2009 Poikilolaimus floridensis

Nematology,2009,V ol.11(2),203-216

Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.(Rhabditida:Rhabditidae)

associated with termites(Kalotermitidae) Natsumi K ANZAKI1,2,?,Robin M.G IBLIN-D AVIS1,Rudolf H.S CHEFFRAHN1

and Barbara J.C ENTER1 1Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center,University of Florida/IFAS,3205College Avenue,

Davie,FL33314,USA 2Forest Pathology Laboratory,Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,1Matsunosato,

Tsukuba,Ibaraki305-8687,Japan

Received:17January2008;revised:6June2008

Accepted for publication:9June2008 Summary–A survey of termite-associated nematodes was done in southern Florida to compare the diversity of such associations with other latitudes in the Neotropics.Six species(15colonies)of termites(Isoptera)were collected from the?eld and eight species(15 colonies)from laboratory populations were examined for nematode associates.All six?eld-collected termite species,Cryptotermes cavifrons,Incisitermes snyderi,Neotermes jouteli,N.castaneus,Prorhinotermes simplex and Reticulitermes?avipes,representing two families(Kalotermitidae and,for the latter two species,Rhinotermitidae),were associated with nematodes.Nematodes were also isolated from laboratory populations of I.snyderi and Coptotermes formosanus.In total,seven putative species of nematodes were discerned using molecular bar-coding and culturing(when successful)including four rhabditids,one diplogastrid,Rhabditis rainai and a nematode that we are describing herein as Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.This nematode was isolated as dauer juveniles in the foregut of N.jouteli,N.castaneus and I.snyderi.It was recovered from workers,a soldier and an alate,suggesting internal phoresy. It is characterised by six triangular cuticular?aps covering the stomatal opening,simple tube-like stomatal structure,i.e.,absence of teeth and glottoid apparatus,cuticularised and refractile secretory-excretory pore,conical male tail lacking‘bursa’or spike,short and conical female tail and didelphic female reproductive system.Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.is morphologically characteristic and does not easily?t the current genus de?nition of Poikilolaimus which is rede?ned herein.Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on near full length SSU ribosomal DNA sequence showed that the new species occupies a basal position in the genus.

Keywords–description,Florida,molecular,morphology,morphometrics,new species,SEM,taxonomy.

Termites(Isoptera)include important urban pest spe-cies that can cause extensive damage to structures and products containing wood(Edwards&Mill,1986).Eco-logically,they are critical components of the decomposi-tion cycle,especially in tropical ecosystems(Bignell& Eggleton,2000).They are also of interest because of their social behaviour and symbiotic associations with cellu-lytic bacteria and protozoans.Because termites exhibit a latitudinal gradient with increased species diversity as latitude decreases(Collins,1989),and because of their association with moist soil,dead wood,and leaf litter substrates where nematodes abound,we have hypothe-sised that they would have potential as an entomophilic nematode biodiversity indicator group(Giblin-Davis et

?Corresponding author,e-mail:nkanzaki@affrc.go.jp al.,2007).Unfortunately,there is very little information available about termites as hosts for nematodes. Therefore,we conducted a preliminary?eld survey of termites for nematode associates in southern Florida.Dur-ing the survey,an undescribed species of rhabditid ne-matode was isolated from three species of dampwood and drywood termites(Kalotermitidae),i.e.,Neotermes jouteli(Banks),N.castaneus(Burmeister)and Incisiter-mes snyderi(Light).The nematode belongs to Poikilo-laimus Fuchs,1930based upon shared morphological fea-tures and molecular phylogeny based upon D2/D3LSU and SSU molecular sequences.It is described and?g-ured as P.?oridensis n.sp.and the generic diagnosis is emended.

?Koninklijke Brill NV,Leiden,2009DOI:10.1163/156854109X429547 Also available online-www.brill.nl/nemy203

N.Kanzaki et al.

Materials and methods

N EMATODE ISOLATION

Field colonies of termites were collected arbitrarily along trails at the Secret Woods Nature Center(2701West State Road84,Fort Lauderdale,FL33312:26.06892N, 80.17779W)on21February2005.Also,several labo-ratory colonies originally isolated from various locations in southern Florida and Zootermopsis augusticollis Hagen from Palo Alto,California,were available for this study. In total,six species(15colonies)from the?eld(Table1) and eight species(15colonies)from the laboratory(Ta-ble2)were examined.Up to15-30individual termites were randomly chosen from each colony,dissected in a drop of deionised water under a dissecting microscope and carefully examined for nematodes.Termites were?rst placed in the water droplet for several minutes and ob-served for external/casual associations before beginning dissection.The potential nematode association with each termite haemocoel,head capsule and digestive system was examined separately.During dissections,any observed nematodes were recorded for their location,number and behaviour and then examined with higher magni?cation for quick morphological observations of putative stage and identity to Order.

The nematodes isolated from the termites were grouped based on morphotype.One or more were collected indi-vidually into nematode lysis buffer(see Ye et al.,2007) for subsequent molecular ampli?cation and sequencing attempts while the remaining nematodes were pooled and used for culture attempts on tryptic soy broth(TSB)agar (Bacto?TSB:3.0g,Bacto?agar:15g,distilled water: 1l).Adult nematodes from successful cultures were used for the following morphological observations and further molecular analyses.

M ORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

A successful culture of P.?oridensis n.sp.was subcul-tured onto NGM agar plates and maintained as a labora-tory culture.Adults of P.?oridensis n.sp.from2-week-old cultures on NGM were killed by heat(65?C),?xed in formalin-glycerol,processed through a glycerin-ethanol series using Seinhorst’s method(see Hooper,1986)and mounted in glycerin according to the method of Maese-neer and D’Herde(see Hooper,1986).

For SEM observations,adult males and females of P.?oridensis n.sp.were collected from cultures using a Baermann funnel technique,?xed directly with3%glutaraldehyde in0.1M phosphate buffer(pH=7.2)for1 week,and post?xed in2%OsO4for2h.Specimens were dehydrated in an ethanol series,critical point-dried using CO2,mounted on stubs,sputter-coated with gold and observed with a JXA-840A(Jeol,Tokyo,Japan)scanning electron microscope at5-8kV.

For the species description,the morphological termi-nology suggested by Kiontke and Sudhaus(2000)and Sudhaus and Koch(2004)was employed.

M OLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND PHYLOGENY The DNA sample of P.?oridensis n.sp.was prepared as described by Ye et al.(2007).The DNA base sequences of partial ribosomal DNA(=ca1.6kb of near full length SSU and ca1.6kb of LSU)were determined following the methods of Ye et al.(2007)and Kanzaki et al.(2008). DNA samples from the other nematode species were col-lected directly from individuals picked from dissected ter-mites or culture plates into worm lysis buffer and attempts were made to amplify and sequence these using a primer set(965F:5 -GGCGATTAGATACCGCCCTAGTT-3 and 1573R:5 -TACAAAGGGCAGGGACGTAAT-3 )for a short fragment of SSU(Giblin-Davis et al.,2007).

The inferred molecular phylogenetic status of P.?ori-densis n.sp.was determined for SSU.The sequences compared were aligned using the ClustalW program and the model of base substitution was evaluated using MOD-ELTEST version3.7(Posada&Crandall,1998).The Akaike-supported model,the log likelihood(ln L),the Akaike information criterion(AIC),the proportion of in-variable sites and the gamma distribution shape para-meters and substitution rates were used in phylogenetic analyses.Bayesian analysis was performed to con?rm the tree topology for each gene separately using Mr-Bayes3.1.0(Huelsenbeck&Ronquist,2001)running the chain for1000000generations and setting the‘burnin’at1000.We used MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo) methods within a Bayesian framework to estimate the posterior probabilities of the phylogenetic trees(Larget &Simon,1999)using50%majority-rule.We chose the species for preliminary molecular phylogenetic compar-isons with P.?oridensis n.sp.according to a cladogram provided by Kiontke and Fitch(2005)and Kiontke et al. (2007)to allow for discovery of a putative sister among those rhabditid nematodes that were typologically simi-lar.Final trees involved as many species closest to P.?ori-densis n.sp.as were available,in addition to at least one species from each of the phylogenetic groupings within the rhabditids,i.e.,Poikilolaimus clade,Pleiorhabditis

204Nematology

Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.from termites

clade,Protorhabditis clade,Caenorhabditis clade,Os-cheius/Rhabditis clade and several other outgroup species used by Kiontke et al.(2007).

Results

I SOLATION OF NEMATODES FROM TERMITES

The termite species name,colony number and nema-tode infestation levels are reported in Tables1and2. All six termite species collected from the?eld in south-ern Florida were infested(associated)with at least one species of nematode(seven of15colonies)whereas ne-matodes were isolated from only two of eight species (three of15colonies)of laboratory-maintained termites. Of the240workers from the?eld,22%were infested and none of the alates was infested(Table1).Eight per-cent of the206workers and5%of the soldiers from the laboratory-maintained colonies were infested(Table2). All nematodes isolated from termites were dauer(or para-sitic)juveniles infesting the digestive system and could not be morphologically identi?ed beyond putative fam-ily.The numbers of nematodes isolated from an individ-ual termite were generally low,less than?ve individu-als,although precise numbers were not always counted in the present study.Each unidenti?ed nematode isolate was presumed to be a potentially different species.In most cases,sequencing and culture attempts were unsuccessful because of low numbers of nematodes.In fact,sequenc-ing was only successful from cultured materials.Poikilo-laimus?oridensis n.sp.was isolated from?eld colonies of N.jouteli,N.castaneus and I.snyderi and laboratory colonies of I.snyderi(Tables1,2).Reticulitermes?avipes (Kollar)was recorded as a new host(vector)of Rhabditis rainai Carta&Osbrink,2005from the?eld(Table1).In addition,there were potentially three unidenti?ed and un-cultured rhabditid and one diplogastrid isolates from the ?eld plus one unidenti?ed and uncultured rhabditid from the laboratory(Tables1,2).

Poikilolaimus?oridensis*Kanzaki&

Giblin-Davis n.sp.

(Figs1-4)

M EASUREMENTS

See Table3.

*Named after its type locality of Florida,USA.D ESCRIPTION

Adults

Medium length species.Body cylindrical,slender.Cu-ticle smooth,thin,with shallow transverse annulations. Two longitudinal striations forming a narrow(ca0.5μm) lateral?eld starting just posterior to stoma and continuing almost to posterior end of body.Six equal-sized lips,each bearing a short and conical labial sensilla at the periph-ery.Anterior end of stoma covered by six triangular?aps (hypothesised to be an extension of inner wall of each lip). Amphidial apertures elliptical,located at level of posterior end of gymnostom.Stoma simple,lacking clear glottoid apparatus,teeth or denticles.Cheilostom short,sclero-tised,ring-like.Gymnostom tube-like,occupying ca one-fourth of total stoma.Stegostom long,tube-like,ca twice as long as gymnostom.Pharyngeal sleeve visible.Dorsal pharyngeal gland ori?ce located at base of stegostom.Pro-corpus cylindrical,muscular.Metacorpus forming weakly developed median bulb.Isthmus long,slender,muscular. Terminal bulb well developed,muscular,elongated oval to polygonal in form,with clear valvular(grinder)appa-ratus at middle.Cardia well developed,opening into intes-tine funnel-like.Nerve ring surrounding isthmus at middle or a little posterior to midpoint.Excretory pore visible, heavily sclerotised,adjacent to terminal bulb in females, sometimes just posterior to nerve ring in males.Deirid and postdeirid not observed.

Male

Testis single,positioned on right of intestine,anterior part re?exed in most individuals,spermatids arranged as double and triple rows in anterior part and in single row in posterior part.Single midventral papilla and seven pairs of genital papillae present(i.e.,15papillae in total).First pair(P1)far anterior,almost one cloaca-tail tip length from cloaca;second pair(P2)ca half way between P1 and cloaca;single midventral papilla(VS)ca half way between P2and cloaca;third pair(P3)just posterior to cloaca;fourth pair(P4)just posterior to P3,ca one-third cloacal body diam.posterior to cloaca;?fth pair (P5)ca three-fourths to four-?fths of tail length posterior to cloaca;sixth and seventh pairs(P6,7)close to each other at midpoint between P5and tail tip.P3pair located subventrally,P5pairs subdorsal while remaining pairs are ventral.Phasmids(Ph)visible in lateral?eld,just anterior to P6,P7genital papillae.Spicules separated, thin,weakly arcuate,possessing squared and distinctive capitulum and pointed distal end in lateral view,appearing V-shaped in ventral view.Gubernaculum short,thorn-like

V ol.11(2),2009205

N.Kanzaki et al.

Table1.Nematode isolations from termites collected in February2005from?eld colonies from Secret Woods Park in Broward County, FL,USA.

Termite species(Colony No.)Workers1Alates1Nematodes Cryptotermes cavifrons(No.1)0/10––

C.cavifrons(No.2)0/10––

C.cavifrons(No.3)0/6––

C.cavifrons(No.4)0/100/10–

C.cavifrons(No.5)2/33–Unidenti?ed rhabditid2 Incisitermes snyderi12/36–Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.* Neotermes jouteli8/23–P.?oridensis n.sp.*

N.castaneus(No.1)0/10––

N.castaneus(No.2)0/1––

N.castaneus(No.3)1/1–P.?oridensis n.sp. Prorhinotermes simplex(No.1)19/43–Unidenti?ed rhabditid

P.simplex(No.2)0/7––

Reticulitermes?avipes(No.1)8/20–Rhabditis rainai3*

R.?avipes(No.2)–0/5–

R.?avipes(No.3)3/200/10Unidenti?ed rhabditid,

unidenti?ed diplogastrid

1Number of termites infected with nematodes/number of termites https://www.sodocs.net/doc/148216886.html,age of the term‘worker’herein and elsewhere refers to large non-soldier or non-imago caste.

2Each unidenti?ed nematode isolate was presumed to be a different but unidenti?ed species based upon sequence data(600bp SSU) when available.In many cases,sequencing and culture attempts were unsuccessful because of low availability of nematodes.

3Identi?ed by morphology and molecular sequences.

*Cultured successfully.

Table2.Nematode isolations from termites collected from laboratory colonies originating from Florida and California,USA. Termite species(Colony No.)Workers1Soldiers1Nematodes

Cryptotermes brevis0/9––

C.cavifrons0/10––

Coptotermes formosanus1/30–Unidenti?ed rhabditid2 Incisitermes snyderi(No.1)13/261/3Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.* I.snyderi(No.2)0/12––

I.snyderi(No.3)0/15––

I.snyderi(No.4)0/19––

I.snyderi(No.5)0/15––

I.snyderi(No.6)0/30––

I.snyderi(No.7)2/23–P.?oridensis n.sp. Nasutitermes corniger(No.1)0/120/12–

N.corniger(No.2)0/100/4–

Neotermes castaneus0/10––

Reticulitermes?avipes0/10––

Zootermopsis augusticolis0/5––

1Number of termites infected with nematodes/number of termites dissected.

2Each unidenti?ed nematode isolate is presumed to be a different species,but this needs to be con?rmed in future studies.

*Cultured successfully.

206Nematology

Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.from termites

Fig.1.Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.A:Adult female;B:Adult male;C:Stoma(ventral view);D:Stoma(lateral view);E:Anterior region;F:Female reproductive tract(lateral view);G:Female vaginal glands;H:Female reproductive tract(ventral view);I:Female tail(lateral view);J:Male tail(ventral view);K:Male tail(lateral view).

V ol.11(2),2009207

N.Kanzaki et al.

Fig.2.Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.A:Anterior region;B:Stoma(ventral view);C:Stoma(lateral view);D:Basal bulb and excretory pore;E:Vulval region;F:Female tail(lateral view);G-I:Male tail in different focal planes(lateral view).

208Nematology

Poikilolaimus ?oridensis n.sp.from

termites

Fig.3.Poikilolaimus ?oridensis n.sp.A,B:Anterior region of adult female;C:Lateral ?eld;D:Vulva (ventral view);E:Female tail (lateral view).(Scale bars =1μm.)

in lateral view,ovoid triangle in ventral view.Cloacal

region protuberant,slit dome-shaped,anterior lip slightly

covering slit.Tail short,conical,ventrally arcuate,distal

end bluntly pointed.Bursa absent.

Female Vulva opening circular,strongly sclerotised with mus-cular tissue apparently surrounding vagina when observed V ol.11(2),2009209

N.Kanzaki et

al.

Fig.4.Poikilolaimus ?oridensis n.sp.A:Male tail (lateral view);B:Male tail tip (lateral view);C:Male tail (ventral view).Genital papillae labels correspond to numbers in description;Ph =phasmid.(Scale bar =1μm.)

in ventral view.Four vaginal glands observed in ven-

tral view,but dif?cult to con?rm in lateral view.Gonads

paired,anterior gonad on right of intestine,posterior go-

nad on left of intestine.Ovary antidromously-re?exed,

germ cells arranged as double to triple rows in distal

part and then as single row.Oviducts long,serving as

spermatheca.Uterus small,sometimes holding a develo-

ping embryo.Junction of uterus and oviduct distinctive,

slightly constricted.Rectum ca 1.5anal body diam.long,

surrounded by sphincter muscle.Anus a dome-shaped slit,

anterior lip slightly covering opening,posterior lip for-

ming dome-shaped expansion.Tail short,conical,ven-

trally arcuate,distal end bluntly pointed.Phasmid visible

at one-third of tail length from distal end.

T YPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Poikilolaimus ?oridensis n.sp.(culture code

RGD617R)was isolated from the foregut of a Neotermes

jouteli worker collected at the Secret Woods Nature Cen-

ter (2701West State Road 84,Fort Lauderdale,FL 33312,

USA:26.06892N,80.17779W)on 21February 2005.

O THER HOSTS In addition to the type host,P .?oridensis n.sp.was isolated from the foregut of N.castaneus and Incisitermes snyderi workers collected at the same locality as the type host.T YPE MATERIALS Type materials were obtained from 2-week-old cultures of RGD617R.Holotype male (slide number Poikilolaimus ?oridensis RGD617R M-01,USDANC number,T-626t),nine paratype males (slide number M-02-0910,USDANC numbers,T-5737p-T-5745p)and ten females (slide num-bers F-01-0910,USDANC numbers,T-5746p-T-5755p)deposited in USDA Nematode Collection,Beltsville,MD,USA;?ve paratype males (slide numbers Poikilolaimus ?oridensis RGD617R M-11-15)and ?ve paratype females (slide numbers F-11-15)deposited at Fort Lauderdale Re-search and Education Center,University of Florida,Fort Lauderdale,FL,USA;three paratype males (slide num-bers Poikilolaimus ?oridensis RGD617R M-16-18)and two paratype females (slide numbers F-16-17)deposited in The Harold W.Manter Laboratory of Parasitology,Uni-210Nematology

Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.from termites

Table3.Morphometrics of Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.All measurements are inμm and are in the form:mean±s.d.(range).

Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes

n–2018

L625634±51(550-755)716±39(670-780) a28.029.6±3.0(25.4-35.3)26.7±1.9(23.7-31.3) b 5.0 4.9±0.4(4.3-5.7) 5.3±0.3(4.8-5.9) c18.418.3±1.2(16.3-21.0)18.4±1.3(15.3-20.8) c 2.3 2.3±0.1(2.0-2.6) 2.4±0.2(2.2-2.8) T or V60.855.6±4.6(47.7-67.6)54.4±1.1(50.7-55.7) Max.body diam.2222±1.5(19-24)27±1.9(23-30) Stoma length16.015.5±0.7(14.0-17.5)16.0±0.6(15.0-17.5) Stoma diam. 3.0 3.0±0.2(2.5-3.5) 3.0±0.3(3.0-4.0) Stoma length/diam. 5.3 5.3±0.3(4.6-5.8) 5.1±0.5(4.0-5.8) Pro/meta corpus15858±2.9(52-63)61±3.3(55-69) Post corpus25257±3.8(49-63)59±3.9(50-64) Excretory pore3104105±7.7(88-115)109±6.1(102-119) Tail length3435±2.4(30-38)39±3.3(35-46) Anal body diam.15.015.0±0.9(13.5-17.0)16.0±0.8(14.0-17.0) Testis length380354±40(303-500)–Anterior ovary––98±26(53-145) Posterior ovary––91±19(56-125) Vulva body diam.––25±2.2(22-29) Spicule423.521.5±1.3(18.5-24.0)–Gubernaculum 6.0 6.5±0.6(5.5-7.0)–

1Procorpus+median bulb length.

2Isthmus+basal bulb length.

3Distance from anterior end to excretory pore.

4Curved median line.

versity of Nebraska State Museum,Lincoln,NE,USA; and three paratype males(slide number Poikilolaimus ?oridensis RGD617R M-19-21)and one paratype female (slide number F-18),deposited in Forest Pathology Lab-oratory collection,Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,Tsukuba,Japan.

V OUCHER CULTURE

In addition to the?xed type material,a culture has been submitted to Dr David H.A.Fitch’s Laboratory,New York University,New York,NY,USA.

D IAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.is characterised by its thin and smooth cuticle,long(ca5-6times longer than broad)stoma which is closed by six triangular?aps and lacks a clear tooth or glottoid apparatus,cuticularised secretory-excretory pore,single male testis,didelphic female gonads and short tail in both sexes.

Sudhaus and Koch(2004)systematised six Poikilo-laimus species,namely,P.incisocaudatus(De Coninck, 1935)Andrássy,1983,P.jodhpurensis(Khera,1969)Sud-haus&Koch,2004,P.oxicercus(de Man,1895)Sudhaus &Koch,2004,P.piniperdae Fuchs,1930,P.regenfussi (Sudhaus,1980)Sudhaus&Koch,2004and P.ernstmayri Sudhaus&Koch,2004.They listed53characters as the stem-species pattern for the genus Poikilolaimus and high-lighted the following ten characters as the most important apomorphies:

1)loose and thick cuticle

2)setose teeth of the stegostom

3)1-3tiny hooks on the tail tip

4)densely packed granules in the cells making up the anterior part of the intestine

5)epidermis?lled with depot granules

6)polygonal terminal bulb

V ol.11(2),2009211

N.Kanzaki et al.

7)strongly cuticularised secretory-excretory pore

8)phasmids opening at ca75%of tail length

9)two parallel lateral lines forming a narrow lateral ?eld

10)loss of deirids and postdeirids

The new species has the synapomorphies of characters 6to10and an antidromously-re?exed female gonad,as do other nominal species of Poikilolaimus. Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.is distinguished from other Poikilolaimus species based upon the following morphological characters:(1 )a standard cuticle;(2 )lack of densely packed granules in the cells making up the anterior part of the intestine;(3 )lack of depot granules in epidermis;(4 )smooth tail tip without any hook(s) (1 -4 hypothesised to be ancestral characters);and(5 )de-generate tooth and glottoid apparatus(perhaps secondary loss).Notably,the presence or absence of teeth and glot-toid apparatus and the presence or absence of a thick and baggy cuticle are considered to be very important charac-ter sets to distinguish the new species from the other nom-inal species in the genus.In addition,P.?oridensis n.sp. has the possible autapomorphies of six triangular stomatal ?aps covering the oral opening and an apparently internal phoretic association with termites in the Kalotermitidae.

E LEMENTS FOR A EMENDED GENERIC DIAGNOSIS

As mentioned above,Sudhaus and Koch(2004)pre-viously suggested ten apomorphies(characters1-10;see above)to delineate the genus Poikilolaimus.However, the new species has?ve characters that nullify the?rst ?ve generic apomorphies,i.e.characters1 to5 (see above).Thus,the characters1to5of Sudhaus and Koch (2004)should be excluded as generic apomorphies,leav-ing the genus to be delineated by the following?ve traits: (6)polygonal terminal bulb;(7)a strongly cuticularised secretory-excretory pore;(8)phasmids opening at ca75% of tail length;(9)two parallel lateral lines forming a nar-row lateral?eld;and(10)the loss of deirids and post-deirids.We have coded the possible evolution of these morphological characters(1-10and1 -5 )on a cladogram generated from SSU molecular sequences(Fig.5).

M OLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND PHYLOGENY The DNA sequences of near full length SSU and D2/D3 LSU of P.?oridensis n.sp.were deposited in the GenBank database with the accession numbers AB370214and AB370213,respectively.Based upon near full length SSU sequences,P.?oridensis n.sp.occupies a basal position in the clade representing the genus Poikilolaimus as currently conceived,but was clearly separated from the other four species with high bootstrap support(Fig.6). Discussion

R EMARKS ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF THE NEW SPECIES RELATIVE TO THE GENUS P OIKILOLAIMUS

The male of Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.has a total of15genital papillae.The basic(or ancestral)pattern of the paired genital papillae arrangement is assumed to be v1,v2,v3d/v4,ad,pd,v5,v6,v7 (see Kiontke& Sudhaus,2000;Sudhaus&Koch,2004).Within these genital papillae,three pairs(v3d,ad,pd)are hypothesised to originate from dorsal cells.Based on the genital papillae position,P1,P2,P4and P5are hypothesised to be the homologues of v1,v2,v4,and pd,and one of the ventrally-originating pairs(v3d or ad)and one of the post-cloacal ventral pairs(v5,v6or v7)have been lost.In the present study,we did not examine the developmental pattern of the male tail region of the new species.Thus, it is not possible to determine which papillae were lost. Comparative study of the developmental pattern of the male tail region among Poikilolaimus species is needed to resolve the evolutionary patterns.

The presence of six triangular?aps was suggested as a possible autapomorphic character of the new species because such lip modi?cations have not been reported from any of the presently described Poikilolaimus or its relatives.However,this character is very dif?cult to con?rm by light microscopic observations without an en face view and therefore may actually occur in other nominal species of the genus.The lip ultrastructure in other genera,including Poikilolaimus,is worthy of further study.

T ERMITE-ASSOCIATED NEMATODES

The oldest record of termite-associated nematodes is that of Lespés(1856),who reported the isolation of Pris-tionchus migrans(Lespés,1856)from the head capsule of Reticulitermes lucifugus(Rossi).Subsequently,sev-eral species of termites,mostly subterranean species of Reticulitermes Holmgren,have been examined for their nematode associations.From R.?avipes,an economi-cally important termite species,Leidy(1877)reported P. migrans;Merrill and Ford(1916)reported Pristionchus aerivora(Cobb in Merrill&Ford,1916);Banks and

212Nematology

Poikilolaimus ?oridensis n.sp.from

termites

Fig.5.Cladogram of Poikilolaimus clade.Black square =autapomorphies of each branch;R!=loss;?=character that needs to be con?rmed in other species.The apomorphic characters are coded on a molecular phylogenetic tree inferred from SSU sequences.The arrangement of genital papillae/phasmid is not included because it is too divergent to be placed on a reasonably parsimonious cladogram.*Hypothesised to be a generic apomorphy in Sudhaus and Koch (2004);**no molecular phylogenetic data available and ?tted to the tree based upon its morphology as summarised by Sudhaus and Koch (2004).

Snyder (1920)reported Oscheius dolichurus (Schneider,

1866);Massey (1971)described two rhabditid nema-

todes,Stomachorhabditis fastidiosus (Massey,1971)An-

drássy,1983and Rhabpanus ossiculum Massey,1971;

and Nguyen and Smart (1994)described a species of

entomopathogenic nematode,Neosteinernema longicur-

vicauda Nguyen &Smart,1994from Florida.Recently,

Oigolaimella kruegeri Fürst von Lieven,2003,O.attenu-

ata Fürst von Lieven &Sudhaus,2008and Poikilolaimus

ernstmayri Sudhaus &Koch,2004were described as as-

sociates of R.lucifugus in Corsica.Oigolaimella attenuata

was carried as oily dauer juveniles in pouches of the oral

cavity of workers and a soldier.In addition,Pristionchus sp.,Mesorhabditis spiculigera (Steiner,1936)Dougherty,1953and Rhabditiella axei (Cobbold,1884)Chitwood,1933were isolated as dauers from the heads and as free-living forms from the bodies of R.lucifugus in Corsica,whereas Halicephalobus sp.was only found as a free-living form in the bodies of R.lucifugus (Fürst von Lieven &Sudhaus,2008).Termites other than Reticulitermes have also been examined for nematode associates.Carta and Osbrink (2005)described R.rainai from Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki,an exotic subterranean rhinotermitid from V ol.11(2),2009213

N.Kanzaki et

al.

Fig.6.Molecular phylogenetic relationship among 34rhabditid nematodes.The 10001st Bayesian tree inferred from SSU under GTR +I +G model (ln L =20518.5508;freqA =0.2426;freqC =0.2095;freqG =0.2588;freqT =0.2891;R(a)=1.0312;R(b)=

2.4362;R(c)=1.5762;R(d)=0.7634;R(e)=

3.7512;R(f)=1;Pinva =0.2559;Shape =0.7104).Posterior probability values exceeding 50%are given on appropriate clades.Panagrellus redivivus served as outgroup species.Accession numbers of sequences are listed after the species name in the phylogenetic tree.

Louisiana,whilst Poinar et al .(2006)described Chro-

niodiplogaster formosiana Poinar,Meikle &Mercadier,

2006from the dead body of Odontotermes formosanus

(Shiraki),a fungus cultivator from China.In other papers,

where the nematode species were not identi?ed,“Rhab-

ditis sp.”has been reported from seven phylogenetically

diverse termite hosts,viz .Neotermes connexus (Snyder),

Capritermes sp.,Coptotermes sp.,Microtermes sp.,Mi-

crocerotermes sp.,Rhinotermes sp.and Termes sp.by

Pemberton (1928)from Hawaii and Indonesia,and Wang

et al.(2002)who reported “Rhabditis sp.”from R.?avipes

and R.virginicus (Banks)from Louisiana.

In the present study,we examined termites from dif-

ferent ecological guilds,i.e.,arboreal (Nasutitermes Dud-

ley),subterranean (Coptotermes Wasmann,Prorhinoter-

mes Silvestri,Reticulitermes ),dampwood (Neotermes

Holmgren,Zootermopsis Emerson)and drywood (Cryp-

totermes Banks,Incisitermes Krishna)species,from nat-ural ?eld sites and laboratory populations.We success-fully isolated nematodes from termites from each of these ecological groupings excepting the recently introduced in-vasive Nasutitermes corniger (Tables 1,2).All six species collected from natural ?eld sites were associated with at least one species of nematode (Table 1),although we could not establish cultures of,or acquire sequences for,the nematodes from C.cavifrons (unidenti?ed rhabditid),P .simplex (unidenti?ed rhabditid)and R.?avipes (uniden-ti?ed rhabditid and diplogastrid).This will require addi-tional sampling,culturing and sequencing attempts.It is interesting that P .?oridensis n.sp.and an uniden-ti?ed rhabditid nematode were isolated from drywood and dampwood termites,groups that prefer relatively dry (=unfavourable to nematodes)conditions.Except for the report by Pemberton (1928)of a “Rhabditis sp.”from 214Nematology

Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.from termites

N.connexus,no other nematode has been isolated from dampwood or drywood termites.Thus,this is the?rst ne-matode identi?ed to species that has been isolated in na-ture from a kalotermitid termite.

Poikilolaimus?oridensis n.sp.was isolated from the worker foreguts of N.castaneus,N.jouteli and I.snyderi, as the phoretic or parasitic(dauer)juvenile stage.How-ever,we could not isolate the nematodes from the termite galleries in the home wood of infected colonies using the Baermann funnel technique(data not shown).The popu-lation density of the nematode may be very low in the ter-mite galleries which could explain the low number of ne-matodes per termite and low association ratio.However, this begs the question of how,where,and when this ne-matode completes its life cycle.

The nematode was isolated from workers of the?eld colonies and workers and a soldier of laboratory colonies, but not from alates(Tables1,2).However,we have subsequently isolated the dauer juveniles of P.?oridensis n.sp.from the alates of I.schwarzi(Banks),https://www.sodocs.net/doc/148216886.html,leri (Emerson)and Cryptotermes cavifrons(Kanzaki et al., pers.observ.).The workers and soldiers of Neotermes, Incisitermes and Cryptotermes usually remain inside their gallery system(Light,1934)which might allow for horizontal transmission but not vertical transmission of the nematodes to the next generation of termites.These termites only leave their home wood as alates.Thus,we hypothesise that the nematodes use workers and soldiers as their hosts and shelter from desiccation,and possibly for horizontal transmission within the gallery system,and alates as their main means of vertical transmission from the parent colony to a new site. Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank Dr Karin Kiontke at New York University for helpful suggestions and discussions concerning the phylogeny of termite-associated nema-todes in the early stages of this project and review of the manuscript.This study was supported in part by National Science Foundation(NSF)Biotic Surveys and Inventories projects(DEB-0450537and DEB-0640807). References

A NDRáSSY,I.(1983).A taxonomic review of the subor-

der Rhabditina(Nematoda:Secernentea).Paris,France, ORSTOM,241pp.B ANKS,N.&S NYDER,T.E.(1920).A revision of the Nearctic

termites with notes on biology and geographic distribution.

US National Museum Bulletin108,1-228.

B IGNELL,D.E.&E GGLETON,P.(2000).Termites in ecosys-

tems.In:Abe,T.,Higashi,M.&Bignell,D.E.(Eds).Ter-mites:evolution,sociality,symbioses,ecology.Dordrecht, The Netherlands,Kluwer Academic Press,pp.363-388.

C ARTA,L.K.&O SBRINK,W.(2005).Rhabditis rainai n.sp.

(Nematoda:Rhabditida)associated with the Formosan subter-ranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus(Isoptera:Rhinoter-mitidae).Nematology7,863-879.

C HITWOOD,B.G.(1933).Notes on nematode systematics and

nomenclature.Journal of Parasitology19,242-243.

C OBBOLD,T.S.(1884).New parasite from the horse and ass.

Veterinarian57,4-7.

C OLLINS,N.M.(1989).Termites.In:Lieth,H.&Werger,

M.J.A.(Eds).Ecosystems of the world.Vol.14B.Tropical rain forest ecosystems:biogeographical and ecological stud-ies.Amsterdam,The Netherlands,Elsevier,pp.455-471.

D E C ONINCK,L.(1935).Les nématodes libres des marais

de la Nyamuamba(Ruwenzori)et des sources chaudes du Mont Banzé(Lac Kivu).Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines26,211-232,249-326.

D OUGHERTY,E.C.(1953).The genera of subfamily Rhabditi-

nae Micoletzky,1922(Nematoda).Thapar Commemoration Volume,pp.69-76.

E DWARDS,R.&M ILL,A.E.(1986).Termites in buildings,

their biology and control.East Grinstead,UK,Rentokil, 261pp.

F UCHS,A.G.(1930).Neue an Borken-und Rüsselk?fer gebun-

dene Nematoden,halbparasitische und Wohnungseimieter.

Zoologische Jahrbücher,Abteilung für Systematik,?kologie und Geographie der Tiere59,505-646.

FüRST VON L IEVEN,A.(2003).The genus Oigolaimella Para-monov,1952(Nematoda:Diplogastridae)and description of O.kruegeri n.sp.and O.ninae n.sp.Nematology5,583-600. FüRST VON L IEVEN,A.&S UDHAUS,W.(2008).Description of Oigolaimella attenuata n.sp.(Diplogastridae)associated with termites(Reticulitermes)and remarks on life cycle,giant spermatozoa,gut-inhabiting?agellates and other associates.

Nematology10,501-523.

G IBLIN-D AVIS,R.M.,K ANZAKI,N.,Y E,W.,S CHEFFRAHN,

R.H.&P OWERS,T.(2007).Focal sampling of termites to test the latitudinal gradient hypothesis for entomophilic nematode diversity.Journal of Nematology39,96.[Abstr.] H OOPER,D.J.(1986).Handling,?xing,staining and mounting

nematodes.In:Southey,J.F.(Ed.).Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes.London,UK,Her Majesty’s Stationery Of?ce,pp.59-80.

H UELSENBECK,J.P.&R ONQUIST,F.(2001).MR BAYES:

Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees.Bioinformatics17, 1754-1755.

K ANZAKI,N.,A BE, F.,G IBLIN-D AVIS,R.M.,K IONTKE, K.,F ITCH,D.H.A.,H ATA,K.&S ONé,K.(2008).Tera-

V ol.11(2),2009215

N.Kanzaki et al.

torhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus,1985(Rhabditida:Rhabdi-tidae)is an associate of the red palm weevil,Rhynchopho-rus ferrugineus(Coleoptera:Curculionidae).Nematology10, 207-218.

K HERA,S.(1969).Nematodes from banks of still and running waters.VI.Rhabditida from sewer.Journal of Helminthology 43,347-363.

K IONTKE,K.&F ITCH, D.H.A.(2005).The phyloge-netic relationships of Caenorhabditis and other rhabdi-tids.In:The C.elegans research community(Ed.).Worm-Book,doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.7.1.Available online at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/148216886.html,

K IONTKE,K.&S UDHAUS,W.(2000).Phasmids in male Rhabditida and other secernentean nematodes.Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics3,1-37.

K IONTKE,K.,B ARRIèRE,A.,K OLOTUEV,I.,P ODBILEWICZ,

B.,S OMMER,R.,F ITCH,D.H.A.&FéLIX,M.-A.(2007).

Trends,stasis,and drift in the evolution of nematode vulva development.Current Biology17,1925-1937.

L ARGET,B.&S IMON,D.L.(1999).Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for the Bayesian analysis of phylogenetic trees.Molecular Biology and Evolution16,750-759.

L EIDY,J.(1877).On intestinal parasites of Termes?avipes.Pro-ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 29,146-149.

L ESPéS,C.(1856).Sur un némato?de parasite des termites.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles5,565-704.

L IGHT,S.F.(1934).Habitat and habit types of termites and their economic signi?cance.In:Kofoid,C.A.(Ed.).Termites and termite control.Berkeley,CA,USA,University of California Press,pp.136-149.

DE M AN,J.G.(1895).Description of three species of Anguil-luidae,observed in diseased pseudo-bulbs of tropical orchids.

Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological So-ciety9,76-94.

M ASSEY,C.L.(1971).Two new genera of nematodes parasitic in the eastern subterranean termites Reticulitermes?avipes.

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology17,238-242.

M ERRILL,J.H.&F ORD,A.L.(1916).Life history and habits of two new nematodes parasitic on insects.Journal of Agricultural Research6,115-127.N GUYEN,K.B.&S MART,G.C.(1994).Neosteinernema lon-gicurvicauda n.gen.,n.sp.(Rhabditida:Steinernematidae),

a parasite of the termite Reticulitermes?avipes(Koller).

Journal of Nematology26,162-174.

P EMBERTON,C.E.(1928).Nematode associated with termites in Hawaii,Borneo and Celebes.Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society7,148-150.

P OINAR J R,G.O.,M EIKLE,W.&M ERCADIER,G.(2006).

Chroniodiplogaster formosiana sp.n.(Rhabditida:Diplo-gasteridae)from Chinese population of Odontotermes for-mosanus Shiraki(Isoptera:Termitidae).Journal of Nemato-logy38,181-186.

P OSADA, D.&C RANDALL,K.A.(1998).MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution.Bioinformatics14, 817-818.

S CHNEIDER, A.F.(1866).Monographie der Nematoden.

Berlin,Germany,Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer,357 pp.

S TEINER,G.(1936).Opuscula miscellanea nematologica,III.

Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 3,16-22.

S UDHAUS,W.(1980).Systematisch-phylogenetische und biologisch-?kologische Untersuchungen an Rhabditis-(Poikilolaimus-)Arten als Beitrag zu Rassenbildung und Parallelevolution bei Nematoden.Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik,?kologie und Geographie der Tiere 107,287-343.

S UDHAUS,W.&K OCH,C.(2004).The new nematode species Poikilolaimus ernstmyri sp.n.associated with termites,a discussion on the phylogeny of Poikilolaimus(Rhabditida).

Russian Journal of Nematology12,143-156.

W ANG, C.,P OWELL,J.E.&O’C ONNER, B.M.(2002).

Mites and nematodes associated with three termite species (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae).Florida Entomologist85,499-506.

Y E,W.,G IBLIN-D AVIS,R.M.,B RAASCH,H.,M ORRIS,K.

&T HOMAS,W.K.(2007).Phylogenetic relationships among Bursaphelenchus species(Nematoda:Parasitaphelenchidae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequence data.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution43, 1185-1197.

216Nematology

列车时刻表计算

第一题 某同学买了一张列车时刻表．他注意到在北京和上海间往返的D31和D32次动车的运行时刻表如下： 他了解了D31次列车由北京开往上海，D32次列车由上海开往北京．这两次列车每天各发一趟．自北京到上海铁路长1463km．根据列车时刻表回答下列问题： （1）你从列车时刻表所列各项内容可以获得哪些信息（写出两条） （2）计算说明D31、D32次列车运行时间差为多少？ （3）计算D39次列车由北京开往上海的平均速度是多少km/h？ 第二题 在火车站，通常可见到列车运行时刻表，其中T114次列车时刻表可知，列车从上海至蚌埠 第三题 下表是T721次空调特快列车的运行时刻表。求：列车全程的运行时间和全程的平均速度分别是多少？在哪两个城市间行驶最快？当天16：00列车的瞬时速度多大？ 第四题 根据如表所示的列车时刻表，计算该次列车从北京南站到上海虹桥站运行的平均速度，以及从曲阜东站到常州北站运行的平均速度． 某次列车的时刻表

火车由南京驶往上海，（1）实际运动的时间是多少？全程的平均速度是多少？（2）火车运行所花时间最多的路段是哪一段？此路段火车的平行速度最小吗？（3）火车运行路程最长的路程是哪一段？此路段火车的平行速度最大吗？ 第六题 第七题 下表是某次列车的运行时刻表，列车准点运行时，由曲靖到安顺这段路程的平均速度为

第八题 根据右边列车时刻表计算出火车-直达特快Z51从北京到南通所需要的时间，如果从北京到南通火车行驶的距离是1325km，请计算出这列火车行驶的平均速度是多少km/h（结果保留整数） 第九题 根据图中的列车时刻表，计算D5次列车从葫芦岛北到沈阳的平均速度．（时间和路程的单位分别用h和km） 第十题 下表是从北京到杭州和从杭州到北京的T31、T32列车时刻表，请你根据表中信息求解下列问题：

陕西高考数学文科试卷及答案

文科数学（必修+选修Ⅱ） 一、选择题：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的（本大题共10小题，每小题5分，共50分）. 1.集合A={x －1≤x≤2}，B ＝｛x x ＜1｝,则A∩B= [D] (A){x x ＜1} （B ）{x －1≤x≤2} (C) {x －1≤x≤1} (D) {x －1≤x＜1} 2.复数z= 1i i 在复平面上对应的点位于 [A] (A)第一象限 （B ）第二象限 （C ）第三象限 （D ）第四象限 3.函数f (x)=2sinxcosx 是 [C] (A)最小正周期为2π的奇函数 （B ）最小正周期为2π的偶函数 (C)最小正周期为π的奇函数 （D ）最小正周期为π的偶函数 4.如图，样本A 和B 分别取自两个不同的总体，它们的样本平均数分别为A B x x 和,样本标准差分别为s A 和s B ,则 [B] (A) A x ＞B x ，s A ＞s B (B) A x ＜B x ，s A ＞s B (C) A x ＞B x ，s A ＜s B (D) A x ＜B x ，s A ＜s B 5.右图是求x 1,x 2，…，x 10的乘积S 的程序框图，图中空白框中应填入的内容为 [D] (A)S=S*(n+1)

（B ）S=S*x n+1 (C)S=S*n (D)S=S*x n 6.“a ＞0”是“a ＞0”的 [A] (A)充分不必要条件 （B ）必要不充分条件 （C ）充要条件 （B ）既不充分也不必要条件 7.下列四类函数中，个有性质“对任意的x>0，y>0，函数f(x)满足f （x ＋y ）＝f （x ） f （y ）”的是 [C] （A ）幂函数 （B ）对数函数 （C ）指数函数 （D ）余弦函数 8.若某空间几何体的三视图如图所示，则该几何体的体积是 [B] （A ）2 （B ）1 （C ）23 （D ）13 9.已知抛物线y 2 ＝2px （p>0）的准线与圆（x －3）2＋y 2＝16相切，则p 的值为 [C] （A ）1 2 （B ）1 （C ）2 （D ）4 10.某学校要招开学生代表大会，规定各班每10人推选一名代表，当各班人数除以10的余数大于．．6．时再增选一名代表.那么，各班可推选代表人数y 与该班人数x 之间的函数关系用取整函数y ＝[x]（[x]表示不大于x 的最大整数）可以表示为 [B] （A ）y ＝[10x ] （B ）y ＝[310x +] （C ）y ＝[4 10 x +] （D ）y ＝ [510 x +] 二、填空题：把答案填在答题卡相应题号后的横线上（本大题共5小题，每小题5分，共25分）. 11.观察下列等式：13＋23＝（1＋2）2，13＋23＋33＝（1＋2＋3）2，13＋23＋33＋43＝ （1＋2＋3＋4）2，…，根据上述规律，第四个等式．．．．．为13＋23＋33＋43＋53 ＝（1＋2＋3＋4＋5）2（或152）. 12.已知向量a ＝（2，－1），b ＝（－1，m ），c ＝（－1，2）若（a ＋b ）∥c ，则 m ＝ －1 .

下元八运二十四山九宫飞星图1

下元八运二十四山九宫飞星图1 收藏人:爱周中学20140203 | 阅:1 转:500 | 分享 微信朋友圈 腾讯空间 新浪微博 腾讯微博 人人网 开心网 搜狐微博 推荐给朋友 举报 | 来源 下元八运二十四山九宫飞星图 八运壬山丙向 八运子山午 向八运癸山丁向

八运丑山未向 八运艮山坤 向八运寅山申向 八运甲山庚向八运卯山酉向八运乙山辛向

八运辰山戌向八运巽山乾向八运已山亥向 八运丙山壬向八运午山子向八运丁山癸向 八运未山丑向八运坤山艮向八运申山寅向

八运庚山甲向八运酉山卯向八运辛山乙向 八运戌山辰山八运乾山巽向八运亥山已向

旺山旺向( 旺財旺丁) 坐未向丑, 坐丑向未, 坐亥向巳, 坐巳向亥, 坐巽向乾, 坐乾向巽。 上山下水( 捐財傷丁) 坐戌向辰, 坐辰向戌, 坐申向寅, 坐寅向申, 坐坤向艮, 坐艮向坤。 雙星到山( 旺丁不旺財) 坐壬向丙, 坐甲向庚, 坐丁向癸, 坐酉向卯, 坐午向子, 坐辛向乙。 雙星到向( 旺財不旺丁) 坐丙向壬,坐庚向甲,坐癸向丁,坐乙向辛,坐卯向酉,坐子向午。 玄空飞星断略 盘局确定之后,就要对盘局得凶吉,作出合乎易理得判断。这种判断包括三方面得关系与内容。其一、时运判断与五行判断得关系。其二、环境判断与盘理判断得关系;其三、山向两飞星得关系。 玄空之法,着重于时运得判断,而把五行生克得判断放在次要得地位。时运得判断,分得时与失时两个方面。若某星当运。其生我为吉,克我亦吉,被旺星所生,自然吉利,但被

旺星所克,证明属我之气为衰气,旺气克衰气,当然就是吉。比如七运立卯山酉向,向方两飞星为三七,三为山星,七为向星,两者得关系就是七赤金克三碧木。七为旺气,三为衰死之气,旺气克衰气,自然为吉。相反,生我之星为衰星,我必当凶;克我之星为衰星,我必更凶,所以,宅命得凶吉旺衰,就是以入中之星到山到向得情况为转移。若得旺山旺向。全宅皆旺;若得上山下水,全宅皆衰。以得时、失时为圭臬得判断方法,就是玄空风水学得一大特色,而五行生克得判断,就是在得时、失时得前提下运用得。 玄空之法,就是把山水环境与盘理相结合进行判断得。山水环境实在,就是判断得基础;而盘理得判断,则就是根据易理得逻辑证明。山水环境优美,盘理证明就是旺山旺向,则就是建房立葬之理想地方。山水环境残缺,即使盘理证明就是旺山旺向,也不就是好地方。山水环境优美,盘理证明就是上山下水,或反吟伏吟,或出卦骑线,或遇时年凶煞等,就要依山水环境调整卦象,或正向、或兼向、或取城门、或坐满朝空、或坐空朝满、或特时而用,甚至弃而不用。所谓收山脱煞,所城门二宫,全以环境得状态而决定取舍。在行为上,可以依环境而定盘卦,就地取材,就近取址,然后据盘理而调整。现代城市。寸地千金,不由得您任意挑选,只好将就使用,按盘理进行合理调整。亦可以依盘理而找寻合乎要求得环境,踏破千山万水,去觅理想之地。这在地大人稀得地方就是可以办到

(完整word)路程速度时间应用题(三年级)

路程速度时间应用题 解决路程、速度、时间这类问题，我们必须要理清这三者之间的数量关系： 路程=速度×时间；时间＝路程÷速度；速度＝路程÷时间。 例1. 一辆大巴车从张村出发，如果每小时行驶60千米，4小时就可以到达李庄。结果只用了3个小时就到达了。这辆汽车实际平均每小时行驶多少千 米？ 试一试： 一列火车，提速前平均每小时行驶71千米，从秦皇岛到邯郸用12小时，提速后平均每小时行驶95千米，提速后从秦皇岛开往邯郸大约需要几小时？ 例2. 石家庄到承德的公路长是546千米。红红一家从石家庄开车到承德游览避暑山庄，如果平均每小时行驶78千米，上午8时出发，那么几时可以到 达？ 试一试： 一辆从北京到青岛的长途客车，中途经过天津和济南。北京到天津137km；天津到济南360km；济南到青岛393km。早晨6：30从北京发车，平均每小时行驶85千米，大约何时可以到达青岛？

例3.从小明家到济南共360千米，爸爸开车上午10时从家出发，平均每小时行驶110千米，他下午1时能到达济南吗？ 试一试： 小楠家到学校的路程长302米，他下午1时56分从家出发，2时1分到达学校。小楠平均每分钟大约走多少米？ 课外作业 1.从甲地到乙地936千米，一辆车3小时走216千米，照这样的速度， 从甲地出发经过几小时后可以到达乙地？ 2.汽车以72千米/时的速度从甲地到乙地，到达后立即以48千米/时的 速度返回甲地，求该车的平均速度 3. 一辆大巴车从深圳出发开往广西，原计划每小时行驶60千米，8小时 就可以到达目的地。结果只用了6个小时就到达了。这辆汽车实际平 均每小时行驶多少千米？

2013陕西高考数学文科试题

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 数学（文史类） 第一部分(共50分) 一、选择题：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求（本大题共10小题，每小题5分，共50分） 1. 设全集为R , 函数()1f x x =-的定义域为M , 则C M R 为 (A) (－∞,1) (B) (1, + ∞) (C) (,1]-∞ (D) [1,)+∞ 2. 已知向量 (1,),(,2)a m b m ==, 若a //b , 则实数m 等于 (A) 2- (B) 2 (C) 2-或2 (D) 0 3. 设a , b , c 均为不等于1的正实数, 则下列等式中恒成立的是 (A) · log log log a c c b a b = (B) · log lo log g a a a b a b = (C) ()log g o lo g a a a b c bc = (D) ()log g og o l l a a a b b c c +=+ 4. 根据下列算法语句, 当输入x 为60时, 输出y 的值为 (A) 25 (B) 30 (C) 31 (D) 61 5. 对一批产品的长度(单位: mm )进行抽样检测, 下图喂检测结果的频率分布直方图. 根据标准, 产品长度在区间[20,25)上的为一等品, 在区间[15,20)和区间[25,30)上的为二等品, 在区间[10,15)和[30,35)上的为三等品. 用频率估计概率, 现从该批产品中随机抽取一件, 则其为二等品的概率为 (A) 0.09 (B) 0.20 (C) 0.25 (D) 0.45 6. 设z 是复数, 则下列命题中的假命题是 (A) 若20z ≥, 则z 是实数 (B) 若20z <, 则z 是虚数 (C) 若z 是虚数, 则20z ≥ (D) 若z 是纯虚数, 则20z < 7. 若点(x ,y )位于曲线y = |x |与y = 2所围成的封闭区域, 则2x －y 的最小值为 (A) －6 (B) －2 (C) 0 (D) 2 8. 已知点M (a ,b )在圆221:O x y +=外, 则直线ax + by = 1与圆O 的位置关系是 输入x If x ≤50 Then y = 0.5 * x Else y = 25 + 0.6*(x -50) End If 输出y

2012年高考陕西文科数学试题及答案word版

2012年陕西省高考文科数学试题 一、选择题：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求（本大题共10小题，每小题5分，共50分） 1. 集合{|lg 0}M x x =>，2{|4}N x x =≤，则M N = （ C ） A 。 (1,2) B 。 [1,2) C 。 (1,2] D 。 [1,2] 2. 下列函数中，既是奇函数又是增函数的为（ D ） A 。 1y x =+ B 。 2 y x =- C 。 1 y x = D 。 ||y x x = 3.对某商店一个月内每天的顾客人数进行了统计，得到样本的茎叶图（如图所示），则改样本的中位数、众数、极差分别是 （ A ） A ．46，45，56 B ．46，45，53 C ．47，45，56 D ．45，47，53 4. 设,a b R ∈，i 是虚数单位，则“0ab =”是“复数b a i +为纯虚数”的（ B ） A 。充分不必要条件 B 。 必要不充分条件 C 。 充分必要条件 D 。 既不充分也不必要条件 5．下图是计算某年级500名学生期末考试（满分为100分）及格率q 的程序框图，则图中空白框内应填入（ D ） A. q=1cos (1)1b CAB f C ∠≤ N M B q= M N C q= N M N +

D.q= M M N + 6. 已知圆22:40C x y x +-=，l 过点(3,0)P 的直线，则（ ） A 。l 与C 相交 B 。 l 与 C 相切 C 。l 与C 相离 D. 以上三个选项均有可能 7．设向量a =（1.cos θ）与b =（-1， 2cos θ）垂直，则cos 2θ等于 （ C ） A 2 B 12 C .0 D.-1 8. 将正方形（如图1所示）截去两个三棱锥，得到图2所示的几何体，则该几何体的左视图为 （ B ） 9.设函数f （x ）=2 x +lnx 则 （ D ） A ．x= 12为f(x)的极大值点 B ．x=1 2 为f(x)的极小值点 C ．x=2为 f(x)的极大值点 D ．x=2为 f(x)的极小值点 10.小王从甲地到乙地的时速分别为a 和b （a

玄空九宫飞星计算法

年飞星计算法 年飞星是每年在立春后之后，更换年岁之天干地支时一齐更换的飞星。 起例诀：上元甲子起一白，中元四绿甲子游，下元七赤兑上发，九星顺走逆年头。 古历以一百八十年为一周，每一甲子六十年为一元，共谓之三元。 前六十年谓之上元，中六十年谓之中元，后六十年谓之下元。 三元分九运，每运为一飞星，管二十年吉凶，共一百八十年。周而复始，循环不息。 以下为最近三元的年飞星 上元：６０年大运：１８６４年甲子至１９２３年癸亥每２０年为一小运；一白运1864年至1883年二黑运1884年至1903年三碧运1904年至1923年 中元：６０年大运：１９２４年甲子至１９８３年癸亥每２０年为一小运；四绿运1924年至1943年五黄运1944年至1963年六白运1964年至1983年 下元：６０年大运：１９８４年甲子至２０４３年癸亥每２０年为一小运；七赤运1984年至2003年（一运）。八白运2004年至2023年（二运）。九紫运2024年至2043年（三运）。 男性所属出生年之年飞星速求法： 1999年前用10减(出生之年尾数两位相加，如多过10则再相加)＝所余之数即为所属之飞星。 例：男生于１９４９年１０─(４＋９)＝余６即６白金为所属之飞星。 ２０００年后用 ９－(出生年尾数两位相加，如多过１０则再相加)＝所余之数即为所属之飞星。 例：男生于２０１３年９－(１＋３)＝余５即５黄土为所属之飞星。 女性所属出生年之飞星速求法： １９９９年前用 (出生年尾数两位相加)－４＝所余之数即为所属之飞星。 例：女生于１９５４年５＋４－４＝５即５黄土为所属之飞星。 ２０００年后用 (出生年尾数两位相加)－３＝所余之数即为所属之飞星。 例：女生于２０１５年１＋５－３)＝３即３碧木为所属之飞星。

列车时刻表

榆林始发列车： 1、榆林（始发站）——延安——上海（到达站） 榆林（快速K8163次）8:00开车，11:47到达延安，延安（快速K559次）12:40开车，次日14:35到达上海。 途经站点：榆林——绥德——子长——延安——西安——渭南——灵宝——三门峡——洛阳——郑州——开封——商丘——徐州——蚌埠——南京——镇江——常州——无锡——苏州——昆山——上海 2、榆林（始发站）——西安（到达站） 榆林（快速K8157/6次）20:00开车，次日6:12到达西安。（原来是17:54开车，次日6:12到达西安） 途经站点：榆林——米脂——绥德——清涧——子长——延安北——延安——富县东——蒲城东——阎良——三原——咸阳——西安 3、榆林（始发站）——西安（到达站） 榆林（普客7005次）7:20开车，20:20到达西安。（原来8:00开车，21:25到达） 途经站点：榆林——闫庄则——鱼河——镇川——米脂——绥德——田庄镇——清涧——子长——蟠龙镇——延安北——延安——甘泉北——甘泉——道镇——富县——明义沟——督河村——洛川——弥家河——黄陵——刘家沟——生芝渠——贺家河——蔡河——张家船——狄家河——洞子崖——韩家河——坡底村——苏家坡——孙镇——杜赵——蒲城——集北——钟家村——张桥——新丰镇V场——临潼——西安 榆林火车站过往列车： 1、包头（始发站）——榆林——北京西（到达站） 包头（直快K1117/6次）17:10开车，21:45到达榆林，21:49榆林开车，次日11:58到达北京西。 途经站点：包头——榆林——绥德——吕梁——汾阳——清徐——太原——阳泉北——石家庄北——晋州——辛集——衡水——肃宁——任丘——霸州——黄村——北京西 2、包头（始发站）——榆林——邯郸（到达站） 包头（快速K219/8/9次）19:24开车，23:57到达榆林，0:10榆林开车，次日11:09到达邯郸。 途经站点：包头——榆林——绥德——吕梁——文水——太原——阳泉北——石家庄——邢台——邯郸 3、呼和浩特（始发站）——榆林——西安（到达站） 呼和浩特（快速K1673次）21:35开车，次日5:05到达榆林，5:09榆林开车，13:50到达西安。 途经站点：呼和浩特——察素齐——包头东——包头——榆林——米脂——绥德——延安——蒲城东——西安 4、包头（始发站）——榆林——西安（到达站） 包头（快速K1675次）14:45开车，19:41到达榆林站，19:47榆林开车，次日6:02到达西安。 途经站点：包头——榆林——米脂——绥德——清涧——子长——延安北——延安——甘泉北——富县东——蒲城东——张桥——西安 5、包头——榆林——太原 包头（直快2863/2次）21:47开车，次日2:23到达榆林站，2:25榆林开车，8:15到达太原

2013年陕西高考数学试题及答案(文科)

2013年陕西高考数学试题及答案(文科) 一、选择题 1． 设全集为R ，函数f(x)＝1－x 的定义域为M ，则?M 为( ) A ．(－∞，1) B ．(1，＋∞) C ．(－∞，1] D ．[1，＋∞) 1．B [解析] M ＝{x|1－x ≥0}＝{x|x ≤1}，故?M ＝ (1，＋∞)． 2． 已知向量a ＝(1，m)，b ＝(m ，2)，若a ∥b ，则实数m 等于( ) A ．－ 2 B. 2 C ．－2或 2 D ．0 2．C [解析] 因为a ∥b ，且a ＝(1，m)，b ＝(m ，2)，可得1m ＝m 2，解得m ＝2或－ 2. 3． 设a ，b ，c 均为不等于1的正实数，则下列等式中恒成立的是( ) A ．log a b ·log c b ＝log c a B ．log a b ·log c a ＝log c b C ．log a (bc)＝log a b ·log a c D ．log a (b ＋c)＝log a b ＋log a c 3．B [解析] 利用对数的运算性质可知C ，D 是错误的．再利用对数运算性质log a b ·log c b ≠log c a.又因为log a b ·log c a ＝lg b lg a ×lg a lg c ＝lg b lg c ＝log c b ，故选B. 4． 根据下列算法语句，当输入x 为60时，输出y 的值为( ) 输入x ； If x ≤50 Then y ＝0.5*x Else y ＝25＋0.6*(x －50) End If 输出y. A ．25 B ．30 C ．31 D ．61 4．C [解析] 算法语言给出的是分段函数y ＝? ????0.5x ，x ≤50， 25＋0.6（x －50），x>50，输入x ＝60 时，y ＝25＋0.6(60－50)＝31. 5．， 对一批产品的长度(单位：毫米)进行抽样检测，图1－1为检测结果的频率分布直方图．根据标准，产品长度在区间[20，25)上为一等品，在区间[15，20)和[25，30)上为二等品，在区间[10，15)和[30，35]上为三等品．用频率估计概率，现从该批产品中随机抽取1件，则其为二等品的概率是( ) 图1－1 A ．0.09 B ．0.20 C ．0.25 D ．0.45 5．D [解析] 利用统计图表可知在区间[25，30)上的频率为：1－(0.02＋0.04＋0.06＋0.03)×5＝0.25，在区间[15，20)上的频率为：0.04×5＝0.2，故所抽产品为二等品的概率为

2014年陕西省高考文科数学试卷及答案

2014年陕西高考文科数学试题（文） 一．选择题：本大题共10小题，每小题5分，共50分.在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的. 1.已知集合 则M N =（ ） .[0,1]A .[0,1)B .(0,1]C .(0,1)D 2.函数()cos(2)6 f x x π =- 的最小正周期是（ ） . 2 A π .B π .2C π .4D π 3.已知复数 Z = 2 - 1，则Z .z 的值为（ ） A.5 B.5 C.3 D.3 4.根据右边框图，对大于2的整数N ，得出数列的通项公式是（ ） .2n Aa n = .2(1)n B a n =- .2n n C a = 1.2n n D a -= 5.将边长为1的正方形以其一边所在的直线为旋转轴旋转一周，所得集合体的侧面积是（ ） A.4π B.8π C.2π D.π 6.从正方形四个顶点及其中心这5个点中，任取2个点，则这2个点的距离不小于该正方形边长的概率为 1.5A 2.5B 3.5C 4 .5 D 7.下列函数中，满足“()()()f x y f x f y +=”的单调递增函数是（ ） （A ）()12 f x x = （B ）()3f x x = （C ）()12x f x ?? = ??? （D ）()3x f x = 8.原命题为“若12,z z 互为共轭复数，则12z z =”，关于逆命题，否命题，逆否命题真假性的判断依次如下， 正确的是（ ） （A ）真，假，真 （B ）假，假，真 （C ）真，真，假 （D ）假，假，假9.某公司10位员工的月工资（单位:元）为x 1，x 2，''',x 10 ，其均值和方差分别为x 和s 2，若从下月起每位员工的月工资增加100元，则这个10位员工下月工资的均值和方差分别为（ ） （A ）x ，s 2+1002 （B ）x +100, s 2+1002 （C ） x ,s 2 （D ）x +100, s 2 10.如图，修建一条公路需要一段环湖弯曲路段与两条直道为某三次函数图像的一部分，则该函数的解析式为（ ） （A ）x x x y --=232121 （B ）x x x y 321 2123-+= （C ）x x y -= 341 （D ）x x x y 22 1 4123-+= 二、填空题：把答案填写在答题卡相应题号后的横线上（本大题共5小题，每小题5分，共25分）. 11.抛物线y2=4x 的准线方程为___________. 12.已知,lg ,24a x a ==则x =________. 13. 设2 0π θ< <，向量()()1cos cos 2sin ，，，θθθb a =，若b a //，则=θtan _______. 14.已知f （x ）= x x +1，x ≥0, f 1(x)=f(x),f n+1(x)=f(f n (x)),n ∈N +, 则f 2014(x)的表达式为 __________.

九宫飞星图如何排列

九宫飞星图如何排列？ 九宫飞星图的排法: (注意: 以下是09年飞星局为例) 要查表的方法： 月飞星起例诀： 子午卯酉八白求，辰戌丑未五宫游，四孟之年从二黑，逆寻月份顺宫流。 子午卯酉年正月起八白，辰戌丑未年正月起五黄，寅申巳亥年正月起二黑。 正月入中逆推月份顺飞九宫，流年及流月都是逆推顺数。 日飞星计算法 日飞星诗： 日家紫白不难求，二十四气六宫周，冬至阳生前后节，顺行甲子一宫移， 雨水便从七宫起，谷雨还从四绿推，阴生夏至九宫逆，处暑前后三碧是， 霜降六宫起甲子，顺逆分明十二支，有是何星当值日，移入中宫顺逆飞。 日飞星是由冬至前后最近的甲子日起一白顺行，如甲子日起一白，乙丑日起二黑，丙寅日起三碧等，到雨水的前后甲子则应该是七赤，到谷雨的前后甲子应该是四绿。由于夏至一阴生，所以由夏至前后最近的甲子日起九紫逆行，如甲子日起九紫，乙丑日起八白，丙寅日起七赤等，到处暑的前后甲子则应该是三碧，到霜降的前后甲子则应该是六白。 时飞星计算法 时飞星诗： 三元时白最为佳，冬至阳生顺莫差，孟日七宫仲一白，季日四绿发萌芽， 每把时辰起甲子，本时星耀照光华，时星移入中宫去，顺飞八方逐细查，

夏至阴生逆回首，孟归三碧季加六，仲在九宫时起甲，依然掌中逆轮跨 ★★九宫飞星图，也称宅命图，由三个星盘组成：运盘、山盘和向盘。 排"山盘飞星" 以运盘坐方飞星排人中宫(左上方)， 以坐方飞星三元龙阴阳定顺逆轨迹，逢阳顺飞，逢阴逆飞。 关键的问题，就是把运星、山星、向星三者组合为整体，也就是排飞星盘重要的步骤。 洛书的九个数与九星相配，代表北斗七星与左辅右弼轮流值班及气场的运动规律。 请注意此处用的是后天八卦规律。九宫按洛书排布，飞星轨迹由中宫作起点，然后按照洛书数序飞移。 阳顺飞：数字由小到大排列。阴逆飞：数字由大到小排列。 顺逆飞排列顺序，按洛书由中一乾一兑一良一离一坎一坤一震一中排列。 2007年开运风水方位(红色有利) 九紫星到正东：吉庆星，家有喜庆子女学业进步 一白星到东南：桃花星，一四同宫利文学发科名 六白星到正南：小财星，利财运适地产金属武职 八白星到西南：正财星，主财运旺盛利地产金融 四绿星到正西：文昌星，利文科学业防金属所伤 三碧星到西北：是非星，防口舌官非肠胃及脚病 七赤星到正北：偏财星，利迁移远行增人缘感情 五黄星到东北：灾害星，防疾病滞运及金属所伤

九宫飞星计算法5962667

九宫飞星计算法 九星图 一白水四绿木七赤金 二黑土五黄土八白土 三碧木六白金九紫火 年飞星计算法 年飞星是每年在立春后之后，更换年岁之天干地支时一齐更换的飞星。 起例诀： 上元甲子起一白，中元四绿甲子游，下元七赤兑上发，九星顺走逆年头。 古历以一百八十年为一周，每一甲子六十年为一元，共谓之三元。前六十年谓之上元，中六十年谓之中元，后六十年谓之下元。 三元分九运，每运为一飞星，管二十年吉凶，共一百八十年。周而复始，循环不息。

三元九运 上元甲子：一运 1864(甲子) ─ 1883(癸未)二运 1884(甲申) ─ 1903(癸卯)三运 1904(甲辰) ─ 1923(癸亥) 中元甲子：四运 1924(甲子) ─ 1943(癸未)五运 1944(甲申) ─ 1963(癸卯)六运 1964(甲辰) ─ 1983(癸亥) 下元甲子：七运 1984(甲子) ─ 2003(癸未)八运 2004(甲申) ─ 2023(癸卯)九运 2024(甲辰) ─ 2043(癸亥) 以下为最近三元的年飞星 上元：６０年大运：１８６４年甲子至１９２３年癸亥每２０年为一小运 一白运1864年至1883年二黑运1884年至1903年三碧运1904年至1923年 中元：６０年大运：１９２４年甲子至１９８３年癸亥每２０年为一小运 四绿运1924年至1943年五黄运1944年至1963年六白

运1964年至1983年 下元：６０年大运：１９８４年甲子至２０４３年癸亥每２０年为一小运 七赤运1984年至2003年八白运2004年至2023年九紫运2024年至2043年 男性所属出生年之年飞星速求法： １９９９年前用 １０减(出生之年尾数两位相加，如多过１０则再相加)＝所余之数即为所属之飞星。 例：男生于１９４９年１０─(４＋９)＝余６即６白金为所属之飞星。 ２０００年后用 ９－(出生年尾数两位相加，如多过１０则再相加)＝所余之数即为所属之飞星。 例：男生于２０１３年９－(１＋３)＝余５即５黄土为所属之飞星。

邯郸到保定火车时刻表

邯郸到保定火车时刻表-邯郸到保定火车票价查询 序号车次 始发站- 终点站 出发 站 出发时 间 到达 站 到达时 间 运行时 长 里 程 硬 座 软 座 硬卧 下 软卧 下 1 K590重庆-北 京西 邯郸00:15 保定03:26 03时 11分 296 44 - 107 162 2 1364成都-北 京西 邯郸00:36 保定04:08 03时 32分 296 39 - 101 154 3 K118攀枝花- 北京西 邯郸00:47 保定03:56 03时 09分 296 44 - 107 162 4 2165/2164长治北- 北京西 邯郸00:53 保定04:48 03时 55分 296 39 - 101 154 5 K270洛阳-北 京西 邯郸01:01 保定04:16 03时 15分 296 44 - 107 162 6 K402周口-北 京西 邯郸01:09 保定04:25 03时 16分 296 44 - 107 162 7 K158湛江-北 京西 邯郸01:17 保定04:31 03时 14分 296 44 - 107 162 8 1482/1483南昌-包 头 邯郸02:03 保定06:35 04时 32分 296 39 - 101 154 9 K750信阳-北 京西 邯郸02:14 保定06:59 04时 45分 296 44 - 107 162 10 K186衡阳-北 京西 邯郸04:13 保定07:55 03时 42分 296 44 - 107 162 11 K472/K473昆明-北 京西 邯郸04:21 保定09:06 04时 45分 296 44 - 107 162 12 T232西安-北 京西 邯郸04:41 保定07:42 03时 01分 296 44 - 107 162 13 T233/T232延安-北 京西 邯郸04:41 保定07:42 03时 01分 296 44 - 107 162 14 K184南阳-北 京西 邯郸05:01 保定09:12 04时 11分 296 44 - 107 162 15 K268怀化-北 京西 邯郸05:13 保定08:47 03时 34分 296 44 - 107 162 16 T56宝鸡-北 京西 邯郸05:32 保定08:31 02时 59分 296 44 - 107 162 17 T147/T146南昌-北 京西 邯郸05:59 保定08:45 02时 46分 296 44 - 107 162

2009年陕西省高考文科数学试卷及答案

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 文科数学（必修+选修Ⅰ）(陕西卷) 第Ⅰ卷 一、选择题：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的（本大题共12小题，每小题5分，共60分） 1．设不等式2 0x x -≤的解集为M ，函数()ln(1||)f x x =-的定义域为N ，则M N ?为（A ） （A ）[0，1） （B ）（0，1） （C ）[0，1] （D ）（-1，0] 2.若tan 2α=,则2sin cos sin 2cos αα αα-+的值为 (B) （A ）0 (B) 34 (C)1 (D) 5 4 3.函数()24(4)f x x x = -≥的反函数为 (D) （A ） 121()4(0)2f x x x -= +≥ (B) 121()4(2)2f x x x -=+≥ （C ） 121()2(0)2f x x x -= +≥ (D) 121()2(2)2f x x x -=+≥ 4.过原点且倾斜角为60?的直线被圆学 22 40x y y +-=所截得的弦长为 (D) （A 3 （B ）2 （C 6 （D ）3 5.某单位共有老、中、青职工430人,其中青年职工160人，中年职工人数是老年职工人数的 2倍。为了解职工身体状况，现采用分层抽样方法进行调查，在抽取的样本中有青年职工32人，则该样本中的老年职工人数为 (B) （A ）9 （B ）18 （C ）27 (D) 36 6.若 2009 2009 012009(12) ()x a a x a x x R -=+++∈L ,则200912 2200922 2a a a +++L 的值为 (C) （A ）2 （B ）0 （C ）1- (D) 2- 7.” 0m n >>”是”方程 22 1mx ny +=表示焦点在y 轴上的椭圆”的 （C ） （A ）充分而不必要条件 （B ）必要而不充分条件 （C ）充要条件 （D) 既不充分也不必要条件 8.在ABC ?中,M 是BC 的中点，AM=1,点P 在AM 上且满足学2AP PM =uu u r uuu r ,则科网()AP PB PC ?+uu u r uu r uu u r 等于 （A ）

(整理)九宫飞星的计算方法.

九宫飞星的计算方法（年运九宫) 九宫飞星的计算方法 我教大家最基本的原理，我们常看见电视里很多能人，仙人都会掐指一算，但是他们手指动来动去为何意？其实就是在算九宫位，我们以食指中指无名指为宫盘。三支手指上中下掌纹正好为9条，以下面的图为例 [九宫图] [九宫位数] [九宫飞顺序] 巽离坤四九二九五七 震中兑三五七八一三 艮坎乾八一六四六二 有顺飞，逆飞，看“九宫飞顺序”顺飞就是由一飞到二，二就飞到三，以此类推。不论顺逆都要先从进入中宫开始，即：飞星先进入中宫，逼迫中宫原来之星飞出，从而带动整个星盘运行！当顺飞时：巽宫之星先入中！迫使中宫之星飞入乾宫，乾宫之星飞入兑宫，兑宫之星飞入艮宫，艮宫之星飞入离宫，离宫之星飞入坎宫，坎宫之星飞入坤宫，坤宫之星飞入震宫，震宫之星巽宫，至此，一个飞星过程结束！其飞星序数是按123456789的顺行之序飞行。而逆飞刚好相反：乾宫之星先入中，迫使中宫之星飞入巽宫，巽宫之星飞入震宫，震宫之星飞入坤宫，坤宫之星飞入坎宫，坎宫之星飞入离宫，离宫之星飞入艮宫，艮宫之星飞入兑宫，兑宫之星飞入乾宫，至此一个飞星过程结束！其飞星序数是按987654321的逆行序数飞行。 九大飞星简介（2004至2023年为下元八运，以下以八运为列） 一白贪狼星：为官财星，主得名气及官位和偏财。 二黑病符星：主一切最凶这事均临门生祸，死绝症，与五黄凶星并列为一级凶星，如坐卧在此必生灾乱。 三碧禄存星，主官非是非，小人当道，贼星入屋，破财招刑，特别是口舌是非多，坐卧于此必有官非是非或是破财。 四绿文曲星：有利文化艺术，同时易招挑花事件。 五黄廉贞星：为九昨中最大的凶星，主大病绝症，孕妇失丁死亡，肾病及下阴生疮，食物中毒，破产，好赌，神经失常，口舌出疮毒，如若坐卧于此必行衰运。 六白武曲星：此星为偏财、横财星，与一白的、八白并称为三大财星。 七赤破军星：主口舌是非，刀光剑影，开刀残症凶在唇舌，又为火旺之象。身体上影响呼吸，口舌

河图洛书九宫算术

1 1 九宫（又称洛书） 九宫图都知道吧，就是把1~9九个数字填到3×3，使其每一横坚斜之和都相等，如下：4 9 2 3 5 7 8 1 6 之后已经延伸成一种数字艺术，可以无限延伸（因为有规律可寻，据说有人做到精品文 档，你值得期待 1999X1999，还是比这个更大来着？？？） ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 先说5*5 17 24 1 8 15 23 5 7 14 16 4 6 13 20 22 10 12 19 21 3 11 18 25 2 9 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 4*4在这里 16 2 3 13 5 11 10 8 9 7 6 12 4 14 1 5 1 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 古老而悠久的中华文化的宝殿中，有两颗璀璨夺目的明珠--河图洛书，至今吸引着众多 学者的研究热情，人们为河图洛书的神话般的传说，高深的奥义，丰富的内容，简洁的形式万分惊讶，对河图洛书与中国的思想文化、社会科学、自然科学的密切联系更是迷惑不解。 种种论述表明，河图洛书是中华文化的总源头，对中国及世界文化的发展，都有过深刻的影响。然而，令我们每个人吃惊和迷惑不解的是，河图洛书只是两个简单的数字图。 龙马载河图，神龟背洛书 河图洛书是我们祖先创造出来的，翻遍祖国的各种古典著作，我们根本找不到这位创始人。河图洛书的产生，至少要追溯到四千五百多年以前，那时，人类尚处于无文字时代，人类的认识水平还十分低，很难想象那时就有人能够制造出如此高深莫测的图书。在我国各种古籍中，对河图洛书的起源，仅有两个龙马载河图，神龟背洛书的传说。 一、龙马载河图 相传远古时期的孟津河边，一天河水忽然大涨，波浪滔天，水中有一巨兽，似龙非龙， 似马非马，浪里飞腾。当时的伏羲黄帝与众臣听到有人报告，立即去河边观看，只见河中洪 涛巨浪，波浪中一巨兽踏水如登平地，大体象马却身有鱼鳞，高八九尺，有两翼，形体象骆 驼，身上负有由花点构成的图案，黄帝命人走近河边，将图案记录下来，刚刚记下，怪兽即 没而不见。后伏羲皇帝认真研究了这副图发现它正是由十种花点组成，这十种花点代表1-10这10个数，两种花点构成一组，布局在东西南北中五个位置上，每组花点所表示的数，其 差均是 5.这种和谐统一，四方对称的特征，黄帝越研究越感到奇妙无比，后来他就依此画八卦，建甲历，定时辰，治理国家。由于此幅图是在孟津河中发现的，故称此图为河图。 二、神龟背洛书 公元前23世纪，大禹治水的时候，在黄河支流洛水中，有一天突然浮规出一个大乌龟，当时，大禹与治水士兵正在河边现察洛河水情，商议治理黄河大计，遇到乌龟在河里上下翻

2013年陕西高考文科数学试题及答案

2013年陕西高考文科数学试题及答案

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(陕西卷) 文科数学 注意事项: 1. 本试卷分为两部分, 第一部分为选择题, 第二部分为非选择题. 2. 考生领到试卷后, 须按规定在试卷上填写姓名、准考证号，并在答题卡上填涂对应的试卷类型信息. 3. 所有解答必须填写在答题卡上指定区域内. 考试结束后, 将本试卷和答题卡一并交回. 第一部分(共50分) 一、选择题：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求（本大题共10小题，每小题5分，共50分） 1. 设全集为R , 函数()1f x x =-的定义域为M ，则C M R 为 (A) (－∞,1) (B) (1, + ∞) (C) (,1]-∞ (D) [1,)+∞ 2. 已知向量(1,),(,2)a m b m ==，若a //b ，则实数m 等于 (A) 2- (B) 2 (C) 2-或2 (D) 0 3. 设a , b , c 均为不等于1的正实数, 则下列等式中恒成立的是 (A) ·log log log a c c b a b = (B) ·log lo log g a a a b a b = (C) ()log og g l lo a a a b c bc = (D) ()log g og o l l a a a b b c c +=+ 4. 根据下列算法语句, 当输入x 为60时, 输出y 的值为 (A) 25 (B) 30 (C) 31 (D) 61 4. 对一批产品的长度(单位: 毫米)进行抽样检测, 下图为检测结果的频率分布直方图. 根据标准, 产品长度在区间[20,25)上为一等品, 在区间[15,20)和区间[25,30)上为二等品, 在区间[10,15)和[30,35)上为三等品. 用频率估计概率, 现从该批产品中随机抽取1件, 则其为二等品的概率为 (A) 0.09 (B) 0.20 (C) 0.25 (D) 0.45 6. 设z 是复数, 则下列命题中的假．命题是 (A) 若20z ≥, 则z 是实数 (B) 若20z <, 则z 是虚数 (C) 若z 是虚数, 则20z ≥ (D) 若z 是纯虚数, 则20z < 7. 若点(x ,y )位于曲线y = |x |与y = 2所围成的封闭区域, 则2x －y 的最小值为 (A) －6 (B) －2 (C) 0 (D) 2 输入x If x ≤50 Then y = 0.5 * x Else y = 25 + 0.6*(x -50) End If 输出y

2012年九宫飞星图

2012年九宫飞星图、壬辰年九宫风水(2011-06-26 14:51:44) 转载▼ 标签： 分类：星相◎命理◎风水 2012年九宫飞星 2012年九星吉凶 三煞 五黄煞 太岁 2012年壬辰年 九宫飞星图

当其衰死之时，容易惹起酒色之祸，或因酒色而家散财破。对身体容易患后天耳病，肾脏衰竭，以及膀胱、睾丸、疝气、子宫的疾病。严重的会刑妻瞎眼、夭亡飘荡。 二黑土星 此星别名巨门，又号病符星，五行属土，其色为黄、黄黑。在星盘上，居中宫、乾宫、兑宫时，为生旺。在一年四季中，三月、六月、九月、十二月生旺。其余各宫位和其余月份为衰死。生旺时可得权得财、置业兴家、旺丁旺财，多出武贵，妇人当家，多谋吝啬。 当其衰死时，容易有色祸，有火灾之厄；容易招惹官非，并因此而损失钱财；容易引起各种疾病，比如流产、腹疾恶疮、各种皮肤病，特别是下阴及两腋部位。如果居屋阴暗气闷，则容易出现女鬼或阴人作崇。久居则代代寡妇当家，病人日久不愈。 三碧绿星 此星别名禄存，五行属木，绰号蚩尤。其色青绿。在星盘上，居中宫、乾位、兑位时，为生旺。在一年四季中，春季和冬季为生旺。其余宫位和季节，则为衰死。生旺时，兴家立业、富贵功名、贡监成名，长房大旺。 当其衰死时，易得官讼，易惹贼盗，易造成残病刑妻，易患脓血之灾、足疾大祸。因其如蚩尤好斗，易形成斗牛之煞、官非不断。 四绿木星 此星别名文曲，五行属木，其色翠绿。在星盘上，居中宫、乾位、兑位时，为生旺。在一年四季中，春冬为生旺。其余宫位和季节，则为衰死。生旺时，登科甲第，君子加官，小人进产，可得贤妻、良夫，文章名世，亦宜作学术研究和文学创作。 当其衰死时，易遭疯哮血缢之厄，患淫佚流荡之失，受酒色破家之苦。于身体，易患流产及腰部以下疾病，易有意外伤亡。