英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc
英语语言学一、名词解释
第一课
共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.
语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.
任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no
natural relationship to their meaning.
第二课
音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is
called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.
pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs
in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
第三课
形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed .
morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled
morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.
第四课
语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern
the formation of sentences.
categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic
categories.
structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure.
structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.
第五课
指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship
between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more
specific word.
第六课
语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.
meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.
二、简答题
第一课
1． What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study
Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and
indicates their physical or phonetic properties.
Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey
meaning in the system of language.
Morphology: A field of focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language
Syntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.
Pragmatics:the study of the use of language in a social context.
2． What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of
language
The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately:systematic, arbitrary and vocal .
First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language.Third , language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.
3． What are the main features of human language that have been specified by to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system
1)Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.
2)Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for
understanding novel messages.
3)Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.
4)Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future
5) Cultural transmission
第二课
1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study Who do you think will be more interested
in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist Why 语音学和音位学的研
究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么
Phonetics —description of all speech sounds and their find differences.
Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.
A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences
in meaning.
2.What is phone How is it different from a phoneme how are allophones related to a phoneme
Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.
Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .
The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme
/l/ Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.
第三课
1.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to.
Give at least two examples of each.
Suffix: -ing
Meaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its result
Stem type: added to verbs
Examples: fighting: denote the action of battle
building: denote the action of construction
Suffix: -able
Meaning: able to be
Stem type: added to verbs
Examples: avoidable: able to be prevented from
calculable: able to be measured or assessed
Suffix: -ist
Meaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activity
Stem type: added to nouns
Examples: dramatist: a person who writes plays
dentist: a person who treats the teeth disease
2.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to.
Give at least two examples of each.
1)prefix: un-
meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; not
stem type: added to nouns
examples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or language
unhappy: not happy
2)prefix: anti-
meaning: opposed to; against
stem type: added to nouns
examples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortion
anti-art: against the traditional art
3)prefix: re-
meaning: once more; afresh; anew
stem type: added to verbs
examples: restart: start once more
reaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again
第五课
1. What are the major types of synonyms in English并举例
1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional
2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style
3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning
4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with
5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves
2. Explain w ith examples“ homonymy” ,“ polysemy” , and“ hyponymy”.
Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, ., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:
Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peace
Homographs: bow v./bow n.tear v./tear n.
Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.
Polysemy : while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more
than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The more
commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word
table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:
1. a piece of furniture
2.all the people seated at a table
3.the food that is put on a table
4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc
5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc
6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated on
Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called
its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,
Superordiante: flower
Hyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory
第六课
1. What does pragmatics study How does it differ from traditional semantics
答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and
as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in
1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the
traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way,
while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does
not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified What is the illocutionary point
of each type
答： (1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true
(2)directives: trying to get the hearer to do something
(3)commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action
(4)expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing
(5)declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something
The illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the
truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is
making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating,
hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.
Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting,
advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.
Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of
action, . when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the
most typical ones.
The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.
The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, . apologizing, thanking,
congratulating.
The last class “ declarations ” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.
3. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims
gives rise to conversational implicature
答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:
Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:
(1) The maxim of quantity
①Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).
②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
(2)The maxim of quality
①Do not say what you believe to be false.
②Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
(3)The maxim of relation
(4)The maxim of manner
①Avoid obscurity of expression.
②Avoid ambiguity.
③Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
④Be orderly.
年度英语教学工作总结
年度英语教学工作总结 年度英语教学工作总结 xx年9月至xx年7月是我工作的第四年，本学年我继续担任英语教学工作，任教一、三年级英语，虽然学生学生学习任务相对较轻，学习压力似乎也没有高年级那么大，但是低年级英语教学关系着孩子对本学科学习的兴趣，所以在教育教学方面我从不敢松懈。以下是我本学期的教学工作总结： 从教低年级，特别是一年级的英语传授，是孩子们的英语的启发教授，我把讲堂上的重点放在了门生行动风俗和对进修乐趣的培养上，固然从教三年，可是一年级我已经带过两届了，所以我自觉得在传授上已经有了一些独到的地方。我把本身三年来积聚的其实不充裕的传授经验利用在一年级孩子身上，刚入手下手固然是很辛苦的，可是一年下来孩子们如今已经在上英语课时，已经有了必定的规矩，并且大部分的孩子对英语进修乐趣很浓，他们喜好说英语，并且乐于用英语交换。 在刚工作的两年里，我传授时只是根据讲义，照本宣科，在课文的根本上添加一些小活动让孩子们加深记忆。其后我觉得只让孩子大略的知道课文知识是不敷的，我实行着在传授时添加一些语法知识。给低龄儿童讲语法，听起来好像是不可思议的。我教给孩子们单复数、动词的第三人称单数式样、正在进行时、将来时、过去时的利用。这些根本的语法知识，给孩子讲解起来、却让我无从脱手。因而我动了动脑筋，利用一些韵律诗、歌曲大略形象的丹青，把这些死板的知识贯穿此中。在每次相干的课前以各种方法反复，这些特定表面知识，有一些他们大略还不太明白，可是我想，总有一天他们会忽然开窍：哦，本来Miss Wang 教给我的小诗是这个意思。
我相信，进修说话有“开窍”一说，我过去有一个门生在五年级我接纳他们班时，英语成绩从二十来分一跃到八九非常，她是以对我感谢的不得了。可是我知道，她是在英语进修是“开窍”了。所以我从不敢抛却那些英语方面学困的孩子，我觉得他们如今不能接纳，是因为他们没开窍，若此时抛却他们，完全进攻他们的自动性，必将造成孩子的英语进修心理障碍。包括在跟门生家长交换的时候，我也频频的强调，必定别撤除孩子的自动性，不要有大略粗鲁的言行。我利用校本课时候集结个别门生进行单词课文根本知识的培训和突击，对他们进修中的一点点小进步加以鼓励表扬。固然偶然也有不耐烦的时候，但我都尽量在传授时给他们决议信念。 传授老例方面，这一年我也尽量根据黉舍的安排结束各项任务，异国无端迟到早退的环境。自动参加黉舍构造的各项活动，在黉舍有必要的时候，自动自愿的做些出力所能及的事。固然这些也是我应当做的，不值得一提。 本年度参加黉舍家长果然课两次，各种调研科报告请教课，自觉得都是以当真谨慎的立场参加，也获得了带领和教授的必定，及时反思，其他教授发起的一些题目也能谦和接纳，及时改正。 别的本学年在副班主任工作上，我也一如既往的经心尽职，对待一年二班的孩子尽量向班主任一样。最大程度上帮忙班主任教授做好班级的每一项工作。 除了传授，在教诲门生方面我也一贯在竭力，深切孩子们的内心，和他们交朋侪，凡是和他们交心，了崩溃贴他们的糊口生涯。做到不但仅是教给他们知识并且从每个细节上教诲他们如何做人。
英语语言学复习总结
1、How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific studies because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. But the hypotheses, thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation; that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2、The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett) (1) Arbitrariness ----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. ----- No natural and inevitable link between the sound and the meaning Exception: Onomatopoeic words and Some compound words. (2) Productivity/creativity We can speak an endless number of sentences with a limited vocabulary and one sentence can expand into endless theoretically possible sentences in the way of recurring Exception: and bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the dancing. (3) Duality
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
优秀英语教学工作总结范文
优秀英语教学工作总结范文 这学期是我任教的第一学期,我担任初一级七班,八班的英语教学.由于教学经验颇浅.因此,我对教学工作不敢怠慢,认真学习,深入研究教法,虚心向前辈学习.经过一个学期的努力,获取了很多宝贵的教学经验.以下是我在本学期的教学情况. 教学就是教与学,两者是相互联系,不可分割的,有教者就必然有学者.学生是被教的主体.因此,了解和分析学生情况,有针对地教对教学成功与否至关重要.最初接触教学的时候,我还不懂得了解学生对教学的重要性,只是专心研究书本,教材,想方设法令课堂生动,学生易接受.但一开始我就碰了钉子.在讲授第一课的时候,我按照自己的教学设计,上了一堂自认为明白易懂而又不死板的课,认为教学效果如期理想,怎知小测出来才知道不如人意.后来听同学们反应,才知道我讲的口语大部分同学听不懂,而教学的部分内容同学们以前从来未接触过.从而可知,我在上课前根本没有了解清楚学生的实际情况: 一方面,农村的学生英语听,说的能力相对较弱,授课采用较深的全英教学,同学们还不能适应.另一方面,七班的同学比较活跃,上课气氛积极,但中等生占较大多数,尖子生相对较少.因此,讲得太深,没有照顾到整体,而八班的同学比较沉静,学习欠积极性,虽然优良生比例大,但中下层面而也广,我备课时也没有注意到这点,因此教学效果不如理想.从此可以看出,了解及分析学生实际情况,实事求是,具体问题具体分析,做到因材施教,对授课效果有直接影响.这就是教育学中提到的"备教法的同时要备学生".这一理论在我的教学实践中得到了验证. 教学中,备课是一个必不可少,十分重要的环节,备学生,又要备教法.备课不充分或者备得不好,会严重影响课堂气氛和积极性,曾有一位前辈对我说:"备课备不好,倒不如不上课,否则就是白费心机."我明白到备课的重要性,因此,每天我都花费大量的时间在备课之上,认认真真钻研教材和教法,不满意就不收工.虽然辛苦,但事实证明是值得的. 一堂准备充分的课,会令学生和老师都获益不浅.例如我在教授Unit 3 . Lesson 9 的时候,这课的主题是"如何询问和回答时间",教学难度比较大.如果照本宣科地讲授,学生会感到困难和沉闷.为了上好这堂课,我认真研究了课文,找出了重点,难点,准备有针对性地讲.为了令教学生动,不沉闷,我还为此准备了大量的教具,授课时就胸有成竹了.当讲到"half"的时候,我拿出准备好的圆卡纸,把它剪成一半,告诉学生这是圆的一半,也就是half.讲到"quarter"时,又把半圆剪成一半,那么剩下来的就是圆的四分之一,也就是"quarter"了.这样学生就形象地明白了这两个单词.而讲到如何表达时间时,我用了一个用红卡纸做的大钟,同学们一开始就被它吸引住了,显得颇有积极性.用实物让学生练习"What’s the time It’s……"的句型,学生特别用功,教学效果十分理想.相反,我没有认真备课的时候,课堂气氛沉闷,教学效果不好,与此相比可见,认真备课对教学十分重要.特别是对英语这门学生不甚熟悉并感到困难的外语来说至关重要. 备课充分,能调动学生的积极性,上课效果就好.但同时又要有驾驭课堂的能力,因为学生在课堂上的一举一动都会直接影响课堂教学.因此上课一定要设法令学生投入,不让其分心,这就很讲究方法了.上课内容丰富,现实.教态自然,讲课生动,难易适中照顾全部,就自然能够吸引住学生.所以,老师每天都要有充足的精神,让学生感受到一种自然气氛.这样,授课就事半功倍.回看自己的授课,我感到有点愧疚,因为有时我并不能很好地做到这点.当学生在课堂上无心向学,违反纪律时,我的情绪就受到影响,并且把这带到教学中,让原本正常的讲课受到冲击,发挥不到应有的水平,以致影响教学效果.我以后必须努力克服,研究方法,采取有利方法解决当中困难. 英语是一门外语,对学生而言,既生疏又困难,在这样一种大环境之下,要教好英语,就要让学生喜爱英语,让他们对英语产生兴趣.否则学生对这门学科产生畏难情绪,不原学,也无法学下去.为此,我采取了一些方法,就是帮助班上的同学改英文名,尽量多讲一些关于英美国家的文化,生活故事,近来更帮部分同学交上了"penfriend in America",让他们更了解英语,更喜欢学习英语.因为只有英语水平提高,他们才能达到交异国笔友的目的,同时也可以提高同学们的
简明英语语言学学习重点总结
一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it
2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1216967663.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1216967663.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1216967663.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1216967663.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
英语教学工作总结
英语教学工作总结 本学期，我任教六年级601、602两个班的英语教学工作。转 眼间一学期的教学工作即将结束，现将本学期的工作情况作如下 总结： 教学是就是教与学两部分，两者相互联系，不可分割。学生 是被教授的主体，了解和分析学生的情况，有针对性的教是教学 成功与否的关键。通过与学生半年来相处，对于学生的英语水平 有了较深的了解，尤其是对于学生在英语听、说、读、写四项技 能的基本情况有了全面性的了解，这对我在平常的教学备课，上课，课后反思中有极大的帮助。 生的英语听、说能力较为较弱，授课采用全英教学，同学们还不 能适应。但是，对于已处于六年级的学生，应该要有意识、有目 的地引导他们学会用英语思维，用英语交流。因此，在课上会有 意识地引导学生开口说英语，虽然成效并不是特别明显。两个班 学生的情况也存在着差距。602班相对于601班来讲虽然比较活跃，上课气氛积极，但中差生占较大多数，尖子生相对较少，如果讲 得太深，就会没有顾到整体，整堂课的效果也会比较不好。601班相对好生、中偏上学生较多，如果只是一味的讲解较为简单的知 识点，便会使他们得不满足。所以，了解及分析学生实际情况， 实事求是，具体问题具体分析，做到因材施教，对授课效果有直 接影响。备课不仅是要备教材，更重要的还要备学生。
如何备好一堂课是上好一堂课的关键。备课是一个必不可少，十分重要的环节，既要备学生，又要备教法。备课不充分或者备 得不好，会严重影响课堂气氛和积极性。因此，平时认真研究教材，多方参阅各种资料，力求深入理解教材，准确把握难重点。 在制定教学目的时，非常注意学生的实际情况。教案编写认真， 并不断归纳总结经验教训并作好课后反思，积极向前辈们请教， 及时了解自己的不足之处。 英语是一门较为特殊的课程，缺乏语言环境。那么如何在课 上创设语言环境呢？以下是我在上“Visiting the aquarium”这 一课的一些做法：通过学生自己理解课文，自己设计对白，表演 Jia Ming 所遇到的情况，在很大的程度上激起了学生的表演兴趣，而且学生自己所设计的对白也大都是课文所学过的句型、单词。 过后，再与学生一起理解这篇文章，不仅能够使学生在理解文章 的基础上进一步了解课文、分析课文，而且通过活动课的形式可 以让学生学以致用。 听课也是提高自身教学能力的一个好方法，只有多听课才能 够逐渐积累经验。所以对每一次听课的机会我都十分珍惜。本学期，我积极听了学校新、老教师的课，而且也积极到校外听课， 收获很大，逐步掌握了一些驾驭课堂的技巧。听完课之后，把教 师们研课内容记在听课记录上，然后对我自己的备课教案进行修改，将他们很多优点和长处应用到我的课堂教学当中去，取得了 不错的效果。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc
英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.