翻译课件
Chapter Two Comparison Between English & Chinese
Lexical Differences:
1 Word Meaning
1) absolutely equivalent meaning
Usu. Proper names; technical terms; names of objects
2) partly equivalent meaning
3) no equivalent meaning
Usu. Newly-appeared words; or those only existing in one culture
4) poly-meaning words
A) Usually children have no school on Saturdays.
B) This professor doesn’t belong to any school.
C) Both of his sons graduated from the law school.
D) At the beginning of every term we have a school meeting.
E) She attended a dancing school when she was five.
2 Collocation
To cut wheat 割麦子
To cut cake 切蛋糕
To cut finger-nails 剪（或修）指甲
To cut branches from a tree 砍掉树上的枝丫
To cut a stone into an image of Buddha 把石头雕刻成佛像
To cut a hole in a wall 在墙上挖一个洞
吃药to take medicine
吃后悔药to regret
吃香to be very popular
吃惊to be surprised
吃苦to bear hardships
吃透to have a thorough grasp
吃斋to be a vegetarian for religious reasons
吃馆子to dine out
吃鸭（零）蛋to get a zero in an exam or to score nothing in a game
吃一堑，长一智 a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit
3 Word order
Usu. the use of attributive and adverbial is different.
Classroom practice:
1. soft pillow ___________ soft music ___________
soft cushion ___________ soft wood ___________
soft money ___________ soft drink ___________
soft breeze ___________ soft light ___________
soft voice ___________ soft fire ___________
soft hat ___________ soft words ___________
soft answer ___________ soft goods ___________
soft heart ___________ soft water ___________
2 . regular reading ___________ regular flights ___________
regular job ___________ regular visitor ___________
regular speed ___________ regular gasoline ___________
regular verb ___________ regular army ___________ 3 . run into debt ___________ run for presidency ___________
run wild ___________ run a factory ___________ run the streets ___________ run a fever ___________ run to the extremes ___________ run to seed ___________
Chapter Three Lexical Translation
Section One Choice of word meaning
One with the help of word class
1. The net income of the peasants in the county averages 8458 Yuan this year.
2. Though an average student with average intelligence, his achievements surprised all of the students and teachers.
3. Tom’s school work is above the average.
4. 十年树木，百年树人。
5. 树大招风。
6. 年轻人应该树立远大的理想。
classroom practice:
1. And not only has won, but because it has won, has been in the right.
2. For that is what going to war means, it means saying that might is right.
3. She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of bribery.
4. All came right in the end.
5. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
6. Like knows like.
7. His wife likes her pet dog more than him.
8. Like father, like son.
9. He acts like he is the manager.
10. It will clear up very like.
Two with the help of context
1. It’s time to go aboard.
2. The local government is planning to develop that area.
3. At present, all the country are developing tourism.
4. Many girls developed the habit of eating between meals.
5. This course is to develop one’s English speaking skills.
6. Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals.
7. Please develop your idea in detail.
8. Further investigations developed the truth that they did tell lies.
Classroom practice:
1. A mouse is the carrier of many kinds of virus.
2. She always takes offense at her husband’s remarks.
3. The engine is running properly.
4. A good idea ran through her mind
5. His family runs several restaurants.
6. This time he eventually decided to run for the presidency.
7. Her eyes ran with tears at the terrible news.
8. He is the last man to do this silly thing.
9. His father died last Monday.
10. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
11. He is the last person for such a job.
12. Lucinda was the last to arrive this morning.
13. Last week I came across a former classmate whom I haven’t seen for twenty years.
14. Last summer his family have traveled to Singapore.
Three with the help of collocation
1．Computer is labeled as one of the greatest inventions in the 20th century. 2．He has great ears and eyes.
3．Premier Zhou En’lai has great wisdom, experience and knowledge.
4．Yao Ming is a great NBA player.
5 。What a great idea!
6．—How about your exam?
—Great!
7．Don’t annoy him. He has a great temper recently.
Classroom practice：
1. It was a good dinner.
2. He is a good chess player.
3. She speaks good English.
4. I have done a good day’s work.
5. It was a girl with good manners.
6. The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread.
7. She proved to be a good listener.
Section Two Extension of word meaning
One from concrete to abstract meaning:
1. I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
2. He is the champion of the colonial regime and of the racial segregation.
3. The skin is a natural spacesuit of the human body.
4. They have their smiles and tears.
5. He is a jovial, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women.
Classroom practice：
1. The see-sawing situation of this match appealed millions of audience.
2. Every life has its roses and thorns.
3. There is a mixture of the tiger and the fox in the character of the imperialists.
4. Don’t always poke your nose into others’ personal aff airs.
5. Are you licking my boots? Even so, I won’t lend you another penny any more.
6. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.
7. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.
8. Talk of their affairs was in the air overnight.
9. You’re barking up the wrong tree. He has nothing to do with this.
10. The bottom line of the problem was that the recession did not show the least sign of bottoming out.
11. Such conduct is known in all languages as piracy.
12. He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.
Two from abstract to concrete meaning:
1. Many changes take place during the transportation.
2. All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.
3. Under those conditions, all international morality or international laws become impossible.
Classroom practice：
1. Great minds think alike.
2. As a mother, no matter where she goes or where she is, what she can never cut off is the connection between her and her children.
3. The Great Wall is a mus t for most foreign visitors to Beijing.
4. Two years’ working is a must to the people who want to take up graduated examination.
5. They know where they’ve come from, they know where they’re at, and they know where they’re going.
6. The President now is on a poverty tour.
7. At that time he was just a nobody.
8. More and more voices have been raised demanding the reelection of the presidency.
9. When he saw me, he gave me the go-by.
10. He always boasts that his family has money to burn.
11. Popular rejoicing will go on for a week.
12. Have you read any humor recently?
Section Three Emotional features of words
One commendatory & derogatory words:
1. He was polite and always gave advice willingly.
2. This film star possesses a charming figure.
3. Their rude manners offended many of us.
4. He is a black sheep in our class.
Classroom practice：
1. The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.
2. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.
3. The reckless driver died in a traffic accident.
4. The old guy is always trying to be different and has a whole bag of tricks.
5. This general is really wise and resourceful.
6. China is a responsible power in this world.
7. Comrade Lei Feng is a warmhearted person.
8. Because of the war, many innocent people died miserably.
9. Her father was always drunk and even her family were often laughed at by the neighbors.
10. These children have been carefully taken care of.
Two neutral words:
1. He keeps boasting that he once had a glorious past.
2. Our country boasts in rich natural resources and talent resources.
3. Mary always gets what she wants by playing office politics.
4. Though a son of a famous politician, he himself showed least interest in politics.
5. Have the results of the exam been issued?
6. Some day your rash acts will lead to severe results, young man!
7. We did achieve satisfactory results with the application of the new technology.
Classroom practice：
1. Parents always influence their children.
2. The side-effect of this medicine will influence patients’ health.
3. His father’s being a very famous politician influenced his career greatly.
4. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.
5. He was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.
6. You’re flattering me by saying that.
7. This is our scheme for this term.
8. The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt.
9. We know Peter to be industrious and clever.
10. He is too clever for us.
11. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
12. As luck would have it, I was just out when you came.
13. He is restless at any time.
14. When a boy, Edison had restless curiosity.
15. She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
16. For hundreds of years scientists have been persistent in exploring the secret of the outer space.
17. In the near future what you’ll see here will surprise you.
18. The youth are bound to have a bright future.
19. History revealed to us that invaders would never have a good future.
20. The peasants and workers were hand-in-glove with one another in the struggle against landlords and capitalists who worked hand-in-glove with each other.
21. The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.
Section Four Conversion of Word Class
One——>into verb
(1) from noun into verb:
1. Under severe attack, the enemy’s retreat was complete at the close of the day.
2. After the Civil War, the US government called for the establishment of more professional and technical schools.
3. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention.
4. Though he is an amateur actor, he is a better player than you.
5. No matter the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generation back 40 years ago.
Classroom practice：
1. The improbable pregnancy was big news for the woman’s family.
2. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.
3. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of the world’s most serious social problems.
4. We wouldn’t have any idea when the boy was born.
5. All the people at presence should take warning from this incident.
6. You are old enough to take care of yourself.
7. The vitality of science and technology must be based on education.
8. His father is no drinker, nor smoker.
9. Wherever you go, there are signs of human presence.
10. There were also those who agreed with everything about the White Paper except its publication.
(2) from conj. into verb
1. What are you after?
2. They decided to move away for a new settlement.
3. Without any comment, he threw my proposal into the drawer.
4. She cried out at the news.
Classroom practice：
1. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
2. Are you for or against the idea to have translation course?
3. He went to the shop for a bottle of wine.
4. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.
5. Don’t bother; the meal will be on me.
6. Every day his dad drives him to and from school.
7. That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
8. Let’s get in and have a talk over a cup of tea.
9. The President, together with his wife, will visit the Middle East.
10. The term laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
(3) from adj. into verb
1. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.
2. The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.
3. All of us are delighted with the decision
4. The teacher was not quite satisfied with her answer.
Classroom practice：
1. Even having 8 years in contact with her, he is still not sure she will marry him at last.
2. The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.
3. They were not content with their present achievement.
4. What she is concerned with is nothing but money and fame.
5. Even after a whole month, they are still surprised at the fact that I won the first prize.
6. I have been bored with being with you.
7. I am not ashamed to confess that I am ignorant of what I do not know.
8. He is indiscriminate in reading.
9. We are hopeful that some day we could come back again.
10. It was a very informative meeting.
11. It is desirable to keep resistance as low as possible.
12. That fellow is too talkative.
(4) from adv. Into verb
1. The boy told me his father was out.
2. Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon be over.
3. Wait me here. I’ll be back soon.
Classroom practice：
1. Can you come with us? Anyway, it’s up to you.
2. Time is up. I must be off now.
3. That presidential candidate is in again.
4. Our holiday is three weeks away.
5. The match was over, but there were still many fans in the stadium, crying for the victory of their supporting team.
6. Have another beer. It’s on me.
7. Do you know her poem collection will be out soon?
8. The performance is on.
9. Open the window and let fresh air in.
10. She is down with a bad cold.
Two ——>into noun
(1) from verb into noun
1. To them, he personified the absolute power.
2. Most US satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions.
3. Two super go players from Japan were defeated one after another.
4. Several buildings around were severely damaged in this explosion.
Classroom practice：
1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.
2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the hall.
3. Don’t you have such occasions when you are treated unfai rly?
4. Our company does not guarantee anything.
5. He acted as though he knew women far too well for such a low-graded pupil.
6. We were all deeply moved by his persistent spirit.
7. Such incidents must be paid attention to in the future.
8. The board objected that the company had cheated for similar contract once.
9. An electric current varies directly as the electromotive force and inversely as the resistance.
10. They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations.
(2) from adj. into noun
1. By the poor here, I mean those whose yearly income is below 20,000 Yuan.
2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.
3. The White family were religious.
4. His prediction was objective and honest.
Classroom practice：
1. I think your husband is quite eloquent, considerate and elegant too, but a little she-man.
2. Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.
3. Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.
4. It took a long presidential drive to get them talk again.
5. Under given conditions, the harmful can be transformed into the beneficial.
6. In fission processes, the fission fragments are very radioactive.
7. This problem is no more important than that one.
8. The rate of the unemployed rose up by 1% this month.
9. I’ll never allow you to doubt when I am correct.
10. Guests of the meeting spoke highly of the comfortable rooms of the hotel.
(3) from adv. into noun
1. Originally he is from Shandong.
2. This area is still poor economically.
Classroom practice：
1. He is physically strong but mentally weak.
2. It was officially proved that an armed helicopter was shot down by terrorists.
3. It was obvious that he was emotionally disturbed.
4. The paper said editorially that it was against the spirit of the Central Committee of our Party to refuse to solve the problem of husband and wife living in two separate places.
5. This fellow is psychologically unhealthy.
Three ——>into adj.
1. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
2. Visitors were warmly welcomed.
3. The promotion is a great success.
4. It is a successfully translated version.
Classroom practice：
1. The security and warmth of the house were wonderful.
2. Don’t ask me. I myself am a perfect stranger in this city.
3. The puppet-show was performed with great regularity.
4. She stupidly answered such a question.
5. The board of the directors accepted the feasibility of the plan.
6. After a busy and productive day, he felt deliciously tired.
7. The teacher always complains about his students’ carelessness in doing homework.
8. It is of great importance to follow the agreed terms of the contract.
9. The terrorists in this area were entirely destroyed.
10. There is no use regretting the past.
Four Conversion between other word class:
1. Securities laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably and equally.
2. The president had prepared meticulously for his journey.
3. This is sheer nonsense.
4. When she catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, her instinct is to win her over with charm.
5. They two were in a clear minority.
6. The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.
7. They were sitting under a tree and talking of the universe.
8. Please give an accurate translation of this sentence.
9. About all these blaming questions, he listened with calm.
10. Hearing a strange noise from the room, he headed into it in a hurry.
11. In order to make better use of the materials, people have studied their properties.
12. He was sure he had done the right thing.
13. I have the honor to introduce my wife to you.
14. At the airport the two presidents gave each other a warm hug.
15. “You are right.” He said with a slow nod.
练习题
一、将下列句子或短语译为汉语
1.Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
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2.But, occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the
business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long.
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3.Doctors and men both talked about a miracle drug constantly almost with awe.
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4.The answer had been there all of the time just out of reach.
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5.The ample yard in back is dominated by heavily bearing fruit trees.
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6.He wanted to tell John how surprised he was at his knowledge but embarrassment made him
hold his peace.
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7.Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to him.
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8.And as she thought, it became more involved. Harder to understand.
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9.He stood on the curb till a car shot by.
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10.When I came to the summit, I became very excited.
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11.It was 1953, and I had just come from a remote country, to seek my fortune.
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12.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.
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https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0e1207008.html,lions of people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.
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14.This pupil is a good writer.
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15.Don’t you think he’s an idiot?
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16.He caught the ball with his left hand.
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17.They were news-hungry.
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18.He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.
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二、将下列短文译为汉语
Manners are the language of all human behavior and the building blocks of a child’s education. Learning to use manners —and, more importantly, learning the underlying values of caring, appreciation, compassion, empathy and respect that manners signify —contributes to children’s developing morality. For one thing, learning to use manners and behave politely are life skills that children can cultivate while they are young. For another, like most of life’s important lessons, parents teach their children manners and civility by their words and by example. Children who see their parents behaving civilly are more likely to do the same in their dealings with others as children and later in life as adults.
Section Five Word Adding
One for the purpose of grammar
1. On the table are lying a book, a pen and an empty cup.
2. The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.
3. He left the door behind without a word.
4. She insisted that she had met him.
5. She must be over forty.
6. He promised to come, and he did.
Classroom practice：
1. They won victories in the past two years.
2. The lion is the king of animals.
3. She kept three pet animals: a dog, a cat and a little pig.
4. He borrowed a pot, a bowl and two chopsticks and started his new life.
5. After the match, I’ve got an impor tant meeting.
6. The chairman dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
7. He was a bank clerk.
8. He has been working in the laboratory the whole afternoon.
9. You should have come yesterday.
10. They must have been out. The door was locked.
11. Yesterday he went to a net bar and today he did again.
12. When he left, he said he wouldn’t come back and would never and forever.
Two for the purpose of meaning
1. The crowds melted away.
2. First you borrow, then you beg.
3. He wandered in the yard, thinking what to take next.
4. As a housewife, her everyday work is sweeping, cleaning and cooking.
5. This report summed up the new achievements made in electron tubes, semiconductors and components.
6. Her arrogance threw all her friends away.
7. What beautiful flowers!
8. Before the network, people have less one quick access for information.
Classroom practice：
1. Women don’t go shopping because things are cheap and fine.
2. What enthusiasm young people show when they are in love!
3. She’s such a woman: wherever she sits down and begins to talk, words pour out.
4. Ideally, one day researchers will find out a therapy to cure cancer.
5. The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies.
6. I’ll make a man of him. College is the place.
7. Such is war: to the victor, the trophy; to the defeated, the costs.
8. All bank clerks are on a strike for a pay claim.
9. This is the best solution to your problem.
10. Before television, people have more leisure activities after suppers.
11. Being stable in air at ordinary temperature, mercury combines with oxygen if heated.
12. It being a fine day, he decided to go out for a walk.
13. Since 1980s, China has politically, militarily and economically developed rapidly.
14. This is a thought-provokingly different explanation.
15. She was more royal than the royals.
16. Never drink before driving.
17. Success is often just an idea away.
18. It is more expensive than it was but not as good.
19. The birds in the tree scattered away.
20. At that time he was as poor as we are.
Three for the purpose of rhetoric
1. In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July the ping “ponged”.
2. This great scientist was born in New England.
3. The Rush Hour
4. 牛郎织女
the Cow herd and the Spinning Maid separated by the Milky Way —a couple living in two separate places.
Classroom practice：
1. There are scenes of all sorts, some grand and lofty horse-riding, some scenes of high life, and some of very middling indeed; some love-making for the sentimental, and some light comic business.
2. Nixon learned that China would welcome a presidential visit.
3. The sky is clear blue now and the sun has flung diamonds down on meadows and banks and woods.
4. Where there is water, there is life.
5. The thief tiptoed into the house.
6. It’s a bit fishy that she should have given away a villa like that.
7. There is still prejudice and even some hatred, but in most walks of American life there are now more blacks than ever before.
8. Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an early invasion of Europe.
9. For expert man can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one.
10. Though the couple have divorced, they haven’t cut off relations completely.
11. As a matter of fact, they have never met before.
12. Someday the minutes will have to come to light.
13. You really look sweet tonight.
14. The girls were all smiles on hearing the good news.
15. In the savage fighting, Germany itself was laid waste, the towns and countryside were devastated and ravished, the people decimated.
Section Six Word Deleting
1. A horse has four legs.
2. Put your book on the desk.
3. We live and learn.
4. It is a fine day today.
5. A square has four equal sides.
6. He still had four kids in his house to feed on.
7. On October 1st, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was founded.
8. It is impossible for him to work out the problem in such a short time.
9. It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.
10. There is another problem unsolved: where to get the technology.
11. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
12. She is really foolish and stupid.
13. They have done better than we have.
14. The treat was pronounced null and void.
15. The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that.
Classroom practice：
1. They had ground him beneath their heel; they had taken the best of him; they had murdered his father; they had broken and wrecked his wife; they had crushed his whole family.
2. There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.
3. Instead of an old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved.
4. University applicants who had worked a t a job would receive preference over those who had not.
5. There was no snow; the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was died.
6. But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.
7. At long past, on June 6, 1944, after the European war was basically decided and Hitler licked, the allies launched their long delayed western front.
8. Capital is the only fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed.
9. We have seven days a week and twenty-four hours a day.
10. Fight when you can win; move away when you can not.
11. She shook and trembled with fear.
12. The room was cozy and comfortable.
13. The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
14. It is never too late to mend.
15. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
16. As it is late, let us go to bed.
17. The Smiths found it rather difficult to persuade their son into getting rid of his bad habit.
18. He’s dead and gone.
19. There is still a myth that children can learn a foreign language faster and better than adults.
20. The fox may grow gray, but never good.
21. His father has died, but he still has a mother.
22. Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause and reason.
翻译课件
Chapter Two Comparison Between English & Chinese Lexical Differences: 1 Word Meaning 1) absolutely equivalent meaning Usu. Proper names; technical terms; names of objects 2) partly equivalent meaning 3) no equivalent meaning Usu. Newly-appeared words; or those only existing in one culture 4) poly-meaning words A) Usually children have no school on Saturdays. B) This professor doesn’t belong to any school. C) Both of his sons graduated from the law school. D) At the beginning of every term we have a school meeting. E) She attended a dancing school when she was five. 2 Collocation To cut wheat 割麦子 To cut cake 切蛋糕 To cut finger-nails 剪（或修）指甲 To cut branches from a tree 砍掉树上的枝丫 To cut a stone into an image of Buddha 把石头雕刻成佛像 To cut a hole in a wall 在墙上挖一个洞 吃药to take medicine 吃后悔药to regret 吃香to be very popular
古典文学翻译
1.孔子曰：“求！无乃尔是过与？夫颛臾，昔者先王以为东蒙主，且在邦域之中矣，是社 稷之臣也。何以伐为？” 译文：孔子说：“冉有！我恐怕该责备你了。那颛臾，从前先王把他当作主管东蒙山祭祀的人，而且它地处鲁国境内。这是鲁国的臣属，为什么要讨伐它呢？” 2.孔子曰：“求！君子疾夫舍曰欲之而必为之辞。丘也闻有国有家者，不患寡而患不均， 不患贫而患不安。盖均无贫，和无寡，安无倾。夫如是，故远人不服，则修文德以来之。 既来之，则安之。 译文：孔子说：“冉有！君子厌恶那种不说自己想去做却偏要编造借口（来搪塞态度）的人。我听说士大夫都有自己的封地，他们不怕财富不多而怕分配不均匀，不怕民众不多而怕不安定。财物分配公平合理，就没有贫穷；上下和睦，就不必担心人少；社会安定，国家就没有倾覆的危险。依照这个道理，原来的远方的人不归服，就发扬文治教化来使他归服；使他来了之后，就要使他安定下来。 3.谨庠（xiáng）序之教，申之以孝悌(tì)之义，颁白者不负戴于道路矣。 译文：认认真真地兴办学校教育，把孝敬父母的道理反复讲给百姓听（庠序：学校，商（殷）代叫序，周代叫庠），头发花白的老人就不会背着或者顶着东西奔走在道路上了。 4.“狗彘食人食而不知检，涂有饿莩（piǎo）而不知发，人死，则曰：‘非我也，岁也。 译文：“猪狗吃人所吃的食物，（贵族们）却不加制止，路上有饿死的人（官府）却不知道打开粮仓赈救灾民，老百姓死了，就说：“‘这不是我的罪过，是年成不好造成的。 5.对曰：“姜氏何厌之有？不如早为之所，无使滋蔓。蔓，难图也。蔓草犹不可除，况君 之宠弟乎？” 译文：祭仲说道：“姜氏有什么可满足呢？不如早些处置共叔段，不让他的势力蔓延。如果蔓延开来，就难对付了。蔓延开的野草都除不掉，更何况是您习卜受宠的兄弟呢？ 6.大叔完聚，缮甲兵，具卒乘，将袭郑。夫人将启之。 译文：太叔修造城池，聚集百姓，修整铠甲和武器．准备好了步兵和战车，将要偷袭郑国国都。武姜打算为他打开城门作内应。 7.今乃弃黔首以资敌国，却宾客以业诸侯，使天下之士退而不敢西向，裹足不入秦，此所 谓“借寇兵而赍盗粮”者也。 译文：抛弃百姓使之去帮助敌国，拒绝宾客使之去事奉诸侯，使天下的贤士退却而不敢
翻译课件
Section Four Conversion of Word Class One——>into verb (1) from noun into verb: 1. Under severe attack, the enemy’s retreat was complete at the close of the day.在严重的攻击下,敌人的撤退在一天内结束 2. After the Civil War, the US government called for the establishment of more professional and technical schools.美国南北战争后,美国政府呼吁建立更多的专业技术学校 3. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention.每个缔约国依照宪法等承诺采取措施是必要的,以确保本公约的应用。 4. Though he is an amateur业余actor, he is a better player than you. 5. No matter the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generation back 40 years ago. Classroom practice： 1. The improbable pregnancy was big news for the w oman’s family. 2. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 3. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of the world’s most serious social problems. 4. We wouldn’t have any idea when the boy was born. 5. All the people at presence should take warning from this incident. 6. You are old enough to take care of yourself. 7. The vitality of science and technology must be based on education.8. His father is no drinker, nor smoker. 9. Wherever you go, there are signs of human presence. 10. There were also those who agreed with everything about the White Paper except its publication. (2) from conj. into verb 1. What are you after后来? 2. They decided to move away for a new settlement定居. 3. Without any comment评论, he threw my proposal into the drawer抽屉. 4. She cried out at听到the news. Classroom practice： 1. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来了!”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊 2. Are you for or against the idea to have translation course? 3. He went to the shop for a bottle of wine. 4. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.他们走在大街上,经过商店,穿过一个宽阔的广场,然后进入了一个巨大的建筑 5. Don’t bother; the meal will be on me这顿饭给我. 6. Every day his dad drives him to and from school. 7. That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish死亡；毁灭；腐烂；枯from the earth. 8. Let’s get in and have a talk over a cup of tea.9. The President, together with his wife, will visit the Middle E ast.
文学翻译的特点
摘要:文化因素在文学翻译中占有举足轻重的地位,正确地处理文学翻译中的文化差异对于提高翻译作品质量和促进各国之间的文化交流有着至关重要的作用。本文探讨了几种处理文学翻译中文化差异的方法,无论采用哪一种方法或兼并使用,翻译的目的是为了创造更完美的翻译作品——既充分体现原文的风格、内涵又满足译文读者的需要。 关键词:文化差异;文学翻译;源语(source language) ;目的语(target language)转载于中国论文联盟https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0e1207008.html, 随着全球经济、政治和科技的一体化,多元文化并存势在必行,文化在各国交流与往来中变得极为重要。受其影响,文化成为文学翻译作品中的一个重要因素。在今天的社会中,翻译已不再仅仅被看作是语言符号的转换,而被看作是一种跨文化交际的行为。翻译成为了一种文化模式的转换。人们用“intercultural communication(跨文化交际) ”、“intercultural cooperation ( 跨文化合作) ”、“acculturation(文化交融) ”或“t ransculturation(跨文化交际) ”等一系列术语来替代“翻译”(郭建中,2000 , P277) 。因此,怎样更加准确、恰如其分地处理文学翻译中的文化差异是创造完美翻译作品的关键。本文从不同的角度探讨了尽量减少文化差异的四种不同的翻译方法。 一、文学体裁和文化差异 翻译实践是与翻译作品的文体紧紧相联的。不同文体的翻译作品有着各自独特的语言特征。只有在同时掌握源语和目的语两种语言的特征且能熟练运用两种语言的情况下,译者才能创造出真实体现源语 风格的翻译作品。作品语言风格的不同就意味着所蕴涵的文化因素也各不相同。例如:就科技体裁的文章而言,其所承载的文化因素较少。在这类作品的翻译过程中,准确如实地将源语信息内容转化成目的语远远比对两种语言文化的转换要重要得多。相反,在文学体裁的作品中,如小说、诗歌、散文等,文化就成为翻译中应考虑的重要因素之一。如果忽略了文化因素,译作就成了没血没肉的、只是由词汇和句子堆积起来的躯壳。在读者眼里,失去了文化的译作也是没有灵魂的作品。因此,优秀的译者在文学翻译实践中应充分考虑如何处理不同体裁作品中的文化差异。 在所有的文学作品中,诗歌是富含文化因素最多的一种文学体裁,无论是其形式或内容都充分展现了它自身的文化特性。例如: 英语的十四行诗和汉语的七律诗都体现了各自浓厚的文化特色。在翻译实践中,除准确地再现诗的内涵、风格和原作者的思想外,还应译出诗的文化特色。许多翻译技巧,例如增补、注释、回译、替代等,都可以用来解决翻译中出现的文化差异现象,从而使目的语读者能够充分体会源语的文化风格。众所周知,汉语语言重视意合(Parataxis) 而英语语言注重形合(Hypotaxis) 。汉语意合的典型特征就是语言中有许多无主语句和不完整的句子,但是,在正常的英语语法中,句子必定有主语。因此,在英汉翻译中,可以通过增加或删减主语、宾语、关联词等来实现语言和篇章的连贯以及解决两种语言文化差异的矛盾。例如,唐代诗人李白的《静夜诗》中的“床前明月光,疑是地上霜”可译为了符合英语形合的特征,译者按照英语“主谓宾(SVO) ”结构的语言模式,增加了主语“I”、关联词“if”和谓语动词“see”;译者采用诠释的方法,将“床前明月光”译成了“Abed , I see a silver light”1替代也是通常用来弥补文化差异的一种翻译技巧。例如:“众人拾柴火焰高”可译作”Many handsmake light work”。这里,译者根据英语读者的文化习惯用“众人干活活不累”替代了“众人拾柴火焰高”。再如,“胆小如鼠”被译作“as timid as a rabbit”。当汉语转换成英语后,“兔子”代替了“老鼠”,因为英语国家的读者在他们的文化氛围中认为“兔子最温顺”,而不理解“胆小如鼠”。其它类似的例子如下: 如鱼得水like a duck to water 多如牛毛as plentiful as blackberries 一箭之遥at a stone’s throw 水中捞月to fish in the air
英汉互译之文学名篇翻译赏析
文学翻译赏析 一、雄健阳刚类 艰难的国运与雄健的国民 李大钊 历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。 一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。有是流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山迭岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其 险峻。民族生命的进展，其经历亦复如是。 人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高高兴兴地向前走，走 到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。 中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致，使我们经过此段道路的人，感得一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美 的趣味，是非有雄健的精神的人不能够感觉到的。 我们的扬子江，黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神。扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠，遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻万里的魄势。目前的艰难境界， 那能阻抑我们民族生命的曲调，在这悲壮歌声中，走过这崎岖险阻的道路。要知在艰难 的国运中建造国家，亦是人生最有趣味的事。 The Bad Luck of China and the Strong Will of the Chinese Li Dazhao The progress of history sometimes comes into a territory full of hardships and hindrances, and only by means of strong will can it run through the territory. Sometimes in an extensive and open terrain with boundless plains, a huge and mighty river flows vigorously down thousands of miles. Sometimes it runs in an imposing and narrow terrain with ranges of high mountains, crags and cliffs. It zigzags its way down through them, which is drastically hazardous and precipitous. The progress of a nation undergoes the same experience. The life of human race in history is just like a journey. The places the travelers have traversed are open and flat here, but craggy and risky there. Walking on a flat and level road, an experienced traveler certainly feels delighted. However, walking in a rugged and rough terrain, one can enjoy more wits and humor. Walking in such an area of wonderful and magnificent scenes, one can savor more tastes of adventure. The road of history taken today by the Chinese nation is one full of twists and turns. But in this section of the road, there is an extremely fabulous and magnificent view which makes those of us who are going and have gone through it feel glorious and hallowed. It is a feel only those strongly-determined people are capable of enjoying. The Yangtze River and Yellow River stand well for our national spirit. They run into deserts and mountains, and mightily they run. They develop into huge muddy streams and vigorously they
翻译课件
第四讲词义的选择、引申与褒贬 英汉翻译 词义的选择、引申与褒贬 攫 Focus: ?基于对源语文本的精确理解在目 的语中选择恰当的词语和表达法 last ?词义的引申 ?词义的感情色彩 Colors fades, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure. 色彩会退去，宙宇会倒塌，帝国会衰亡，惟有充满智慧的言语会永恒。 —爱德华〃索代克
Have a break （一）、（二）figure 如何在翻译中选择精当的词语？ ? 注意一词多义现象，不能误用。 ? 正确看待翻译时所使用的词典。不能把词典当成选择词义的万能钥匙。如果生硬地将词典的释义搬到译文中去，常易犯一些非常荒谬的错误。翻译中，译者寻求的不只是词义的静态对应，而是词义交叉中的动态对应关系。 ? 注意词义的灵活性（flexible），翻译中充分发挥自身的创造性。die Light （一）、根据词性来确定词义
许多英语词汇往往有不同的词性(词类)，即分属于几种不同的词类。翻译时首先要确定这个词在句子中属于哪一类词，然后再根据词类选择一个确切的词义。 例如：like作形容词时意思是?相同的?；作动词时意思是?喜欢、希望?；作介词时意思是?像……一样?；作名词时意思是?喜好、英雄?，如：Like knows like．（英雄识英雄）。 Last 下面再以right为例加以说明：
?Right，open your mouth，let me have a look． 好，把嘴张开，让我来瞧瞧。（感叹词） ? He hoped to be absolutely right about this issue． 他希望在这个问题上绝对正确无误。（形容词） ? I must answer that phone，but I’ll be back right away． 我得去接电话，马上就回来。（副词） ? The ship righted itself after the big wave had passed． 大浪过后，船又平稳了。（动词） ? In England，we drive on the left side of the road，not the right side．
文学翻译
1.英译汉： If a dog could speak, it would probably not distinguish between motion and life. Some primitive men do not do so, and travelers interpret them as saying there are spirits everywhere. In our age of machines we are apt to look for mechanical explanations of everything, yet it is only three hundred years since machines had been developed so far that Descartes first suggested that animal and human bodies were machines. 如果一只狗说话，它可能不会区分运动和生活。一些原始的人并不会这样，旅行者通常用一种无处不在的精神来解释。在当下机器时代，我们倾向于机械的来解释一切，但这个时代只有三百年，因为机器时代已经发展到了笛卡尔所倡导的动物和人体都是机器的时代。 A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science. I think this is true for a great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example, Plato thought that when we saw something, one ray of light came to from the sun, and another from our eyes, and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick. We now know that the light comes from the sun, and is reflected into our eyes. We don't know in much detail how the changes in our eyes give rise to sensation. But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about the physiology of the brain, we shall do so, and that the great philosophical problems about knowledge and will are going to be pretty fully cleared up. 科学家总是认为哲学的所有问题最终都可以用科学来解决。我认为这对于哲学家仍然争论的很多问题来说都是的正确的。例如，柏拉图认为，当我们看到东西时，一束光来自太阳，另一束光来自我们的眼睛，给我们一种看到棍子的感觉。我们现在知道，光来自于太阳，并反射进我们的眼睛。但是关于这些变化在我们眼睛里是如何引起感觉的更多细节，我们并不知道。但是有充分的理由认为，当我们更多地了解大脑的生理学时，这样做的话，并且关于知识和意志的伟大的哲学问题将被完全清除。 But if our descendants know the answers to these questions and others which perplex us today, there will still be one field
文学翻译的特点
文学翻译的特点-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
摘要:文化因素在文学翻译中占有举足轻重的地位,正确地处理文学翻译中的文化差异对于提高翻译作品质量和促进各国之间的文化交流有着至关重要的作用。本文探讨了几种处理文学翻译中文化差异的方 法 ,无论采用哪一种方法或兼并使用,翻译的目的是为了创造更完美的翻译作品——既充分体现原文的风格、内涵又满足译文读者的需要。 关键词:文化差异;文学翻译;源语(source language) ;目的语(target language)转载于中国论文联盟 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0e1207008.html, 随着全球经济、政治和科技的一体化,多元文化并存势在必行,文化在各国交流与往来中变得极为 重要。受其影响 ,文化成为文学翻译作品中的一个重要因素。在今天的社会中,翻译已不再仅仅被看作是语言符号的转换,而被看作是一种跨文化交际的行为。翻译成为了一种文化模式的转换。人们用“intercultural communication(跨文化交际) ”、“intercultural cooperation ( 跨文化合作) ”、“acculturation(文化交融) ”或“t ranscultura tion(跨文化交际) ”等一系列术语来替代“翻译”(郭建中,2000 , P277) 。因此,怎样更加准确、恰如其分地处理文学翻译中的文化差异是创造完美翻译作品的关键。本文从不同的角度探讨了尽量减少文化差异的四种不同的翻译方法。 一、文学体裁和文化差异 翻译实践是与翻译作品的文体紧紧相联的。不同文体的翻译作品有着各自独特的语言特征。只有在同时掌握源语和目的语两种语言的特征且能熟练运用两种语言的情况下,译者才能创造出真实体现源 语风格的翻译作品。作品语言风格的不同就意味着所蕴涵的文化因素也各不相同。例如:就科技体裁的文章而言,其所承载的文化因素较少。在这类作品的翻译过程中,准确如实地将源语信息内容转化成目的语远远比对两种语言文化的转换要重要得多。相反,在文学体裁的作品中,如小说、诗歌、散文等,文化就成为翻译中应考虑的重要因素之一。如果忽略了文化因素,译作就成了没血没肉的、只是由词汇和句子堆积起来 的躯壳。在读者眼里,失去了文化的译作也是没有灵魂的作品。因此,优秀的译者在文学翻译实践中应充分考虑如何处理不同体裁作品中的文化差异。 在所有的文学作品中,诗歌是富含文化因素最多的一种文学体裁,无论是其形式或内容都充分展现了它自身的文化特性。例如: 英语的十四行诗和汉语的七律诗都体现了各自浓厚的文化特色。在翻译实践中,除准确地再现诗的内涵、风格和原作者的思想外,还应译出诗的文化特色。许多翻译技巧,例如增补、注释、回译、替代等,都可以用来解决翻译中出现的文化差异现象,从而使目的语读者能够充分体会源语的文化风格。众所周知,汉语语言重视意合(Parataxis) 而英语语言注重形合(Hypotaxis) 。汉语意合的典型特征就是语言中有许多无主语句和不完整的句子,但是,在正常的英语语法中,句子必定有主语。因此,在英汉翻译中,可以通过增加或删减主语、宾语、关联词等来实现语言和篇章的连贯以及解决两种语言文化差异的矛盾。例如,唐代诗人李白的《静夜诗》中的“床前明月光,疑是地上霜”可译为了符合英语形合的特征,译者按照英语“主谓宾(SVO) ”结构的语言模式,增加了主语“I”、关联词“if”和谓语动词“see”;译者采用诠释的方法,将“床 前明月光”译成了“Abed , I see a silver light”1替代也是通常用来弥补文化差异的一种翻译技巧。例如:“众人 拾柴火焰高”可译作”Many handsmake light work”。这里,译者根据英语读者的文化习惯用“众人干活活不累”替代了“众人拾柴火焰高”。再如,“胆小如鼠”被译作“as timid as a rabbit”。当汉语转换成英语后,“兔子”代替了“老鼠”,因为英语国家的读者在他们的文化氛围中认为“兔子最温顺”,而不理解“胆小如鼠”。其它类似的例子如下: 如鱼得水like a duck to water 多如牛毛as plentiful as blackberries 一箭之遥at a stone’s throw 水中捞月to fish in the air
翻译课件
Translation Discussion 28?Translation of Article Titles ?Introduction of International Translation Studies ?Translation Appreciation
英文标题的翻译 无论是小说、诗歌、文章，还是戏曲、电影、歌曲，标题都是其中的一个重要组成部分。标题常常用语简洁明快，有时还加以适当的对比、仿拟等修辞手法对作品进行高度的概括和归纳，往往富含许多深刻的意义和奇妙的效果。标题也在很大的程度上影响着读者、观众、消费者是否选择某作品。
标题是映入读者眼帘的第一条信息，其形式多种多样，英语标题有名词短语式，有动词词组式，还有句子式。翻译成汉语以直译为主，基本保留原标题的语言与文化形式和内涵，使译文最大程度地忠实于原文标题，给译入语读者以原汁原味的欣赏，同时也方便查找关联。假如直译的阅读效果或吸引消费者的效果与原标题相差甚远，则采用增补改译、巧用修辞等手法，使阅读效果向原文的效果回归。
标题直译 1.短语式，即标题使用名词短语、动词短语、介词短语等： Business Partners生意伙伴 John Steinbeck：Men and The Land斯坦贝克：人与土地 Feather in the Wind风中的羽毛 BuildingBridges架起心灵之桥 At the Top of the World位于世界之巅
2.句子式 Don’t Cry for Me，Argentina 阿根廷，别为我哭泣 Who Brings the Beauty to You 她把美丽带给人间 Why is Smoking Hazardous 吸烟为何有害 Farming Gives Most Warming Effect 农业是温室气体最大排放源 Space Shuttle Lands on Thursday 航天飞机星期四着陆
刍议文学翻译之难
刍议文学翻译之难 摘要：文学翻译作为翻译的一个重要分支对人类历史的发展所起的作用是巨大的，由于文学翻译是对文学作品进行的译介，这就决定了它同其他文字产品的翻译不同，绝非是一种机械的文字移植。自古以来就有人将译事之难比喻为“带着脚镣的舞蹈”，那么文学翻译到底难在哪里？本文将从原作风格的传达、求真与求美的兼顾以及灵感与悟性的闪现三个方面来探讨文学翻译之难。 关键词：文学翻译原作风格艺术意境 翻译对于促进人类文化交流所起的作用是不可忽视的。季羡林曾说过：“若拿河流来做比较，中华文化这一条长河，有水满的时候，也有水少的时候，但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入，注入的次数大大小小是颇多的，最大的有两次，一次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次大的注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。”可见翻译在我国文化发展中所起的作用之大。而文学翻译作为翻译的一个重要分支，在当今世界学术交流中所起的作用更是越来越重大。
一、文学翻译概念及标准的界定 说到文学翻译，首先应该明确什么是文学翻译，不同国家对这一概念的界定是不同的。我国翻译界对文学翻译的界定是这样的：文学翻译是用另一种语言把原作的艺术境界传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的享受。由此可见，文学作品的翻译不同于一般文字产品的翻译，它不是一种简单的文字转换，也绝非机械的文字移植，用我国著名翻译理论家许钧的话来说：“文学翻译的最高目标是成为翻译文学，使翻译作品本身成为文学作品，不但要译出意似，还要译出意美。” 那么，什么样的译作才能算得上是好的译作呢？这就牵涉到了翻译标准问题。对于这一问题，我国历来的翻译家和翻译理论家可谓仁者见仁，智者见智。严复曾在《天演论》中说：“译事三难：信、达、雅。”“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。后来一般就把“信达雅”当做翻译标准。在使用白话文的今天，“雅”字就不再局限于古雅的原意，而是指注重修辞的意味了。马建忠在《拟设翻译书院译》中说：“夫如是，则一书到手，经营反复，确知其意旨之所在，而又摹写其神情，仿佛其语气，然后心悟神解，振笔而书，译成之文，适如其所译而止，而曾无毫发出入于其间，夫而后能使阅者所得之益，与观原文无异，
翻译课课件
Translation Course 1 brief self-introduction 2 about this course 3 requirements for this course 4 about the exam Chapter One Translation theories Section One Definition(s) and Classification of Translation 1 definition(s) 2 functions 3 classifications 4 two most influential trans theories: (1)Nida: functional\dynamic equivalence 1)expressive; 2)informative; 3)cognitive; 4)interpersonal; 5)imperative; 6)emotive; 7)performative; 8)aesthetic; 9)metalingual (2)Newmark: semantic trans(author-centered) & communicative trans(reader-centered)
Section Two Trans Standards & Principles In the West: 1 three principles proposed by Tytler: a) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; b) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; c) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 2 equivalent value\effect In China: 1 道安：严格的直译；(literal translation) 2 玄奘：既须求真，又须喻俗；(free translation) 3 严复：信、达、雅；(faithfulness; expressiveness; elegance) 4 鲁迅：忠实、通顺； 5 傅雷：神似；(spiritual conformity) 6 钱钟书：化境。(sublimation)
文学翻译和非文学翻译的异同
文学翻译和非文学翻译的异同 一、引言 文学翻译与非文学翻译是翻译领域中两个主要的部分，它们之间既存在相同之处也存在不同之处。本文只讨论他们之间的不同之处。在开始讨论之前，我们首先介绍两个基本概念，即文学文本与非文学文本。文学文本是一种语言工具，它通过语言文字来形象生动地反映出作者对人生、社会和感情的一些认知，希望用文字来唤起人们对美的向往，用文字向人们传达艺术的美感。相较于文学文本来说，非文学文本则是一种正式的文本形式，包括法律、医学、新闻、科技等多种类型。简单来说，文本中除了文学文本之外，其他的都可以称作非文学文本。在下面的章节中，我们会对文学文本和非文学文本的特点进行简单概括。 二、文学翻译概述 (一)文学文本概述 文学文本，可以理解为文学艺术形式，通过文学体裁进行划分，可分为诗歌、小说、散文、杂文、通讯等诸多体裁。根据创作年限及地域，又可划分为古代文学、近代文学、现代文学、当代文学以及中国文学与外国文学多种。文学文本是作家通过对生活细致的观察与思考，并结合自身的思想体系而创作出来的意识作品。因此，文学文本具有特定的独特性、思考性、艺术性及价值性等多种属性。通过不同年代作家的文学作品的考究，能够有效理解并知晓创作背景的政治因素、文化因素以及社会因素等等。特别在小说题材中，作家通过对现有的社会环境进行思考，批判当时的社会状态，能够有效地提升当时社会群众的思想觉悟[1]。(二)文学翻译概念及特点 钱钟书先生曾经说过:“在文学翻译过程中，不仅要翻译出文章原本的意思，还
要考虑作者在创作过程中所处的历史环境、国家的语言习惯等因素，再结合我国的语言习惯将文章还原出来，并且要让读者感受不到译文中语义生硬的转换。” [2]也就是说，文学翻译要求翻译者从根本上理解文学文本，认识文学文本，并在熟知文学文本的前提下，对创作者生平、生活背景、社会形态、国家属性以及当时的社会矛盾形态进行有效的理解，才能有效理解文学文本中出现的特殊语句、象征性语句以及生词的含义。并通过译文注释的方式，使读者能够清晰地理解作者的创作意图。 三、非文学翻译概述 (一)非文学文本概述 非文学文本的创作者是从事专业领域工作的专家、学者、技术人员、广告人等等，因此非文学文本的创作具有一定的功能性与价值性，例如医学科研论文、广告策划方案等，是各专业领域技术人员将劳动成果付诸于纸面，并使之得到发表或宣传，或进行实质性的研究工作[3]。所以非文学文本在创作过程中，具有较强的逻辑性、缜密性，对客观事物的描述也更为客观、具体。与文学文本不同，文学文本在创作过程中可以通过虚构的手段创作人物、地点及事件，但非文学文本要求作者必须如实描写客观事物，不能存在任何虚构的成分。 (二)非文学翻译概念及特点 通过上文中对文学翻译的介绍，我们可以知道戏剧、散文、小说等都属于文学翻译，那么，常见的非文学翻译有哪些呢?由于非文学文本的客观实在性，所以非文学翻译涉及到的范围有政治、经济、商业等。我们可以将非文学翻译定义成一种在不同语言中传达真实消息的行为。接下来我们将非文学翻译的特点进行总结，有如下三点:
翻译课件
翻译(21) 讨论内容：①《新编翻译教程》第八章第二、三节科技文体和新闻文体的翻译 ②译文对照欣赏分析 本课重点：文体的翻译 其他内容：安排一段课后作业 译文对照——人物介绍 加州现代派 朱沅芷1906年2月22日出生在广东省开平县。他喜欢对别人说，他与乔治〃华盛顿的生日在同一天。朱沅芷年仅十五便离开中国，来到旧金山。当时旧金山艺术界发展迅速，使该市成为纽约以外最重要的美国现代主义艺术中心之一。这对朱沅芷的画家生涯意义重大，他在这里的见闻远远大于留在广东度过青年时代可能有的见闻。二十世纪之初，加州印象派的一个分支在旧金山海湾地区确立了自己的地位，他们创造的人物形象睿智而随意，沉浸在绚丽的光线和色彩中，画作令人赏心悦目。在美国这种地方艺术背景之上，1915年的巴拿马—太平洋国际画展上展出欧洲风格的现代主义画作则是一种启示。这次画展的参展作品中有许多1913年纽约艾默里画展上的作品，这次画展对美国当地画家产生了如触电般的效应。用评论家威拉德〃亨庭顿〃怀特的话来说，截至1919年，旧金山艺术界的显著特征是异乎寻常的转变：“萨金特演变成了马蒂斯，惠斯勒渐变为西涅克，博杰罗则摇身一变成了毕加索。” The California Modernist Yun Gee was born, as he liked to point out, on George Washington's birthday, February 22, 1906, in Kaiping county of Guangdong province. Of far greater importance to Ji Yun's future as a painter than anything he might have encountered during his youth in Guangdong—it is important to remember that he was only fifteen when he left China—were developments taking place in the San Francisco art world that made the city one of the most vital centers of American modernism outside New York. By the beginning of the twentieth century a school of California impressionism was well-established in the Bay Area, producing pleasant through intellectually undemanding images suffused