Accounting

Lecture 1 Financial accounting

Chapter 1: Financial Acct

Learning objectives

LO1: Basic accounting assumptions

LO2: Statement of comprehensive income

LO3: Statement of financial position

LO4: Statement of changes in equity

LO5: Cash flow statement

LO6:Qualitative characteristics

LO7:Conceptual Framework of accounting

Introduction

Imagine you start your own lawn mowing business in January. You use your own money and borrow some from your parents. You purchase a lawn mower and some petrol and mow 28 lawns.

How do you know if this business is successful or if you were better off just getting a job at McDonalds?

Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions. Accounting is the language of business.

LO1: Basic accounting assumptions

Economic entity assumption:

Financial activities of the business need to be separated from the financial activities of its owner. By keeping financial activities separate, we are able to know the performance of each organisation.

Example: In the lawn mowing example, the business expenses (petrol) will be kept separate from personal expenses (buying petrol for personal use)

Time period assumption:

Accounting information can be communicated effectively over short periods of time.

Example: Most companies report their financial performance and position on a quarterly, half-yearly and annual basis.

Monetary unit assumption:

The dollar, unadjusted for inflation, is the best means of communicating accounting information in Australia.

Example: all Australian annual reports are shown in Australian Dollars. Going concern assumption:

When preparing financial reports it is assumed a company will continue to operate into the foreseeable future.

Example: All fixed assets are shown at their cost but not at their liquidation (sale) values

Review: Analyse the financial statements of David Jones. Identify the implications of the four basic assumptions.

LO2: Statement of Comprehensive Income

?Also known as the Income Statement or Profit and Loss Statement

?Answers this question: is the business profitable (is it making money)?

?Shows the performance of a business during a specific period

?Revenues – Expenses = Net Profit or Net Loss

Revenues

A revenue is an increase in resources resulting from the sale of goods or the provision of services. Includes:

?Service revenue

?Sales revenue

?Interest revenue

?Rent revenue

Revenue recognition principle: revenues are recorded when they are earned. Revenue is earned when the sale is made or the service performed and collection is reasonably assured.

Review Question: A customer pays Qantas $2000 in March to fly to New York in November. When should Qantas record the revenue? March or November? Expenses

An expense is a decrease in resources resulting from the sale of goods or provision of services. Includes:

?Cost of sales (Cost of goods sold)

?Salaries and Wages

?Interest

?Depreciation

?Taxes

?Advertising

?Utilities

Matching Principle: expenses should be recorded in the period resources are used to generate revenues.

For example, the cost of the petrol used to mow the lawns should be matched to the revenue earned from mowing those lawns.

Review: Look at David Jones’ Statement of Comprehensive Income.

What is David Jones’ largest expense? Give the name and amount.

Has the net profit increased or decreased compared to last year?

LO3: S tatement of financial position

?Also known as the Balance Sheet

?Shows a company’s assets, liabilities and equity at a specific point in time. ?It is a snapshot of the business

?Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Assets

An asset is an economic resource that is objectively measurable, that results from a prior transaction and that will provide future economic benefit. Examples include:

?Cash

?Inventories

?Receivables

?Property, Plant and Equipment

?Intangible assets: trademarks and copyright

Historical cost principle (Cost principle): assets should be recorded and reported at the cost paid to acquire them.

Liabilities

A liability is an obligation of a business that results from a past transaction and will require the sacrifice of economic resources at some future date. Examples include:

?Accounts payable

?Salaries payable

?Taxes payable

?Bank loans

Equity

Equity represents the share of the assets that are claimed by the business’s owners.

Equity = Assets – Liabilities

A company can generate equity in two ways:

1. Contributed Capital: resources that investors contribute to a business

in exchange for an ownership interest. For example, a company

increases contributed capital when it sells shares to investors.

2. Retained Earnings: When a company earns profits and they are kept

within the business, this is recorded as retained earnings. Profits that are distributed to owners are called dividends.

Review: write out the accounting equation for David Jones.

LO4: S tatement of changes in equity

?Shows how the business owner’s equity is growing.

?Shows retained earnings and share capital

?Retained earnings ending balance= beginning balance + net profit –dividends

Review: Look at the David Jones Statement of Changes in Equity for 2011. What is the beginning retained earnings?

What is the profit for the period?

How much was paid in dividends?

What is the ending retained earnings balance? Did it increase or decrease?

Linking the statements

The net profit from the Statement of Comprehensive Income is used to calculate Retained Earnings on the Statement of Changes in Equity.

The ending balance of Retained Earnings is included on the Balance Sheet. Review: Look at how the David Jones financial statements are linked

Module.Ex.01.02 Net income and retained earnings

Based on the following information, calculate profit or loss and ending retained earnings for the year ending 30 June.

Nova corporation reports the following as of 30 June:

Revenue $10 000 Beginning retained earnings 20 000 Expenses 8 000 Dividends 1 000

Required

Calculate profit or loss, and ending retained earnings for the year ending 30 June.

Preparing financial statements

?On 1 January you start up a business as a personal trainer.

?You put in $500 of your own and borrow $1000 from the bank.

?You buy a 6 pairs of boxing gloves ($600), 6 yoga mats ($300) and sports drinks for your clients ($50).

?In January, you train 20 people at $40 each, buy more sports drink ($50), and pay interest ($5).

?During the month you also draw $200 for personal use.

?At the end of January you have Cash ($1015), Sports drink ($35) and are owed $80 from 2 customers.

Required

Prepare an income statement and a statement of retained earnings for the month ending 31 January and a statement of financial position at 31 January.

LO5: C ash flow statement

?Cash is important for the running of a business, every business needs enough cash to pay its bills

?The cash flow statement reports the business’s cash inflows and outflows There are three sections:

1. Operating activities

Shows the cash received and paid for the every day operations of the business. This includes cash received from customers, and cash paid for every day running costs

2. Investing activities

Shows the cash paid for purchasing large/long term assets, and cash received when these assets are sold

3. Financing activities

Shows the cash received from borrowings and investors, and the cash used to pay the money back. Also includes cash used to pay dividends.

Review: Look at David Jones’ cash flow statement.

Identify the largest amounts for each category.

Module.Ex.01.06 Classify cash flows LO5

A company entered into the following cash transactions.

1. Cash paid to suppliers

2. Cash received from issuing new ordinary shares

3. Cash paid to purchase new office furniture

4. Cash paid to owners

5. Cash received from customers

Required

Indicate the section of the statement of cash flows in which each item would appear: operating activities (O), investing activities (I), or financing activities (F).

LO6: Q ualitative characteristics

These qualities help make accounting information useful:

1. Understandability

Accounting information should be easy to understand by those who have a reasonable business understanding

2. Relevance

Accounting information should be relevant, which means it makes a difference in decisions. The information should be useful to assess past performance and to predict future performance.

Information is only relevant if it is provided on time.

3. Reliability

To be reliable accounting information:

o should be verifiable- checked/audited

o should have representational faithfulness- an accurate picture of the business

o should be neutral- unbiased

4. Comparability

Accounting information is useful if it can be compared to different businesses.

5. Consistency

Consistency enables a user to compare the accounting information of one business over time.

6. Materiality

This concept is related to relevance.

If an item is material (affects a users decision making) then it must be accounted for exactly following accounting rules.

If an item is immaterial, short cuts may be taken to be more efficient, as it will not affect a users decision.

7. Conservatism

Refers to the manner in which accountants deal with the uncertainty regarding economic situations. The essence of conservatism is to account

for all probable losses but never account for probable gains.

For example, valuation of closing inventory at cost price or market price whichever is lower.

Review:

?How logical would a comparison between two companies be if each were following a different set of accounting methods?

?How relevant would an old annual report be for an investor considering buying shares in a company?

LO7: Conceptual Framework of accounting

Conceptual framework of accounting is the collection of concepts that guide the manner in which accounting is practiced.

All the terms, principles, assumptions and characteristics from the lecture today are components of the conceptual framework of accounting.

In summary:

Terms used to identify and describe economic information: ?Asset

?Liability

?Equity

?Contributed equity

?Retained earnings

?Revenue

?Expense

?Dividend

Principles used to measure economic information:

?Revenue recognition

?Matching

?Cost

Assumptions made when communicating economic information: ?Economic entity

?Monetary unit

?Time period

?Going concern

Qualitative characteristics that make accounting information useful: ?Understandability

?Relevance

?Reliability

?Comparability

?Consistency

?Materiality

?Conservatism

Financial statements used to communicate economic information: ?Statement of comprehensive income

?Statement of financial position

?Statement of changes in equity

?Cash flow statement

accounting concept

Since GAAP is founded on the basic accounting principles and guidelines, we can better understand GAAP if we understand those accounting principles. The table below lists the ten main accounting principles and guidelines together with a highly condensed explanation of each. Basic Accounting Principle What It Means in Relationship to a Financial Statement 1. Economic Entity Assumption The accountant keeps all of the business transactions of a sole proprietorship separate from the business owner's personal transactions. For legal purposes, a sole proprietorship and its owner are considered to be one entity, but for accounting purposes they are considered to be two separate entities. 2. Monetary Unit Assumption Economic activity is measured in U.S. dollars, and only transactions that can be expressed in U.S. dollars are recorded. Because of this basic accounting principle, it is assumed that the dollar's purchasing power has not changed over time. As a result accountants ignore the effect of inflation on recorded amounts. For example, dollars from a 1960 transaction are combined (or shown with) dollars from a 2010 transaction. 3. Time Period Assumption This accounting principle assumes that it is possible to report the complex and ongoing activities of a business in relatively short, distinct time intervals such as the five months ended May 31, 2010, or the 5 weeks ended May 1, 2010. The shorter the time interval, the more likely the need for the accountant to estimate amounts relevant to that period. For example, the property tax bill is received on December 15 of each year. On the income statement for the year ended December 31, 2010, the amount is known; but for the income statement for the three months ended March 31, 2010, the amount was not known and an estimate had to be used. It is imperative that the time interval (or period of time) be shown in the heading of each income statement, statement of stockholders' equity, and statement of cash flows. Labeling one of these financial statements with "December 31" is not good enough—the reader needs to know if the statement covers the one week ending December 31, 2010 the month

财务专业术语中英文对照表

财务专业术语中英文对照表 英文中文说明 Account Accounting system 会计系统 American Accounting Association 美国会计协会 American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会 Audit 审计 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bookkeepking 簿记 Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 Certificate in Internal Auditing 部审计证书 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书 Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师 Cost accounting 成本会计 External users 外部使用者 Financial accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会 Financial forecast 财务预测 Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则 General-purpose information 通用目的信息 Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室 Income statement 损益表 Institute of Internal Auditors 部审计师协会 Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会 Integrity 整合性 Internal auditing 部审计 Internal control structure 部控制结构 Internal Revenue Service 国收入署 Internal users部使用者 Management accounting 管理会计 Return of investment 投资回报 Return on investment 投资报酬 Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会

Fundamental accounting principles 会计学原理1234689

会计学原理概念整理 C hapter 1 Accounting in Business 第一章商业会计 1. 会计信息使用者 User of accounting information 1. 外部信息使用者：External users of accounting information are not directly involved in running the External information user organization． 银行 Banks 储蓄贷款机构savings and loans 使用债权人消费合作社 co-ops Lenders（creditors）抵押 mortgage 金融机构 finance companies 通用财务报表股东、董事会 general-purpose financial statement shareholders（investors）、board of directors 外部审计人员 external (independent) auditors 员工employees 工会 labor union 美国国税局 the internal revenue service（IRS） 政府管理机构 Regulators 公用事业委员会Utility boards 证券管理机构 securities regulators 选举人 voters 立法者 legislators 政府官员 government officials 捐赠人 contributors 供应商 suppliers 2. 内部信息使用者: Internal users of accounting information are those directly involved in managing and Internal information users operating an organizations 研发经理 research and development managers 使用采购经理 purchasing managers 人力资源经理 human resource managers 生产经理 production managers 管理会计销售经理 distribution managers Managerial accounting 营销经理 marketing managers 服务经理 service managers 内部控制：Internal controls are procedures designed to protect company property and equipment, ensure Internal controls reliable accounting reports,promote efficiency , and encourage adherence to company policies．

会计术语中英对照

会计术语中英对照 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-

一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation 会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense

会计方面专业术语的英文翻译

会计方面专业术语的xx acceptance承兑 account账户 accountant会计员 accounting会计 accounting system会计制度 accounts payable应付账款 accounts receivable应收账款 accumulated profits累积利益 adjusting entry调整记录 adjustment调整 administration expense管理费用 advances预付 advertising expense广告费 agency代理 agent代理人 agreementxx allotments分配数 allowance津贴 amalgamation合并 amortization摊销

amortized cost应摊成本 annuities年金 applied cost已分配成本 applied expense已分配费用 applied manufacturing expense己分配制造费用apportioned charge摊派费用 appreciation涨价 article of association公司章程 assessment课税 assets资产 attorney fee律师费 audit审计 auditor审计员 average平均数 average cost平均成本 bad debt坏账 balance余额 balance sheet资产负债表 bank account银行账户 bank balance银行结存 bank charge银行手续费

bank deposit银行存款 bank discount银行贴现bank draft银行汇票 bank loan银行借款 bank overdraft银行透支bankers acceptance银行承兑bankruptcy破产 bearer持票人 beneficiary受益人 bequest遗产 bill票据 bill of exchange汇票 bill of lading提单 bills discounted贴现票据bills payable应付票据 bills receivable应收票据board of directors董事会bonds债券 bonus红利 book value账面价值bookkeeper簿记员

Accounting专业词汇

Accounting system 会计系统 American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会 Audit 审计 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bookkeepking 簿记 Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师 Cost accounting 成本会计 External users 外部使用者 Financial accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会Financial forecast 财务预测 Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室 Income statement 损益表 Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会 Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会Integrity 整合性 Internal auditing 内部审计 Internal control structure 内部控制结构 Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署 Internal users 内部使用者 Management accounting 管理会计 Return of investment 投资回报 Return on investment 投资报酬 Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会Statement of cash flow 现金流量表 Statement of financial position 财务状况表 Tax accounting 税务会计 Accounting equation 会计等式 Articulation 勾稽关系 Assets 资产 Business entity 企业个体 Capital stock 股本 Corporation 公司 Cost principle 成本原则 Creditor 债权人 Deflation 通货紧缩 Disclosure 批露 Expenses 费用

会计专业专业术语中英文对照

会计专业专业术语中英文对照 一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation

会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense 收益 Income 亏损 Loss 历史成本原则 Cost Principle 收入实现原则 Revenue Principle 配比原则 Matching Principle

会计方面专业术语的英文翻译

会计方面专业术语的英文翻译 acceptance 承兑 account 账户 accountant 会计员 accounting 会计 accounting system 会计制度 accounts payable 应付账款 accounts receivable 应收账款 accumulated profits 累积利益 adjusting entry 调整记录 adjustment 调整 administration expense 管理费用 advances 预付 advertising expense 广告费 agency 代理 agent 代理人 agreement 契约 allotments 分配数 allowance 津贴 amalgamation 合并 amortization 摊销 amortized cost 应摊成本 annuities 年金 applied cost 已分配成本 applied expense 已分配费用 applied manufacturing expense 己分配制造费用apportioned charge 摊派费用 appreciation 涨价 article of association 公司章程 assessment 课税 assets 资产 attorney fee 律师费 audit 审计 auditor 审计员 average 平均数 average cost 平均成本 bad debt 坏账 balance 余额

balance sheet 资产负债表 bank account 银行账户 bank balance 银行结存 bank charge 银行手续费 bank deposit 银行存款 bank discount 银行贴现 bank draft 银行汇票 bank loan 银行借款 bank overdraft 银行透支 bankers acceptance 银行承兑 bankruptcy 破产 bearer 持票人 beneficiary 受益人 bequest 遗产 bill 票据 bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading 提单 bills discounted 贴现票据 bills payable 应付票据 bills receivable 应收票据 board of directors 董事会 bonds 债券 bonus 红利 book value 账面价值 bookkeeper 簿记员 bookkeeping 簿记 branch office general ledger 支店往来账户broker 经纪人 brought down 接前 brought forward 接上页 budget 预算 by-product 副产品 by-product sales 副产品销售 capital 股本 capital income 资本收益 capital outlay 资本支出 capital stock 股本 capital stock certificate 股票 carried down 移后 carried forward 移下页 cash 现金 cash account 现金账户 cash in bank 存银行现金 cash on delivery 交货收款

会计术语中英对照

一、会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation 会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures 财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income

基础会计学(Foundations of Accounting)

基础会计学（Foundations of Accounting） In this paper, by what contribution Basic accounting The first chapter is general introduction Section 1 the meaning, functions and objectives of accounting First, the meaning of accounting Accounting is an important component of economic management. It is through the collection, processing and utilization in monetary units as measurement standard to show certain economic information on economic activities of organization, control, regulation and guidance, a kind of management activity prompted people to compare the pros and cons, gains and losses, stressing economic benefits. Key points of accounting implications: All the currency that economic information (financial information) It is a kind of economic management activity This paper value management Two, the basic functions of accounting 1. function of Accounting -

常用的会计术语(1)

一些有用的会计术语 A: A share Ａ股；甲类股份 abatement of tax 减税；减扣免税额 ABN AMRO Bank N.V. 荷兰银行 above-the-line expenditure 线上项目支出；经常预算支出above-the-line receipt 线上项目收入；经常预算收入ABSA Asia Limited 南非联合亚洲有限公司 absolute change 绝对数值变更 absolute expenditure 实际开支 absolute guideline figure 绝对准则数字 absolute interest 绝对权益 absolute order of discharge 绝对破产解除令 absolute profit margin 绝对利润幅度 absolute value 实值；绝对值 absolutely vested interest 绝对既得权益 absorbed cost 已吸收成本；已分摊成本 absorption 吸收；分摊；合并 absorption rate 吸收率；摊配率；分摊率 ACB Finance Limited 亚洲商业财务有限公司acceptable form of reciprocity 合理的互惠条件acceptable rate 适当利率；适当汇率

acceptance agreement 承兑协议 acceptance for honour 参加承兑 acceptor 承兑人；接受人；受票人 acceptor for honour 参加承兑人 accident insurance 意外保险 Accident Insurance Association of Hong Kong 香港意外保险公会accident insurance scheme 意外保险计划 accident year basis 意外年度基准 accommodation 通融；贷款 accommodation bill 通融票据；空头票据 accommodation party 汇票代发人 account balance 帐户余额；帐户结余 account book 帐簿 account collected in advance 预收款项 account current book 往来帐簿 account of after-acquired property 事后取得的财产报告account of defaulter 拖欠帐目 account payable 应付帐款 account payee only [A/C payee only] 只可转帐；存入收款人帐户account receivable 应收帐款 account receivable report 应收帐款报表 account statement 结单；帐单；会计财务报表 account title 帐户名称；会计科目

会计专业术语中英文对照参考

A (1)ABC 作业基础成本计算 A (2)absorbed overhead 已汲取制造费用 A (3)absorption costing 汲取成本计算 A (4)account 帐户,报表 A (5)accounting postulate 会计假设 A (6)accounting series release 会计公告文件 A (7)accounting valuation 会计计价 A (8)account sale 承销清单 A (9)accountability concept 经营责任概念 A (10)accountancy 会计职业 A (11)accountant 会计师 A (12)accounting 会计 A (13)agency cost 代理成本 A (14)accounting bases 会计基础 A (15)accounting manual 会计手册 A (16)accounting period 会计期间 A (17)accounting policies 会计方针 A (18)accounting rate of return 会计酬劳率 A (19)accounting reference date 会计参照日 A (20)accounting reference period 会计参照期间A (21)accrual concept 应计概念 A (22)accrual expenses 应计费用

A (23)acid test ration 速动比率(酸性测试比率) A (24)acquisition 购置 A (25)acquisition accounting 收购会计 A (26)activity based accounting 作业基础成本计算A (27)adjusting events 调整事项 A (28)administrative expenses 行政治理费 A (29)advice note 发货通知 A (30)amortization 摊销 A (31)analytical review 分析性检查 A (32)annual equivalent cost 年度等量成本法 A (33)annual report and accounts 年度报告和报表A (34)appraisal cost 检验成本 A (35)appropriation account 盈余分配帐户 A (36)articles of association 公司章程细则 A (37)assets 资产 A (38)assets cover 资产保障 A (39)asset value per share 每股资产价值 A (40)associated company 联营公司 A (41)attainable standard 可达标准 A (42)attributable profit 可归属利润 A (43)audit 审计 A (44)audit report 审计报告

财务术语中英文对照Financial Accounting

财务术语中英文对照FinancialAccounting （1）会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人DecisionMaker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计FinancialAccounting 管理会计ManagementAccounting 成本会计CostAccounting 私业会计PrivateAccounting 公众会计PublicAccounting 注册会计师CPACertifiedPublicAccountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation 会计目标AccountingObjectives 会计假设AccountingAssumptions 会计要素AccountingElements 会计原则AccountingPrinciples 会计实务过程AccountingProcedures 财务报表FinancialStatements 财务分析FinancialAnalysis 会计主体假设Separate-entityAssumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measureAssumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern)Assumption 会计分期假设Time-periodAssumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner'sEquity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income 亏损Loss 历史成本原则CostPrinciple 收入实现原则RevenuePrinciple 配比原则MatchingPrinciple 全面披露原则 Full-disclosure(Reporting)Principle 客观性原则ObjectivePrinciple 一致性原则ConsistentPrinciple 可比性原则ComparabilityPrinciple 重大性原则MaterialityPrinciple 稳健性原则ConservatismPrinciple 权责发生制AccrualBasis

财务英语专业术语

流动资产CURRENT ASSETS： 现金Cash on hand 银行存款Cash in bank 有价证券Marketable securitiea 应收票据Notes receivable 应收帐款Accounts receivable 坏帐准备Provision for bad debts 预付帐款Advances to suppliers 其他应收款Other receivables 待摊费用Deferred and prepaid expenses 存货Inventories 存货变现损失准备Provision for loss on realization of inventory 一年内到期的长期债券投资Long-term investments maturing within one year 其他流动资产Other current assets 长期投资Long-term in vestments 一年以上的应收款项Receivables collectable after one year 固定资产：FIXED ASSETS: 固定资产原价Fixed assets-cost 累计折旧Accumulated depreciation 固定资产净值Fixed assets-net value 固定资产清理Disposal of fixed assets 在建工程Construction in progress 无形资产INTANGIBLE ASSETS: 场地使用权Land occupancy right 工业产权及专有技术Proprietary technology and patents 其他无形资产Other intangibles assets 其他资产：OTHER ASSETS 开办费Organization expenses 筹建期间汇兑损失Exchange loss during start-up peried 递延投资损失Deferred loss on investments 递延税款借项Deferred taxes debit 其他递延支出Other deferred expenses 待转销汇兑损失Unamortized cxehange loss 流动负债CURRENT LIABILITIES: 短期借款Short term loans 应付票据Notes payable 应付帐款Accounts payable 应付工资Accrued payroll 应交税金Taxes payable 应付利润Dividends payable 预收货款Advances from customers 其他应付款Other payables

出租人会计(accountingforleases-lessor)

出租人会计（accountingforleases-lessor） 承租人会计的对称。出租人处理租赁业务的一整套会计处理的原理、方法和程序。从出租人角度看，租赁可以分为经营租赁、销售式融资租赁、直接融资租赁和举债经营融资租赁，而其会计处理也有所不同（见“承租人会计”）。 经营租赁的出租人会计处理要点如下：（1）起租日前发生的费用。起租日前，在谈判过程中，出租人与承租人双方均可能发生一些有关通讯、差旅和制订租约的费用。这些费用为数不大，一般由双方各自负担。对于数目较大的费用由哪一方负担或双方怎样分担。对于数目较大的费用由哪一方负担或双方怎样分摊，须事先协商确定。发生共同负担的费用须先记入暂付款或其他应收款账户，待租赁成立，在承租人与出租人之间按商定比例分配，转账记入租赁费用账户。（2）起租日，将出租资产进行转账。出租人应从起租日起的明细账上反映租出资产的情况，如从在库转入租出。由于经营租赁的租赁期较短，与出租资产所有权有关的各种收益和风险，并不因为租赁而转移给承租人。出租的资产仍应看作是出租人的资产，所以它仅仅改变了资产的分类。（3）租赁期内的收和费用：①租金收入。一般在租金收付时，作为当期收入入账。如果收支租金的间隔时期比会计期收入入账。如果收支租的间隔时期比会计期为长，或者各期租金金额变动幅度较大，则需采用预提办法处理，使各期的金额较为合理；②计提租赁资产折旧。出租人专用于出租的固定资产，应与自己营业所用固定资产划分清楚，分开记账。折旧费用记入租赁费用账户，而不是一般的管理费用。租赁资产出现短期闲置现象，在闲置期间仍应继续计提折旧。不过，应该规定一个期限，闲置时间过长，超过规定期限的，应停止计提折旧；③租赁资产的大修理。应在租约上明确规定，由出租人还是由承租人负责进行租赁资产的大修理，一般由出租人负责。在订立租约确定租金时，应把必要的大修理费用考虑在内。可采用预提的方式主入租赁费用；④租赁资产的日常修理。一般由出租人负责进行，发生的修理费用直接计入租赁费用账户。为了方便起见，有些租约规定日常修理由承租人进行。（4）终止租赁，收回资产和可能发生的损失赔偿。租赁期满，或出于承租人或出租人的要求停止租赁时，出租人应收回租出的资产，如把资产从租出转入时，出租人应收回租出的资产，如把资产从租出转入在库。在收回租出的资产时，可能会发现资产损耗过大，按照租约规定，由承租人赔偿损失。当确定损失的金额时，借记其他应收款，贷记租赁资产累计折旧。 销售式融资租赁出租人会计处理要点如下：（1）确定出租人总投资。出租人租赁总投资是未经贴现的因出租资产而将获致的总收入，它包括：最低租赁得款额和预计将收到的无担保残值。最低租赁得款额应在租赁开始日借记“”应收租赁款“”账户，无担保残值应借记“预计残值”账户。（2）确定合适的利率。出租人租赁会计所用的利率是使以下等式得以成立的利率：租赁开始日租赁资产公允市价=最低租赁得款额的现值-+无担保残值的现值。这种利率为租赁内含利率，（3）确定净投资。有了总投资和合适的利率，就可确定出租的净投资，它是最低租赁得款额的现值与无担保残值现值之和。净投资中最低租赁款额的现值，在租赁开始日应贷记销售收放账户，表示承租人将付给出租人的金额的现值。如果没有无担保残值，净投资即最低租赁得款额的现值，也即租赁开始日租赁资产的公允市价。（4）计算未实现利息收入。在求得总投资和净投资的基础上，即可计算未实现利息收入，它是总投资和净投资之差。此数在租赁开始日应贷记未实现利息收入账户。这部分收入将在租赁期内分期予以确认。（5）租赁资产成本的记账。租赁资产成本或账面价值减无担保残值的现值，应在租赁开始日借记销售成本账户。如果没有无担保残值，记入销售成本账户的是租赁资产的成本或账面价值。由于出租人在租赁开始日按公允价值贷记销售收入账户，按资产成本借记销售成本账户，可能在租赁开始日构成出租人的一笔销售利润。（6）租金的记账。各期所收到的租金，应分别借记银行存款和未实现利息收入账户，贷记应收租赁款和利息收入账户。（7）订有保

accounting术语

一、资产类 Assets 流动资产 Current assets 货币资金 Cash and cash equivalents 1001现金 Cash 1002 银行存款 Cash in bank 1009 其他货币资金 Other cash and cash equivalents '100901 外埠存款 Other city Cash in bank '100902 银行本票 Cashier's cheque '100903 银行汇票 Bank draft '100904 信用卡 Credit card '100905 信用证保证金 L/C Guarantee deposits '100906 存出投资款 Refundable deposits 1101 短期投资 Short-term investments '110101 股票 Short-term investments - stock '110102 债券 Short-term investments - corporate bonds '110103 基金 Short-term investments - corporate funds '110110 其他 Short-term investments - other 1102 短期投资跌价准备 Short-term investments falling price reserves 应收款 Account receivable 1111 应收票据 Note receivable 银行承兑汇票 Bank acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Trade acceptance 1121 应收股利 Dividend receivable 1122 应收利息 Interest receivable 1131 应收账款 Account receivable 1133 其他应收款 Other notes receivable 1141 坏账准备 Bad debt reserves 1151 预付账款 Advance money 1161 应收补贴款 Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable 库存资产 Inventories 1201 物资采购 Supplies purchasing 1211 原材料 Raw materials 1221 包装物 Wrappage 1231 低值易耗品 Low-value consumption goods 1232 材料成本差异 Materials cost variance 1241 自制半成品 Semi-Finished goods 1243 库存商品 Finished goods 1244 商品进销差价 Differences between purchasing and selling price 1251 委托加工物资 Work in process - outsourced 1261 委托代销商品 Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis 1271 受托代销商品 Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis 1281 存货跌价准备 Inventory falling price reserves 1291 分期收款发出商品 Collect money and send out the goods by stages