科技英语常用连接词

first,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second,secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next, besides

and equally important too moreover

besides in addtion finally

2)表转折；

by contrast although though yet

at the same time but despitethe fact that even so

in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the contarary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless

3)表因果；

therfore consequently because of for the reason

thus hence due to owing to

so accordingly thanks to on this account

since as on that account in this way

for as a result as a consequence

4）表让步：

still nevertheless concession granted naturally

in spite of all the same of course despite

even so after all

5)表递近：

furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only...but also...

too in addtion

6)表举例：

for example for instance for one thing that is

to illustrate as an illustration a case in point

7)表解释：

as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words

in summary, in a word, thus, as has been said

in brief, in conclusion, altogether, in other words

to conclude, in fact, finally, in simpler terms

in short, in particular, that is

in other words, of course, on the whole, to put it differently

namely, in all, therefore, on the whole, generally speaking, to summarize, in summary

英文论文写作

1. Introduction：

A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？

在叙述前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，提出一种新方法或新方向。如：However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如：Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. thus, these previus results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist……

研究方法和方向与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate)or there is still dearth of……We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)……

强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如：(1)时间问题；(2)研究手段问题；(3)研究区域问题；(4)不确定性；(5)提出自己的假设来验证。

如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新，你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性，然后(However)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”；

如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向，你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质，然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少；

如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足；

虽然前人对某一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种观点，这种uncertanties或ambiguities 值得进一步澄清；

如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可对比，你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).

B. 提出自己的观点：We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss……

C. 圈定自己的研究范围：introduction的另一个作用就是告诉读者(包括reviewer)，你文章的主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，

某种研究手段等。为减少这种争论，在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的范围：

(1)时间尺度；

(2) 研究区域等。如涉及较长的时序，你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有两种时间尺度 (long-term and short term)，你可说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。研究区域的问题，和时间问题一样，也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域！

D. 最后的原场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；或者说further studies on……will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。

2. Discussion：

A. 怎样提出观点：在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要，不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer置疑。

(1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用We confirm that……

(2)对于自己很自信的观点，可用We believe that……

(3)通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that……

(4) 在极其特别时才可用We put forward(discover, observe)……"for the first time"来强调自己的创新……

(5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to…)Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to resulted from……Or This is probably a consequence of……It seems that……can account for (interpret) this……Or It is posible that it stem from……要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和5)，那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。

B. 连接词与逻辑：写英文论文最常见的毛病是文章的逻辑不清楚，解决方法如下。

(1)注意句子上下连贯，不能让句子独立。

常见的连接词有，However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore……用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。比如，叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来可用Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC……如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD……

如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开AA put forward that……In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面观点错误)，如果只表明两种观点对立，用in contrast BB……如果两种观点相近,可用AA suggest……Similarily, alternatively, BB……Or Also, BB or BB allso does……表示因果或者前后关系可用Consequently, therefore, as a result……表明递进关系可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition……

写完一段英文，最好首先检查是否较好地应用了这些连接词。

(2) 注意段落布局的整体逻辑：经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。

第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份……Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involves……The second problem relates to……The third aspect deals with……清晰地把观点逐层叙述。也可以直接用First, Second, Third, Finally……当然，Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。

(3) 讨论部份的整体结构：小标题是把问题分为几个片段的好方法。

通常第一个片段指出文章最重要的数据或结果；补充说明部份放在最后一个片段。一定要明

白，文章的读者分为多个档次；除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。

C.讨论部分包括什么内容？

(1)主要数据及其特征的总结；

(2)主要结论及与前人观点的对比；

(3) 本文的不足。对第三点，一般作者看来不可取，但事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。

所谓不足，包括以下内容：

(1)研究的问题有点片面，讨论时一定要说，It should be noted that this study has examined only……We concentrate (focus) on only……We have to point out that we do not……Some limitations of this study are……

(2)结论有些不足，The results do not imply……The results can not be used to determine(or be taken as evidence of)……Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data……Our results are lack of……但指出这些不足之后，一定要马上再次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下伏笔。Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest……However, these problems could be solved if we consider……Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate……

用中文来说这是左右逢源，把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中有可能实现。

3. Others：

A. 为使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好以括弧给出较详细解释。

如文章用了很多Abbreviation,可用两种方法解决：

(1) 在文章最后加上个Appendix，把所有Abbreviation列表；

(2)在不同页面上不时地给出Abbreviation的含义，用来提醒读者。

B. 绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。

这是对前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits.所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results

are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.

遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：Their studies may be more reasonable if they had……considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they……Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.

一些常见的英文文章语言技巧

a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性。通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如

However, little information..

little attention...

little work...

little data

little research

or few studies

few investigations...

few researchers...

few attempts...

or no

none of these studies

has (have) been less

done on ...

focused on

attempted to

conducted

investigated

studied

(with respect to)

Previous research (studies, records) has (have)

failed to consider

ignored

misinterpreted

neglected to

overestimated, underestimated

misleaded

thus, these previus results are

inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial..

Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...

这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：

However, data is still scarce

rare

less accurate

there is still dearth of

We need to

aim to

have to

provide more documents

data

records

studies

increase the dataset

Further studies are still necessary...

essential...

为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等

比如：

1)时间问题

如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足

2)物性及研究手段问题

如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。

3)研究区域问题

首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足

4)不确定性

虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，

这种uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清

5)提出自己的假设来验证

如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。

We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...

It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed

method (approach).

提出自己的观点

We aim to

This paper reports on

provides results

extends the method..

focus on

The purpose of this paper is to

Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...

c) 圈定自己的研究范围

前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围：

1)时间尺度问题

如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...

或者有两种时间尺度的问题(long-term and short term)，你可以说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种

2) 研究区域的问题

和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区

d) 最后的原场

在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。或者说，further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)

总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).

关于词汇以及常用结构，要经常总结，多读多模仿才能融会贯通。

以上是常见的语言结构，不算抄袭。

怎样提出观点

在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。

1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用

We confirm that...

2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用

We believe that...

3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，

用，Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...

4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward

(discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".

来强调自己的创新。

5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用

We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..)

Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to

rsulted from..

Or This is probably a consequence of

It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..

Or It is pisible that it stem from...

连接词与逻辑

写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有：

1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立

常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition,

consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,

further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly,

Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results,

In order to, despite, For example, Compared with

other results, thus, therefore...

用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。

比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，

最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.

接下来，可用Then BB further demonstrated that..

再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC..

如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..

如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开

AA pput forward that...

In contrast, BB believe

or Unlike AA, BB suggest

or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明

两种对立的观点，用in contrast)，BB..

如果两种观点相近,可用

AA suggest

Similarily, alternatively, BB..

Or Also, BB

or BB allso does ..

表示因果或者前后关系，可用

Consequently, therefore, as a result,

表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,

当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。

2) 段落的整体逻辑

经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。

首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份

...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to

be addressed.

The first questuon involves...

The second problem relates to

The thrid aspect deals with...

上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。

Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,..

当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。

3) 讨论部份的整体结构

小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明

的部份可以放在最后一个片段。

一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。

为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出

较为详细的解释。

如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决

1) 在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表

2) 在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreciation的含义，用来

提醒读者。

总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种措施方便于读者。一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits.

所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results

are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.

遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：

Their studies may be more reasonable if they had

considered this situation.

Their results could be better convinced if they ...

Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.

讨论部份还包括什么内容?

1. 主要数据特征的总结

2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比

3. 本文的不足

第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。

如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。

所谓不足，包括以下内容:

1. 研究的问题有点片面

讨论时一定要说，

It should be noted that this study has examined only..

We concentrate (focus) on only...

We have to point out that we do not..

Some limitations of this study are...

2. 结论有些不足

The results do not imply,

The results can not be used to determine

be taken as evidence of

Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data

Our results are lack of ...

但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。

Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest.. However, these problems culd be solved if we consdier

Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..

用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。

科技英语常用连接词

first,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second,secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next, besides and equally important too moreover besides in addtion finally 2)表转折； by contrast although though yet at the same time but despitethe fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the contarary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless 3)表因果； therfore consequently because of for the reason thus hence due to owing to so accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for as a result as a consequence 4）表让步： still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all 5)表递近： furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only...but also... too in addtion 6)表举例： for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point 7)表解释： as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words

超级实用初中英语作文常用连接词复习过程

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