝气的丝绸。“silk”的发音，显然是汉语的音译，这个词代表了中国高超的工艺技术和贸易强势。即便现在，丝绸仍在现代生活中充当雍容华丽、典雅高贵的象征。

(二)茶——tea

这个词，又是英国人从拗口的闽南话里偷走的。茶，和丝绸、瓷器比肩，堪称古代中国对外贸易的拳头产品。目前，品茶代表了一种生活方式和文化品位，中国人对人生的思考，几乎都能在袅袅茶烟里找到。据萧乾的《茶在英国》介绍：“茶叶似乎是17世纪初由葡萄牙人最早引到欧洲的……英国的茶叶起初是东印度公司从厦门引进的，17世纪40年代，英人在印度殖民地开始试种茶叶，那时，可能就养成了在茶中加糖的习惯。”据说，即使在“二战”那样物资困乏的时期，法国人定量配给咖啡，英国人则要的是茶，还有一点点糖。茶成了欧洲人的“主心骨”，他们只能跟着茶香如醉如痴地行走，这不是本土的历史与遗传；而是异域文化的征服和同化。18世纪的柴斯特顿勋爵干脆在《训子家书》里写道：“尽管茶来自东方，它毕竟是绅士气味的；而可可则是个痞子、懦夫，一头粗野的猛兽。”

(三)世外桃源——Shangrila (Xanadu)

这是两个近意词。都有“世外桃源”的意思。“Shangrila”出自西藏的传说之地——香格里拉，“Xanadu”则是蒙古的元上都。如果要表达“世外桃源”，通常采用“Xanadu”这

个词。看来，以出世自居的美国作家梭罗，白白地在瓦尔登湖旁边，做了那么久的“隐士”。讲究“寄情山水、超然物外”的哲学，中国人是当之无愧的开山鼻祖。

(四)风水——Feng Shui

风水，还是音译。它凝聚了古代中国在活人住宅和死人墓地方面的集体智慧。尽管有人打着所谓“科学”的旗号，指斥风水是封建迷信；但是，迷信所谓“科学”，故步自封，则是另外一种迷信。风水的整体原则是“趋利避害”，这也是安全生存最起码的信条。近年来，风水在美国红极一时，从中国人唇齿之间发出的音节，已经成为当代人急需探究的学问。

(五)茶点——dim sum

一听发音，就知道，这个略带小资情调的词儿，来自闽粤。英国人有喝下午茶的习惯，几杯印度红茶，常就一碟甜点。英语原本有表示蛋糕、点心的词，偏偏不用，硬要拽一个来自汉语的生僻字。恐怕多少也有与时尚接轨、和东方同步的优越感吧。中国是茶的故乡，茶点也摇身一变，成为登堂入室的英语外来词。

(六)走狗——running dogs

中国式英语贴切地表达了一种见利忘义、供人驱使的“下三烂”。无从考证，最先运用这个词的是中国人，还是英国人；重要的是，英语世界接纳了“走狗”，并以汉语的思维抚育这个“外来词”。接纳词汇的同时，无形中也接受了中国人的价值观。

(七)纸老虎——paper tiger

这是最令人难忘和扬眉吐气的一个新词。缔造者应该是伟大的民族英雄——毛泽东！他老人家是博学的诗人、雄才大略的政治家、运筹帷幄的军事天才。美国人硬不硬？苏联人牛不牛？原子弹厉害不厉害？……在他眼里，都是色厉内荏的“纸老虎”。只要跟中国人作对，老子就得碰碰硬，看天下“谁主沉浮”。上世纪50年代的“美帝国主义”、六七十年代的“苏修”，都变成了毛泽东嘲笑的“纸老虎”。这种蔑视强敌、自强不息的精神，当然是中国人对世界文明的贡献。谈笑风声缔造了一个词，足令中国的敌手躲在角落里发抖了

(八)大款、巨亨——tycoon

这种称呼是近些年才流行街巷的，指有钱有势的商人或者企业家，中国传统的叫法是“大掌柜”。被英语拿走，又是闽粤之地的音译。可见，鸦片战争前，中国商人名声在外，马可·波罗在书里描写的东方，物阜民丰，黄金铺地。来中国走一遭，就像现在某些“假洋鬼子”上趟拉斯维加斯一样。

(九)赌场——Casino

这个词，似乎是地道的西方舶来品，发音酷似法语或者意大利文。殊不知，“Casino”竟是福建话的音译，可是，为什么英语要拿它表示“赌场” 的意思呢？据传，很久以前，移民到美国的福建民工，拿到一点微薄的工资，便在无聊之际，聚众赌博，试试运气。每次开局，都会嚷嚷：“开始了！开始了！”想不到，阴差阳错地搭给英语一个现代词汇。

(十)小费，赏钱——Cumshaw

这个词是闽南话“感谢”的音译。为了给人一点酬劳，在钞票上意思意思。英语世界也像喜欢“money”一样，渴望“Cumshaw”这个油水丰厚的单词。尽管中国人没有给小费的习惯，但是，对于钱，却并非一毛不拔，甚至比西方人出手还大方。偷走“Cumshaw”这个“鸡蛋字”的欧洲人，一定见过，中国人曾如何挥金似土。其实，东西方对待金钱并没有本质的不同。

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