屠皓民英语语法基础讲义

考研英语语法基础讲义

屠皓民

一、考研语法考什么？

二、定语从句

1． 关系词的产生

2． 介词+which/whom 的由来

3． When/where/why 的演变

4． 限定性与非限定性从句区别与翻译

5． 定语从句省略

实战演练：

将下面的句子翻译成英文

1. All those____________ (想去长城的) will get together at the bus—stop at six tomorrow morning ．

2. The building ________________________ (座落于我们学校附近的) is a hospital.

3. Tom is really the bravest boy _________________________ (我所认识的)。

4. Have you received the letter ___________________________ (我上星期六写的)?

5. Can you help me find the person ________________________（救我女儿命的）

6. This is the one hundredth letter_________________________ (我上个月收到的)。

7. Tennis______________ (夏季最好的运动之一) can be played by two or four players ．

8. I shall use the machine in such a way____________________________ (他使用过的)．

强化练习

Fill in the blanks with “prep + whom/which”.

1. The teacher ____ _______ I learnt most was Mrs. Zhu.

2. Mathematics is the subject ______ _______ I am most interested.

3.

This is the house __________ _________ I was born.

课程内容

一、 考研语法考什么？

二、 考研语法巅峰考点——定语从句

三、 考研语法重点考点——状语从句

四、 考研语法特殊考点——倒装结构

五、 长难句四步拆分

——

选自《考研工具书之语法长难句》（屠皓民编）

《考研英语基础核心教程》

4.Is that the girl ________ ________ you lent your bicycle?

5.This is the pen ________ _______ I wrote the letter.

6.These are the things _______ ________ I spoke just now.

7.Is that the fish _______ _______ you asked the waiter?

8.We love the village _______ _______ we work for two years.

9.Peter, ______ ______ I played tennis on Sundays, was stronger than I.

Fill in the blanks with “where 、why、when ”

1. I don’t know the reason ___________ he was late for the class.

2. I will never forget the day _____________ I joined the army.

3. This is the factory ____________ my father worked 30 years ago.

Multiple Choices

l . I will never forget the day I joined the League.

A. which

B. when

C. in which

D. on that

2. September 18, 1931 is the day we'll never forget.

A. that

B. when

C. on which

D. on that

3. This is the factory we visited last year.

A. where

B. which C . the one D .at which

4. Is this the factory your father works?

A. where

B. which

C. of which

D. in that

5. This is the best factory I have visited all my life.

A. where

B. which C . when D. that

6. Is this the factory color TV set are produced?

A. that

B. which C . in which D . in that

7. Have you found the woman purse was lost?

A. her

B. of which

C. that

D. whose

8. Where is the window glass is broken?

A. which

B. that

C. whose

D. its

9. The book, the cover is broken, is not mine.

A. of it

B. for

C. whose

D. of which

10. Who' s the comrade you just shook hands with?

A . whom

B .which C. whose D. of which

11. Do you know the comrade we are talking?

A. to whom

B. to who C . whom D. to that

12. The comrade is speaking at the meeting is a good worker.

A. whom

B. which

C. who

D. whose

13. Mr. Green, has come for a visit to China, arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

A. whom

B. that

C. which

D. who

14. This is Mr. Smith, I think has something to tell you.

A. who B . whom C. that D. x

15. His father is an engineer, makes him very proud.

A. for what

B. which C . that D. what

16. He talked about the teachers and schools he had visited.

A. which

B. who

C. that

D. what

17. He is the only man I can find for the work.

A. who's

B. whose

C. that

D. which

18. I, your close friend, will try my best to help you out.

A. who is

B. who am

C. that is

D. what is

19. Those want to see the film please put down your names.

A. which

B. what

C. whose

D. who

20. He does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

A. what

B. who C . which D. as

21. That was the reason Mac refused to speak at the meeting.

A. why

B. that

C. which

D. of which

22. Do you know the reason he was late for school.

A. of it

B. for it

C. which

D. for which

23. Please bring back the dictionary I lent to you last week.

A. where

B. what

C. which

D. who

*24. The knife we cut the bread is very sharp.

A. with which

B. that which

C. which with D . which

25. He bought me a dictionary on my birthday, made me happy.

A. which

B. that

C. who

D. whom

26. His dog, was now very old, became ill and died.

A. it

B. that

C. whose

D. which

27. I saw some trees , the leaves of were black with disease .

A. that

B. which C . whose D . the trees

28. He told me all he knew.

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. who

29. The first English novel I read was Robinson Crusoe.

A. which

B. that

C. where

D. who

30. This is the very book I am after.

A. which

B. that

C. whose

D. whom

31. A football fan is _____ has a strong interest in football.

A. a thing that

B. something that

C. a person who

D. what

32. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.

A. the roof of which

B. which roof

C. its roof

D. the roof

33. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?

A. that you talked

B. you talked about it

C. which you talked with

D. you talked about

34. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.

A. which

B. that

C. who

D. whom

35. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.

A. that

B. those

C. which

D. what

36. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night.

A. all which

B. all what

C. that all

D. all

37. A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan.

A. who

B. who’s

C. whose

D. which

38. -How do you like the book?

-It’s quite different from _____ I read last month.

A. that

B. which

C. the one

D. the one what

39. Which sentence is wrong?

A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.

B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform?

C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same

amount of land.

D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth.

40. The train _____ she was traveling was late.

A. which

B. where

C. on which

D. in that

41. He has lost the key to the drawer _____ the papers are kept.

A. where

B. on which

C. under which

D. which

42. He often helps the students _____ he thinks are not quick at their studies.

A. whom

B. who

C. when

D. because

43. The Second World War _____ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.

A. when

B. during that

C. in which

D. which

44. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day _____ he spent with his various students.

A. when

B. which

C. during which

D. on which

45. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _____ was decided last year.

A. which

B. that

C. who

D. where

三、状语从句

1．类型

2．状语从句省略

3．虚拟语气

四、倒装结构

1．全部倒装

2．部分倒装

特殊句型真题再现

z Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.

z Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

z Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.

z Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls.

五、长难句四步拆分策略

长难句是考研的重点，完形和阅读中需要通过理解来解答题目，翻译部分直接考查考生对于长难句的理解和中文转换能力。因此，分析长难句对于后续的解题技巧和能力提高起着至关重要的作用。

第一步：寻找特殊标点，隔离插入成分

在大量的修饰成分中，首先要将句中无关紧要的成分先清除出去，减少对于结构划分的干扰，也就是先将句中的插入语隔离开来。

插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用两个逗号或者两个破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。要注意的是两个破折号是插入语，一个破折号是后者对前者的解释，不是插入语。

常见的插入语有四种：

①分词短语：strictly speaking（严格地说），generally considering（一般认为）， judging from……（根据……判断）等。

② 副词或副词短语：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally （天然地），luckily for sb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），briefly（简单地说）等。

③介词短语：in conclusion（总之），in a word（简而言之），in short（简而言之），in general（一般说来），in a sense（在某种意义上），in my view（在我看来），in his opinion（按照他的看法），in fact （事实上），at first（首先）， in addition（此外），of course（当然），to my surprise（使我惊奇的），to her regret（使她遗憾的），for example（例如）等。

④简短句子：I am sure（我可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），do you know（你知道吗），you see （你明白），I’m afraid（恐怕），it is said（据说），I suppose（我想），what’s more（而且），what’s worse

（更糟糕的是），that is（也就是说），what is important（重要的是）等。

z While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.

z Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).

z Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people —— especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations ——apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.

第二步寻找分号或连词，判断句子类型

1．分号——并列两个句子

通常当两个句子之间没有任何连接词连接，这时要采用分号进行分离。因此，分号所起的作用是连接两个句子。在看到句间出现分号时，可以直接将两个句子断开。

例如：

Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.

2．并列连词—并列句

常见的并列连词有and, but, yet, or, so, for ,not only...but also... 看到这批单词，一般就有并列结构存在，通常也可以直接断开前后两个分句，但要特别注意很可能存在着省略问题。

例如：

They are the possessions of the autonomous man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

3. 从属连词---复合句

什么是从句？从句就是句子前面有一个引导词。所以找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句。

例如：

Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society。

第三步寻找谓语动词，抓住句子核心

找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。首先，如何寻找谓语动词呢？很简单，be动词、有时态的动词、情态动词引导的动词等就一定是谓语。

例如：

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

第四步确定整句框架—— 标出主从句主干部分

顺着谓语动词往前找，如果没有引导词存在，那说明是主句的谓语动词，那它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语。如果有引导词存在，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句：

例如：

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

真题句经典破解

z Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

z Neither kind of sleep is at all well understand, but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.

z They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.

z Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.

z Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent — and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance — have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

z The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep——when most vivid dreams occur——as it is when fully awake.

z President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.

z From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

z It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

z There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

z He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.

【经典剖析】

本句的主干在冒号前: He must use this surplus in three ways，冒号之后的部分包含三个as引导的并列结构作状语，其中第三个as结构的核心部分是as a commodity...，后面的which引导的定语从句修饰commodity。

【妙译】

他必须以下列三种方式使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作保障以对付恶劣天气可能造成的无法预测的影响，并留作必须出售的商品以替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养料。

z Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

【经典剖析】

本句的主语很复杂，是whether…or (是…还是..)引导的两个主语从句，or引导的从句宾语ancestor 后面是that引导的定语从句。整个句子谓语由系动词(is)+表语(an unanswered question)构成。As yet 是一个插入语，意思是“迄今为止”。

【妙译】

这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。

z For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.

【经典剖析】

本句的主干部分是executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule，that引导同位语从句解释the rule。而同位语从句中还有一个who引导的定语从句修饰the ones。

【妙译】

多年以来，经理们和猎头们都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO候选人是需要挖来的。

z How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

【经典剖析】

本句结构比较复杂，depends upon是主句的谓语动词，How well the predictions will be validated by later performance是主语从句，“依赖于”后面用and并列两个宾语the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used和the skill and wisdom，with which it is interpreted是定语从句修饰前面的名词。

【妙译】

这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

z In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he agreed with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not offer sufficient control.

【经典剖析】

本句开始为状语，其中Gerald Kaufman后面带有一个很长的同位语chairman of House of Commons media select committee；本句的主干为Lord Irvine said，后面为宾语从句he agreed with a committee report this year，宾语从句中which引导定语从句修饰先行词a committee report，定语从句中said又连接一个宾语从句

【妙译】

欧文勋爵给下议员媒体选择委员会主席杰拉尔德·考夫曼写了一封信，信中说他同意该委员会今年发表的一份报告——该报告指出自律没有提供足够的监控。

z It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the 20th century, followed by the invention of integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.

【经典剖析】

本句的主干是It is generally recognized that...., it是形式主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语，其中the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century.... radically changed the process是主句，过去分词followed by....作定语，修饰前面的introduction of the computer,相当于which was followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s，而although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent,是状语从句，表示让步关系。

【妙译】

然而，人们通常认为，20世纪计算机的出现，随之而来的60年代集成电路的发明，从根本上改变了这个过程，尽管其对传媒的影响还未立即显现出来。

z Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.

【经典剖析】

主干是Theories... suggest that... or that...,主语是Theories,后面的分词结构centering on the individual 作主语的定语；谓语是suggest,带有两个宾语从句，都由that引导；其中第一个宾语从句是一个复合句，包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。

【妙译】

从个人方面寻找原因的理论表明，青少年犯罪是因为对他们以前做错的事惩罚不够，或是他们与别人相互影响，从而学会了犯罪行为。

z The Internet — and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it — is making access to scientific results a reality.

【经典剖析】

两个“——”号中间的部分完全可以视作插入部分独立分析。句子简化为“The internet is making access to scientific results a reality. ” access to scientific results和a reality是make的两个宾语。插入语部分who引导定语从句，从句中question作动词，后面接一个why引导的宾语从句。

【妙译】

提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。

z Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.

【经典剖析】

主干结构是other models exist；that引导的分割式定语从句修饰models，而在从句中又套了一个由where引导的定语从句修饰open access；在 where从句中，before引导的时间状语从句中有一个who 引导的定语从句修饰 everyone。

【妙译】

其它存在的模式都是由以上三种模式相结合的产物。比如延缓式广开门路的模式，前6个月只允许付费的订阅者查阅相关论文，之后，才对大众免费开放。

z They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.

【经典剖析】

该句的主干是They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence。过去分词短语made available in 1998

和Which引导的非限定性从句都做后置定语，共同修饰名词evidence。定语从句的主谓结构是which proved。Prove后面的宾语从句省略了关系代词的宾语从句（that），从句主语是Thomas Jefferson，father 是位于做动词。

【妙译】

他们很大程度上受到1998年DNA事件的影响。那个事件证明托马斯?杰弗逊至少和他的奴隶萨利?赫明斯生过一个孩子。

z I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

【经典剖析】

本句主体结构是I have discovered that，as引导的结构是插入语部分。That引导的宾语从句中主语是两个并列动名词结构abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”,和making the alternative move into “downshifting” ，谓语是brings，宾语是far greater rewards than financial success and social status。

【妙译】

我发现，放弃那种“忙碌地应付生活”的信念而选择“放慢生活节奏”会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。经受过长期巨大压力，凯尔西从《女性》杂志编辑部退下来之后，恐怕她也将与我有同样的发现。

z The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

【经典剖析】

句子主干为：The grand mediocrity of today means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India. 破折号之间everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring是插入部分，是对the grand mediocrity of today的一个补充说明。“compared to the tribes”分词短语作状语，修饰“that”引导的宾语从句。

【妙译】

今天的普通大众，每个人有着同样生存机会和同样数量的后代，这意味着自然选择在印度上流社会已经失去了80%以上的影响，在一些部落里情况也是一样。

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shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如： a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个，既the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如： the TV programs那些电视节目the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 （三）代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括： 1。人称代词，如：I, you, they, it等； 2。物主代词，如：my, his, their, our, mine, hers等； 3。反身代词，如：myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等； 4。相互代词，如：each other, one another等； 5。指示代词，如：this, that, these, those, such, same等；

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（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿

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语法基础知识 词法 规则名词单数变复数： 1)一般情况下，在名词后加-s; 2)词尾是s,x,ch,sh结尾的词，在词尾后加-es; 3)“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i，再加-es;以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加-s; 4)以“+o”结尾的词，一般在词尾加-s;在词尾加-es的词： 黑人（Negro）英雄（hero）爱吃西红柿（tomato）土豆（potato） 5)以-f/fe结尾的词，变复数，将-f/fe改为v加es; 不规则名词单数变复数： 1）含 man（男人）的词一般变为 men 2）将 oo 改为 ee 的有foot-feet（脚）tooth-teeth（牙刷goose-geese(鹅肉笨蛋) 3）以 en结尾的有 child-childen（孩子） ox-oxen（公牛） 4）将 ouse 改为 ice 的 mouse-mice（老鼠） 5）单复数同形的是 sheep（羊）deer（鹿）Chinese（中国人） 注：fish ①作“鱼肉”讲，为不可数名词，没有复数形式 ②作“鱼类”讲，复数形式为fishes； ③作“鱼的条数”讲，复数形式为fish，单复同形。 冠词

冠词通常放在名词前，分为定冠词the，表特指，和不定冠词an（后接元音音素开头的单词）和a（后接辅音音素开头的单词），表泛指。 定冠词使用顺口溜： 特指、重提和唯一，岛屿、海峡和海湾； 海洋、党派、最高级，沙漠、河流与群山； 方位、顺序和乐器，年代、团体与机关； 船名、建筑和组织，会议、条约与报刊； 姓氏复数、国全名，请你记住用定冠； 零冠词 月，季，星期，节假、周、头衔、职务前、三餐、球类、惯用语、学科、棋类名词前，一般不用任何冠词。 基数词变序数词歌 基变序，有规律 词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth) 一、二、三，特殊例， 结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth) ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth) ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。 若是碰到几十几， 前用基来后用序。 人称代词，物主代词和反身代词

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语法基础知识 一、字母与语音 主要字母组合的发音 字母组合发音例词ar[a:]car,bar,far,star al[?:]small ay[ei]play ea[i：]tea,beat,read,eat [ei]break,great [e]bread ee[i：]bee,see,Lee,jeep ei[ei]eight oo[u]cook,foot,look,classroom [u：]boot,food,gooes,room oa[?u]coat,boat,goat oi[?i]oil ir[?:]bird oor[?:]door oy[?i]boy ow[au]how [ ?u]Know ou[au]house or[?:]work,world,worse [?]doctor,visitor,tractor

[?:]morning er[?]sister,brother,mother,father [?:]her,term ir[?:]bird,shirt,third,girl eer[i?]beer,deer,cheer ur[?:]turn eir[e?]their ere[ε?]there,where ear[i?]hear,fear [ε?]pear,bear,wear air[ε?]chair,hair th[θ] three,thirty,thin,thousand [e]this,those,these,they ck[k]chick,click,cock,clock sh[?]Shoe,shame,she,shake ch[t?]teach,chick,China,choose [k]Chemistry,Christmas,school ng[?]sing ph[f]elephant 几个发音特殊的辅音字母 A.字母c在a,l,o,r,u等前读[k],如come[k ?m],coat[k ?ut] 等. 字母c在e,I,y前读[s],如pencil[pensl]等 B.字母g一般读[g],如go[g?u],leg[leg]等， 字母g和e(即ge)在词尾读[d?],如orange[?rind?]等 C.双写辅音字母虽然是两个相同的辅音字母写在一起，但只读一个音,如