语言学样题

I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ____C___.

A. a particular language

B. the English language

C. human languages in general

D. the system of a particular language

2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: ___B____.

A. voiceless, bilabial, stop

B. voiceless清音, labiodental唇齿音, fricative摩擦音

C. voiced, bilabial双唇音, stop闭塞音

D. voiced浊音, labiodental, fricative

3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) ___C____.

A. derivational morpheme 派生词素

B. free morpheme 自由词素

C. inflectional morpheme 屈折词素

D. free form 自由形态

5. "I bought some roses" ____A___ "I bought some flowers".

A. entails

B. presupposes

C. is inconsistent with 不符合

D. is synonymous with 与同义

6. Y's utterance说话方式in the following conversation exchange violates 违犯冒犯the maxim of ___C_____.

X: Who was that you were with last night?

Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

A. quality

B. quantity

C. relation

D. manner

7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, ____C___, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed外来词, added, lost or altered改变.

A. phrases 短语

B. sentences

C. morphemes 词素

D. utterances 话语

8. Predication analysis 预测分析is a way to analyze ___D__ meaning.

A. phoneme

B. word

C. phrase

D. sentence

9.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts言外行为whose point is to commit承诺the speaker to some future course of action are called __A __.

A. commisives 承诺类

B. directives 指令类

C. expressives 表达类

D. declaratives 宣告类

18. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other

name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates __A_.

A. the conventional 传统性nature of language

B. the creative nature of language

C. the universality of language 普遍性

D. the arbitrariness of language

19. Of the following sound combinations，only ___A____ is permissible 可允许的according to the

sequential rules in English.

A. kibl

B. bkil

C. ilkb

D. ilbk

20. Syntax句法学is the study of___B_____。

A. language functions

B. sentence structure

C. textual organization

D. word formation

21. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature区别性特征of human language? D

A. Arbitrariness

B. Productivity

C. Cultural transmission

D. Finiteness 有限性

22. The speech act theory 言语行为理论was first put forward by B

A. J ohn Searle

B. John Austin

C. Noam Chomsky

D.M.A.K Halliday

23. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion 概念观念of D

A. r eference

B. meaning

C. antonymy

D. context

24. The words “kid, child, offspring后代、子孙” are examples of B

A. d ialectal synonyms 方言的同义词

B. stylistic synonyms

C. emotive synonyms 情绪化的同义词

D. collocational synonyms

25. The distinction between parole言语and langue语言was made by D

A. H alliday

B. Chomsky

C. Bloomfield

D. Saussure

26. _____ refers to the study of the internal内在的、本质structure of words and the rules of the word formation.

A. Phonology

B. Morphology

C. Semantics

D. Sociolinguistics

27. The distinctive features of a speech variety言语变体may be all the following EXCEPT

A. lexical

B. syntactic

C. phonological

D. Psycholinguistic 心理语言学

28. The word tail once referred to the “the tail of a horse马尾”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal”. This is an example of

A. widening of meaning

B. narrowing of meaning

C. meaning shift

D. loss of meaning

29. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?

A. Arbitrariness

B. Displacement

.C. Duality

D. Diachronicity

30. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?

A. A simple sentence

B. A coordinate sentence 并列句

C. A complex sentence

D, None of the above

31. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called

A. hyponymy

B. synonymy

C. polysemy

D. homonymy

32. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is______.

A. corpus linguistics 语料库语言学

B. sociolinguistics

C. theoretical linguistics 理论语言学

D. Psycholinguistics

33. A special language variety that mixes languages 混合语言and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called____.

A. dialect 方言

B. idiolect 个人语型

C. pidgin

D. Register 语域

34. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing_____.

A. an illocutionary act 言外行为

B. a perlocutionary act 言后行为

C. a locutionary act 言内行为

D. none of the above

35. ________ refers to the learning and development of a language.

A. Language acquisition 语言习得

B. Language comprehension 语言理解

C. Language production 语言生成

D. Language instruction 语言教学

36. The word “Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________ in morphology.

A. backformation 逆生词法

B. conversion 转换法

C. blending 混拼词

D. acronym 首字母缩略词

37. Language is t tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves

A. an expressive function 表达功能

B. an informative function. 信息功能

C. a performative function 表演功能

D. a persuasive function 有说服力的功能

38. ＿＿is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.

A. semantics

B. pragmatics

C. cognitive linguistics 认知语言学

D. sociolinguistics

39. A vowel is different from a consonant辅音in English because of

A. absence of obstruction 没有阻塞

B. presence of obstruction 存在梗塞

C. manner of articulation 发音方法

D. place of articulation 发音部位

40. The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refers to

A. Pidgin

B. Creole克里奥尔语

C. Multilingualism 多语制

D. Bilingualism 习用两种语言

41. In English if a word begins with a ［l］or a ［r］, then the neat sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)

A. assimilation rule 通化规则

B. sequential rule 序列规则

C. deletion rule 省略规则

D. grammar rule

42. Which of the following is an example of clipping?

A. APEC.

B. Motel.

C. Xerox.

D. Disco.

43. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called

A. register

B. dialect

C. slang

D. variety

Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F). (20 points, 1 point each)

1. Historical linguistics is a synochronic study of language. F

2. The phatic交流感情的function can often be entirely完全地personal and totally without any implication含意of communication to others. F

3. "Deal" is phonetically transcribed转录as [di: ?]. T

4. Phonology is concerned with speech production and speech perception领悟认识能力. F

5.The word "bridge" to mean a method of playing cards is a loanshift词变异from Italian. T

6.The English syllable音节may have as many as four consonants in the coda position结尾位置. T

7.In the example: “He couldn’t open the door. It was locked tight”, the relation between “the door” and “It” is th at of reference. T

8. Positional relations are a manifestation证明of one aspect of “PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS聚合关系” observed by F. de Saussure. In some elementary 基本的linguistic textbooks, they are also called HORIZONTAL RELATIONS横向关系or simply CHAIN RELATIONS 链关系. F

9. Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and thing it refers to is not direct. T

10. Gradable antonymy层级性反义词is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while complementary

antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which are complementary互补性to each other. T

11. Speech act theory言语行为理论is in fact a theory of the illocutionary act言外行为. T

12. A speaker flouts轻视the Maxim of Quantity数量规则when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F

13. A lot of issues in psycholinguistics are controversial有争议性的. T

14. When Mr. Goodell said 'I've had enough dumbbells哑铃in my office'(p. 168), he meant he had some weights in his office for practicing strength练习强度. F

15. 'Foregrounding'前台操作前台设制refers to specific linguistic devices, i.e., deviation偏差and parallelism平行类似, which are used in literary texts. T

16. CALL refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. T

17. In his standard theory标准理论, N. Chomsky gave up the terms of "deep structure" and "surface structure". F

18.Nowadays in the literature, the term “contrastive analysis对比分析” is gradually been replaced by “the study of cross-linguistic influences跨语言的影响”. T

19. In cross-cultural communication跨文化交际, when people have trouble and do not know how to behave correctly, they tend to turn to their source culture for help. This is a strategy策略often used by communicators传播者in a new cultural setting, while it may not always

work. T

20. It is indeed necessary to reconsider重新讨论how much we, as human beings, really understand about the nature of language and its role in our life. T

21. Historical linguistics历史语言学is a synochronic study of language. F

22.Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and thing it refers to is not direct. T

23. Gradable antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while complementary antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which are complementary to each other. T

24. A speaker flouts the Maxim of Quantity when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F

25. There is only one argument in the sentence “Children play basketball.” F

26. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.T

27. Language is the unique 独特的possession所有物财产of human beings. F

28. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F

29. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful

sentences. F

30. Traditional grammar lays emphasis on correctness正确性, linguistic excellence, the use of Latin models and the priority优先性of the spoken language. T

Ⅲ. Briefly answer the following questions.

1. What are the design features of language? Can you list the main features?P8

It refers to the defining properties性质of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

Productivity多产性Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.

Duality双重性Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.

Displacement移位性Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

Cultural transmission文化传递

2. What are the four maxims格言of the cooperative principle合作原则? How does the violation of these maxims give rise to conversational implicatures? P87

(1) the maxim of quantity (数量准则)

a) make your contribution as informative as required(for current

purpose of the exchange)

b) do not make your contribution more informative than is

required.

Example:

A: When is J erry’s birthday party?

B: Sometime next month.

So, B doesn’t wish to tell you when J erry’s birthday party is goin g to be held.

(2) the maxim of quality（质量准则）

a) do not say what you believe to be false

b) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence Example:

A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekend?

B: I’m afraid I have got an invitation at weeken d.

So, B doesn’t want to attend your traveling.

(3) the maxim of relation (关系准则)

a) be relavant

Example:

A: how did the math exam go today, susan?

B: we had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them. So, B doesn’t wish to talk about the ma th exam.

(4) the maxim of manner（方式准则）

a) avoid obscurity of expression 避免隐晦

b) avoid ambiguity避免歧义

c) be brief 简短

d) be orderly

Example:

A ：Shall we get some thing for the kids?

B ：yes,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.

Implicature: I do not want the kids to know what we are talking about getting some ice-cream

3. What is deep structure and what is surface structure? P54 Deep structure （D-structure）深层结构

?Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization此类划分properties, is called deep structure.

Surface structure （S-structure）表层结构

?Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformation, is called surface structure.

4. Explain with examples “homonymy同音异义同形异义” “polysemy一词多义” “hypo nymy上下位关系”.P68-69

答：(1) Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones 同音字. (piece\peace)

When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs同形异义字. (bow v.\ bow n.)

When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they

are complete homonyms完整的同音字(scale n.\scale v.)

(2) Polysemy多义词means that the same one word may have more

that one meaning.

For example:

“table”, has at least seven meanings.

(3) Hyponymy means that the sense relation between a more general,

more inclusive word and a more specific word.

For example:

“furniture”is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe衣橱, settee长靠椅……

5. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts 言外语言行为Searle has specified明确说明? What is the illocutionary point of each type？P82 John Searle

(1) Representatives(阐述类)-- stating or describing ,saying what the speaker believes to be true.

e.g : I swear I have never seen the man before.

（2）directives (指令类)----trying to get the hearer to do something

e.g : Open the window!

(3) commissives (承诺类) -----committing the speaker himself to some future course of action

E.g: I promise to come.

(4) expressives ( 表达类) ----expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state.

e.g : I’m sorry for the mess I have made.

(5) declaration (宣布类)---- bringing about immediate changes by saying something

e.g: I fire you! I now declare the meeting open.

6. Try to make sense of the following witty dialog and to identify the cohesive ties and explain briefly.

Speaker A: Time flies. 我和时光飞逝

Speaker B: You can’t; they fly too quickly.你不能，时间飞得太快

Speaker A means that time flies quickly. Time is a mean and fly is a verb. However, in B’s understanding, he thinks that time is a verb and fly is a noun. So he say that A can not measure flies’ flying speed, because they fly too quickly. avoid ambiguity避免歧义manner maxim

7. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd. To

what extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice’s CP and maxims?

A: Have you seen Peter today? P86（manner）

B: Well, if I didn’t deny seeing him I wouldn’t be telling a lie. Speaker B uses a long and prolix 冗长的way to express the meaning of “yes, I have”, thus violating the manner maxim of “Be brief (avoid prolixity冗长)”

8. Describe the stages of first language acquisition.

First language acquisition refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue. i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.

①phonological development

②vocabulary development

③grammatical development

④pragmatic development

Ⅳ. Discuss a minimum of TWO of the following questions.

1.Why do modern linguists put the priority of synchronic study over

the diachronic study in linguistics? P4

It is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successful studies, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.

2. Why should language teachers and learners learn some knowledge

of linguistics?

Some knowledge of linguistics will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language, but also helps them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical views of language explicitly明确地、明白地or implicitly含蓄地、暗示地inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching. Language teachers do need theories of language in order to teach language effectively有效地, and they need to know at least how the language they teach works. To discover the real language and to obtain some understanding of it, language teachers may well turn to linguistics. Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories. In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately最终地. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.

V. Draw a tree structure for each sentence taking inflection as its head. P50

1. The boy found a book on the table.

2. Mr. Smith declares the class is over.

语言学题库

语言学题库： Chapter 1 1. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. ( 2007, 中国人民大学研究生入学试题) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is ti that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to word very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics. I. Please disambiguate each of the following ambiguous sentences by means of tree diagrams. 1. She showed her baby pictures. 2. The old man was drinking in the open air. 3. John left directions for Tom to follow. 4. The young bachelor hit the color ball. 5. Leave the book on the shelf. 6. John saw a girl with a telescope. 7. more beautiful flowers 8. I went to the bank. (? Polysemy/ homonymy)

语言学概论试题及答案

一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）

1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学(综合)模拟试卷6.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷6 一、名词解释 1 contrastive analysis 2 error analysis 3 language aptitude 4 field dependence 5 field independence 6 learning strategies 7 applied linguistics 8 grammar-translation method 9 audiolingual method 10 communicative language teaching 11 testing 12 achievement test 13 validity 14 reliability 15 proficiency test 16 subjective test 17 objective test 18 language aptitude test

19 diagnostic test 20 backwash effect 二、简答题 21 If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language? Why or why not? 22 One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refers to? Support your argument with examples. 23 What kind of evidence supports the idea that language is culturally transmitted? 24 Point out three major differences between linguistics and traditional grammar. 25 What is the difference between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to language?

英语语言学试题库

英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/137582020.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

语言学考研真题

北京师范大学一九九年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题·语概·现汉专业：汉语言文字学 研究方向：训诂学与汉语词汇学、汉字学、汉语语法学、修辞学 考试科目：语言学概论及现代汉语 语言理论部分(共50分) 一、解释下列名词或术语(20分) 语法范畴历史语言学结构语言学语义场音位 二、回答下列问题(30分) 1、“汉藏语系”与“印欧语系”是根据什么标准划分的？这两种语系的主要区别表现在哪些方面？ 2、怎样认识语言符号的“任意性”与“强制性”？ 3、按照功能分类法，世界文字大致可经划分为几种类型？现代汉字属于哪种类型？ 现代汉语部分(共50分) 一。、回答下列问题(20分) 1、什么是“异读词”？它与多音多义字有何区别？ 2、现代汉字的标准化包括哪些内容？怎样进行现代汉字的整理和规范？ 3、什么是基本词汇？其主要特征有哪些？ 4、什么叫歧义句式？什么叫同义句式？ 安徽师范大学1996年招收研究生考题·语言学 招生专业、研究方向：现代汉语考试科目：语言学基础 一、解释下列术语：（17分） 音位（3分）变词语素（3分）态（一种语法范畴）（3分）语言融合（4分）言内意外（4分） 二、结合汉语词类的划分谈谈组合关系和聚合关系之间的联系。（10分） 三、元音和辅音有哪些区别？（6分） 四、怎样确定音位的区别特征？请举例加以说明。（12分） 五、汉语中的助词“们”与英语里表示名词复数的“-6”相比有哪些不同？请举例说明。（13分） 六、语言的结构类型有哪四种？它们主要有哪些特点？（10分） 七、结合同义词、反义词现象谈谈词的理性意义和附加意义（附加色彩）之间的关系。（12分） 八、外业词进入汉语以后会发生哪些变化？试举例说明。（10分） 安徽师范大学1994年招收研究生考题 招生专业、研究方向：现代汉语考试科目：语言学基础 一、简述语言系统中的组合关系和聚合关系。（10分） 二、人类语言和动物的交际方式的本质区别表现在哪几个方面？试简述之。（12分） 三、普通话音位系统的区别特征有哪几对？试举例说明。（16分） 四、简述词义的概括性的几种表现形式。（10分） 五、举例说明词语搭配（组合）所受到的语义条件限制（12分） 六、不同的语言的词类体系相同不相同？为什么？（10分） 一、举例说明语法规则的递归性。（10分） 二、运用变换的方法，辨析下列句子句法意义的细微区别。（10分） A、院子里站着许多人。 B、院子里唱着黄梅戏。

语言学概论练习题库参考答案

《语言学概论》练习测试题库 一、单项选择题 1、“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于： A. 语言。 B. 言语。 C. 言语行为。 D. 言语作品。 2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C) A. 民族性。 B. 符号性。 C. 生成性。 D. 系统性。 3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是： A. 人工语言。 B. 自然语言。 C. 共同语。 D. 世界语。 4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于： A. 一般语言学。 B. 具体语言学。 C. 共时语言学。 D. 历时语言学。 5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”： A. 是聚合关系。 B. 是组合关系。 C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言发展的： A. 渐变性。 B. 相关性。 C. 规律性。 D. 不平衡性。 7、下列说法正确的是： A.义项是最小的语义单位。 B.义素是最小的语义单位。 C.词义的主要内容是语法意义。 D.词义不包括语法意义。 8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有： A. 交际功能。 B. 思维功能。 C. 文化录传功能。 D. 认知功能。 9、“衣领”是“衣服”的： A. 上义词。 B. 下义词。 C. 总义词。 D. 分义词。 10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是： A. 乔姆斯基。 B. 菲尔默。 C. 皮亚杰。 D. 韩礼德。 11、下列说法正确的是 A.语言是无限的，言语是有限的。 B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。 C.语言是一般的，言语是个别的。 D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。 12、人类最重要的交际工具是 A.文字。 B.语言。 C.书面语。 D.手势语。 13、下列说法正确的是 A.所有的符号都有任意性。 B.有些符号有任意性。 C.只有语言符号有任意性。 D.语言符号没有任意性。 14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的 A.渐变性。 B.稳固性。 C.相关性。 D.不平衡性。 15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李” A.是组合关系。 B.是聚合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D.既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 16、语言最重要的功能是 A.思维功能。 B.标志功能。 C.交际功能。 D.认知功能。 17、日语属于 A.屈折语。 B.粘着语。 C.词根语。 D.编插语。

(完整版)语言学练习题及答案

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T

语言学理论考研真题及详解

全国名校语言学理论考研真题及详解（含武大、中山等）益星学习网提供全套资料 目录 第一部分武汉大学文学院635语言学理论历年考研真题及详解 2013年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题（回忆版） 2013年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题（回忆版）及详解 2012年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题（回忆版） 2012年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题（回忆版）及详解 2011年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题 2011年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题及详解 2010年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题（回忆版） 2010年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题（回忆版）及详解 第二部分中山大学中文系612语言学概论历年考研真题及详解 2013年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题 2013年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题及详解 2012年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题 2012年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题及详解 2011年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题 2011年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题及详解 2010年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题 2010年中山大学中文系612语言学概论考研真题及详解 第三部分中国传媒大学705语言学理论历年考研真题及详解 2013年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题 2013年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题及详解 2012年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题 2012年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题及详解 2011年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题 2011年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题及详解 2010年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题 2010年中国传媒大学705语言学理论考研真题及详解 第一部分武汉大学文学院635语言学理论历年考研真题及详解 2013年武汉大学文学院633语言学理论考研真题（回忆版） 一、辨析下列术语 1．体范畴与时范畴 2．元音与辅音

语言学试题

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.

语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）

语言学考研真题大全(共13套)

中文系语言学概论 2002年 2002年科目429 语言学概论 专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学 研究方向：以上专业所有方向 一、简答题（每小题2分，共20分） 1、简述现代汉语书面语和口头语的源头 2、闽方言包括哪几个次方言？各以哪个地方的语音为代表？ 3、说明汉语音节的结构地点 4、汉语拼音方案有哪些优点？ 5、简要说明调值和调类的关系 6、-i[前]、-i[后]、ong、iong等韵母分别属于四呼中的哪一呼？ 7、词汇学中的义位和传统所说的义项有什么不同？ 8、说明谚语被认为是词汇的一部分的原因 9、什么是独立语？简要说明独立语的类型 10、举例说明主谓句的主要句型 二、应用题（共56分） 1、为下列词语注上汉语拼音（6分） 创伤粗犷呆板解剖皈依桎梏 2、下列成语中的汉字有正确的有错误的，把错误的改为正确（6分） 负隅顽抗陈词烂调班门弄斧 既往不究刚愎自用不孝子孙 病入膏肓风声鹤唳一愁莫展 各行其事悬梁刺骨趋之若鹜 3、解释下列成语中划线的语素的意义（4分） 汗流浃背开门揖盗如火如荼高屋建瓴 4、分析下列合成词的结构（6分） 容貌弃儿宪法梦想灰心霜降融化船只铅印瀑布响应权衡 5、改正下列句中的错误（2分） 江西名城南昌，毗邻巍峨的江西省人民政府办公大厦，有一座很不显眼的三层小楼，这就是江西省高级人民法院。 6、用直接成分分析法（框式图解）分析下列复杂词组（每小组3分，共六分） （1）这后一句话给祥林嫂很大的鼓励 （2）屋里有人轻轻地哼着小调 7、用六大成分分析法（加线法）分析下列单句（每小题3分，共6分） （1）我们往往容易把赢得荣誉的人的衣服的每一个皱折，都描绘得光彩夺目。 （2）把博物馆比作智慧的女神、博学的君子，我看很恰当。 8、用符号法分析下列复句（4分） 如果你是一个真正的艺术家，那么无论是站在演出的舞台上，还是站在生活的大舞台上，你都会真正赢得人民的掌声。9、指出下列句中用得好的词语并分析其修辞效果（每小题4分，共八分） （1）七斤嫂眼睛好，早望见今天的赵七爷已经不是道士，却变成光滑头皮，乌黑发顶；伊便知道这一定是皇帝坐了龙庭，而且一定需有辫子，而且七斤一定是非常危险。（鲁迅《风波》） （2）月亮渐渐地升高了，墙外山路上孩子们的欢笑，已经听不见了；妻在屋里拍着闰儿，迷迷糊糊地哼着眠歌，我悄悄地披了大杉，带上门出去。 沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路，白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁

语言学概论题库答案

一、填空题 1.个别语言学一般语言学 2.语文学历史比较语言学结构主义语言学形式语言学交叉语言学 3.普通语言学 4.中国印度古罗马－希腊 5.文字学音韵学训诂学 6.文言文言文 7.索绪尔《普通语言学教程》 8.专语语言学 9.历史比较语言学 10.共时语言学 11.结构规律演变规律 12.语文学古代的书面语 13.编码发送传递接收 14.威廉·琼斯施列格尔 15.历史比较语言学 16.索绪尔洪堡特《普通语言学教程》 17.布拉格学派哥本哈根学派美国学派 18.乔姆斯基语言生成语法系统 19.交叉性边缘性 20.语言能力 21.规则 22.交际工具工具 23.左 24.语言 25.社会性阶级性 26.社会具体 27.辅助性语言和文字 28.最重要的交际工具和思维工具一套音义结合的符号系统 29.直观动作表象抽象概念判断推理

30.形式内容形式内容 31.形式内容 32.语音语义 33.交际工具思维工具音义结合的符号系统 34.约定俗成 35.任意性线条性 36.组合关系聚合关系 37.组合关系聚合关系 38.音位序列语素词句子 39.抽象思维发音 40.音素 41.音质语音形式结构单位 42.拉丁 43.音质音高音重音长音高 44.动力发音体共鸣腔 45.自然社会生理物理 46.生理物理心理 47.乐音元音 48.主动被动 49.音高音强音长音质 50.发音体不同发音方法不同共振腔的形状不同 51.ts ts h s 52.看声门以上的发音器官有无阻碍看气流的强弱看发音器官的各部分均衡紧张还是部分紧张看声带振动与否 53.对立 54.元音辅音辅音 55.舌位的前后舌位的高低圆唇与否 56. [s] [n] [p h] [s] 57.浊鼻音舌尖前塞音 58.元音辅音受阻碍