高级综合英语教程1

Unit 2

I. Background to Text 1

biography: an account of a person’s life, usually written by someone else and published or intended for publication. As a literary form it has become

increasingly popular since the second half of the 17th century. It was rare

before. The origins of biography are to be found in the early accounts of

monarchs and heroes, for example in the Greek, Celtic and Scandinavian

epics and sagas. During the Middle Ages there little biography. But at the

renaissance biography, like autobiography—written by oneself acquired

considerable interest. The 17th century was the most important period for the

development of English biography. Since the 1950s the art of biography has

burgeoned, and biography has become a major publishing industry. Scores of

new biographies have been written each year. There is a vast quantity of

historical and political biography, and majority of those have become

prominent in the performing arts and in sports. Literary biography has

become immensely popular. Literary biography is usually long and reads

like novels. Most of the biographies such as we see in encyclopedia are

condensed, recording only the most important events or achievements which

the subject is remembered for.

II. Detailed study of the text

1. …“one of the great names in the history of human thought,”… (L.4)

one of the great thinkers in human history…

2. grammar school (L.12): formerly a English secondary school emphasizing the

study of academic rather than technical subjects

3. He was considered a poor student (L.13).

He was thought of as a student who did badly in his study. This implies that it was not true since he turned out to be a great scientist.

4. sundial (L.16): an instrument that uses sunlight to tell the time, by the changing

position of the shadow that a vertical arm that casts on a horizontal plate with graded markings

5. He showed no exceptional ability during his college career, and was

graduated in 1665 without any particular distinction. (L.19)

As a college student he did not show any special ability and graduated like anybody else without special honours.

1) exceptional: (adj) unusually good; outstanding

2) distinction: special consideration or honour

6.…as a fellow of Trinity College…

fellow: (BrE) an elected graduate receiving a stipend for a period of research; a member of governing body in some universities

7. fellow (L.25): a member of a learned society

8. …held his seat until Parliament dissolved the following year. (L.29)

He held that position until Parliament was dismissed or dispersed.

1) seat: the right to occupy a seat; a place as a member of an official or

controlling body

2) dissolve: (vt.) dismiss, disperse

9. warden (L.30): (BrE) a president or governor of a college, school, youth hostel,

etc.

10. master (L.30): the presiding officer of a livery company, Masonic lodge, etc.

11. Queen Anne knighted Newton in 1705. (L.37)

Queen Anne made Newton knight in 1705.

knight: (n.) a man given the title Sir by the king or queen; (vt.) make sb. a knight 12 …and Newton’s did not escape criticism. (L.41)

…and Newton’s theories were criticized just as well like other new scientific theories.

escape: avoid (sth. dangerous or unpleasant)

13 plead with(L.42): ask very strongly and seriously and in a begging way, e.g.

The parents pleaded with the kidnapper to release their five-old-son.

14. Biblical chronology (L.47): the study or science of determining the correct order

of the historical events or occurences described in the Bible

15. He showed great generosity to his newphew…(L.48)

He spent a lot of money for the benefit of his nephew and gave large sums of money to…

16. He said of himself shortly before his death,…(L.51)

He said about himself.

17. “I do not know what I may appear to the world, …whilst the great ocean of

truth lay a ll undiscovered before me.” (L.52)

I am not sure what the world may think of me. In my mind, I have been just like

one of the boys playing on the seashore and I have been able to find a smoother pebble or prettier shell now and then than the average. Considering what has not been explored or discovered, what I have achieved is just a drop of the ocean. 18. his own work would have been impossible without Newton’s discoveries.

(L.59)

Without Newton’s discoveries, it would have been impossible for Einstein to formulate his theory of relativity.

III. Answers for Text 1

Skills Development

Pre-reading

1, 2, 3 have no definite answers. They are designed to motivate the students or activate their existing knowledge.

Reading

2. 1) Paras.1-5 A great scientist

2) Paras.6-7 A public figure

3) Paras.8-11 Personality

3.

4.No really. Although the article mentions his great contributions: theory of

gravitation, invention of calculus, and secrets of light, it fails to depict how he actually worked and how he overcame difficulties to make his achievements and why he was able to accomplish what he had achieved. Instead, the article says much about him as public figure and his personalities.

Post-reading

1.This question is designed for students to give their personal opinion. There is no

hard and fast answer.

2.The words related to five aspects of personality are provided to help students

prepare their speech. Students choose what they need and leave those they do not want. But they are advised to use as many as possible.

3. Before writing the teacher may organize students to discuss the general

components of a good piece of biography: growth, achievement and personality.

An occasional anecdote might make the biography vivid and believable. Language Development

1.

2. 1) similar

2)different (…with no special honours)

3)different (…not able to avoid criticism; shy away implies a person’s attitude,

i.e. he is not willing to do sth. or does not want to do it)

3. 1) argument: organized way of ex pressing one’s opinion in

order to convince

quarrel: angry argument usually lasting a long time

2)invent: create for the first time

discover: find out for the first time what exists

3) drop: fall of water in the form of drops

drip: flow of water slowly and in small quantity

4) seat: position

chair: something to sit on; used figuratively a position usually of a chairperson

5) physicist: specialist in physics

physician: medical doctor

reject: turn down because you do not agree or want

refuse: deliberately choose not to accept

6) fellow: member usually associated with academic research

chap: colloquial expression of man

7) thinking: implying the process of reasoning

thought: idea

4. 1) “a” indicates one of a class

2) same as 1)

3) the absence of article indicates a position

4) same as 3); in Britain there is only one professor in an academic speciality

5) same as 3)

6) same as 1)

7) same as 3)

5. 1) have escaped 2) hold…together

3) dissolving 4) reject

5) knight 6) have escaped

6. 她执政几届，推行了一系列政策，给她赢得了“铁娘子”的称号。这些政策

包括：严格控制其内阁大臣；推行强硬的货币政策；不断以法律手段限制工会的行为；将国有企业“私有化”等。在她执政后期，她把“撤切尔变革”

从金融和工业领域拓展到新的社会政策领域，如使教育、卫生和住房私有化。

重申了英国作为独立的核武器遏止国的立场。在工党批驳英国一贯的核武器及防御政策的背景下，这一立场使她赢得了选民的欢迎。尽管1984年发生在萨塞克斯郡布赖顿市内恐怖分子的爆炸活动（据说是爱尔兰分裂主义分子的作为）几乎使她和几位高级政府官员命丧黄泉，她仍然坚持不让北爱尔兰从英国分裂出去。1990年末，托利党内部对她的欧洲货币和政治联合政策的分歧导致她辞去党的领导职务。

7.1) None of us ought to become arrogant and conceited and give no regard to

anyone else just because we have made contributions to the liberation of our motherland.

2) This stealth fighter plane has introduced a special device, which can escape

radar scanning.

3) The device that contemporary writers often employ to depict the

psychological/mental activities of the characters is what is called “stream of consciousness” in literatur e.

4) At the peak of her career, she was incessantly invited to shoot films, but now

she is virtually forgotten. How hard she finds it to be a career woman!

5) Because of his good work in the previous year, Alan was appointed General

Manager of the company.

6) The Smiths have settled permanently in this neighbourhood. But he has not

settled in at his new job.

7) The leaders were fully prepared psychologically for new problems that would

arise from the reform and opening-up and took the right approaches as well, which thus brought great vitality to the enterprise/business.

8) A good teacher should be one always sensitive to students’ needs and able to

teach them accordingly (according to their needs)/to adapt his teaching to their needs.

9)The whole village pleaded with the law court to forgive the law-ignorant

young man, but in vain.

10)Jack is a man of character. It is not his character to take any action without

reflection/careful thought.

IV. Background to Text 2

Somerville college: one of the colleges of Oxford University, oldest university in Britain, established during the 12th century, the earliest college being

founded in 1249. Just like Cambridge University, it is situated in the town of

Oxford with its colleges scattered all over the town. The University is

governed by the Congregation of the University. Normal business is

controlled by the Hebdomadal Council. The proportion of post graduates

against undergraduates is 1:3.

Parliament: in the UK, Parliament is the supreme legislature, comprising the House of Commons and the House of lords. The Parliament determines the

revenue and expenditures of the government, votes taxation, appropriates

funds for public works and determines how much money each government

department can spend. The term of each parliament is five years, consisting

five sessions each lasting one year. The UK Parliament meets in the Palace

of Westminster, London. The House of Commons is the Lower House made

up of representatives elected. It is a representative assembly with 635 seats

distributed among the four countries England, Scotland, Wales and Northern

Ireland according to their population. The House Lords is the Upper House

composed of barons whose positions are hereditary. It proves bills before

they signed into laws by the Queen. But the real power of the Parliament is

held by the House of Commons.

Words and expressions

conservative adj.: aversing to rapid change; liking old established things consecutive adj.: following continuously; in unbroken or logical order

resignation n.: the act of giving up a job or position in the office

subsequently adv.: following a specific event, etc. especially as a subsequence enable sb. To do sth. : make sb. do sth.

specialize (in) : devote oneself to an area (academic or skilled); become a specialist in constituency n.: any area of a country that elects a representative to a parliament induce vt.: bring about; give rise to

chaos n.: utter confusion

denunciation n.: the act of accusing publicly or condemning

administration n.: goverment

allegedly adv.: as said to be the case without proof

substantial adj.: considerable in amount, extent or importance

monetarism: see monetarit policy in Notes to the Text

austerity n.: a period of economic depression

underclass n.: the socio-economic class with incomes below the subsistence level, including the poor

inflation n.: an increase in the amount of money in circulation resulting in a relatively sharp and sudden fall in its value and rise in prices

recapture vt.: gain possession or control of again; take back

electorate n.: a body of electors

appellation n.: a name or title

pursuance n.: the carrying out of a project, a plan etc.

subjection n.: the act of bringing sb. under firm control or not allowing sb. to have free expression

privatization n.: (BrE) sell (a government-owned industry or organization) into private ownership

affirm vt.: state positively and firmly; state as a fact

commitment n.: dedication or devotion; strong conviction

deterrent n.: a thing or factor to discourage (a person) to do sth. by stilling fear, anxiety, doubt, etc.

retention n.: the act or state of continuing to keep or hold in sth.

separatist n.: a person who advocates political, racial, religious separation resignation n.: the act of giving up a job or position in office

V. Answers for Text 2

2.

3.

●Strict dominance over he ministers of her Cabinet

●Pursuance of a strong monetarist policy

●Increased subjection of trade unions to legal constraints

●Privatization of state owned enterprises

●Privatization of education, heath care, housing

●Strong commitment to NATO and Britain’s independent nuclear deterrent

●Continued support of the retention of Northern Ireland within UK

4. Free expression of opinions.

5. 1) three terms of office without break

2) ran as a candidate in election for a member of Parliament

3) Thatcher followed Heath as Prime Minister

4) the government did too much to obstruct or meddle in the economy

5) period of time as Prime Minister

6) the increasing number of the poor population

7) a victory with an overwhelming majority of votes

8) taking more and more legal measures to limit the actions of trade unions

VI. Answers for Further Development

Language

1. 1) niece’s/iz/ Dickens’s/Dickens’/iz/x/

burns’s/burns’ /iz/x/ George’s /iz/

teachers’/x/ the Smiths’/iz/

class’s/iz/ horse’s/iz/

the United Nations’/x/

2) possession:Mr Wang’s visa the earth’s surface

doer of the action:

the authorities’ permis sion the students’ application

receiver of the action

the family’s support the convict’s release

origin

the general’s letter Grandpa’s story

measure

a week’s absence

attribute

the party’s policy a summer’s day

a master’s deg ree a girls’ school

the victim’s courage

3) Places

London’s water supply Asia’s future

the earth’s interior Hollywood’s studios

the nation’s highways the hotel’s entrance

Time

today’s paper a moment’s thought

Related to human activities

the body’s needs life’s goal

in freedom’s name the poll’s results

the mind’s development the book’s value

4) some people’s opinion opinion of some people

at his journey’s end at the end of his journey

for heaven’s sake for the sake of heaven

the government’s decision the decision of the government

at the water’s edge at the edge of the water

the girls’ mother the mother of the girls

2. A: The simple present is used for headings of journalese article to give a feeling

of simultaneousness of action so as to attract readers.

B: It is used to refer to a book, a well-known person or any act which still has the effect on the present.

C: It is used to comment a book or describes the plot of a literary work.

D: 1) It is used to make sports commentary.

2)It is used to explain an action which is going on.

Tips for Teachers

1. an→the

2. my→mine had been→had

3. so→x

4.

5. a→the

6. but→and

7. to→of8. was→were

9. 10. clothe→clothes

11. it→it was

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time. 4. gave the comma nd the soldiers ope ned fire. _____ 5. buying bikes we 'keep turning them out. 3. 1. reputati on, rigid, to in spire 2. and tedious, What 'more, out of date ideas 3. compose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back □. 1. composed 2. severe 3. agony 4. extraordinary 5. recall 6. comma nd 7. was violating 8. anticipate m. 1. at 2. for 3. of 4. with 5. as

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