第九讲 虚拟语气

第九讲虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气与陈述语气的区别

语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有陈述语气（indicative mood），祈使语气（imperative mood）以及虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）。

陈述语气与虚拟语气所表示的概念不一样。前者陈述一个事实，或提出一个想法，而后者是用来表示非真实的假设，或者用来表示命令、建议或说话人的主观感想，它表达的是说话人的怀疑、忧虑、要求、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。此外，陈述语气与虚拟语气在形式上也不一样。例如：

If it rains tomorrow, the match will be cancelled.

如果明天下雨，比赛就取消。（陈述语气，天气表明下雨的可能性很大）

If it rained tomorrow, the match would be cancelled.

万一明天下雨，比赛就取消。（虚拟语气，说话人认为下雨的可能性很小）

Oil floats if you pour it on water.

把没倒在水里，油就浮起来。（陈述语气，表示的假设是科学事实）

If I have enough money next year, I will go to Japan.

假若明年有钱，我就去日本。（陈述语气，表示的假设是可能发生或实现的）

二、虚拟语气用于非真实条件状语从句中

1. 谓语形式

非真实性条件句表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和主句（表结果）皆须用虚拟语气。用于此处的虚拟语气有三种情况，分别是：与现在事实相反的虚拟语气；与过去事实相反的虚拟语气；与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。三种情况下的主句谓语动

1）与现在事实相反，If + 主语+ 过去式（be动词的过去式一律用were），主语+ would / should / could / might + 动词原形。例如：

If I knew the answer to all your questions, I’d be a genius.

假如我能回答你所有问题，那我就成天才了。（不可能实现的事实）

What would you do if you saw an injured bird?

假如你看到一只受伤的鸟，你会怎么办？（与现实相反）

2）与过去事实相反，If + 主语+ had + 过去分词，主语+ would / should / could / might + had + 过去分词。例如：

The soup would have been better if it had had less salt.

这汤如果少放点盐就好了。（与过去事实相反）

If it had been raining this morning, I would have taken my umbrella.

如果今天上午一直下雨的话，我就会带着雨伞。（与过去事实相反）

3）与将来事实相反，If + 主语+ should / were to + 动词原形，主语+ would / should / could / might + 动词原形。例如：

What would happen, if I put the paper on the fire?

假如我把纸放在火上，那会怎么样？（与将来事实可能相反）

If it should rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.

要是明天下雨的话，足球赛将会推迟。（表示将来情况成为事实的可能性极小）

2. 连词if的省略

当虚拟条件从句中含有助动词had, were, should时，可将它们提到句首而省略连词if。例如：

Were you in my position (=If you were in my position), you would do the same.

假如你处在我的位置，你也会这样干的。

Had I time (=If I had time), I would come. 假如我有时间，我会来的。

Had they not (= If they hadn’t) wasted their time, they would have arrived there on time.

要不是他们浪费时间，他们肯定会按时到那儿的。

Should they attack us (= If they should attack us), we’ll wipe them out completely.

假如他们进攻我们的话，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。

注意，在否定的条件从句中，not等否定副词不能同时提前。如我们可以说：

Were it not their fault, we wouldn’t have done so bad.

要不是因为他们的过失，我们怎么也不会做得这么糟糕。

但不以说：Weren’t (Were not) it their fault, we wouldn’t have done so bad.]

3. 错综时间

非真实条件句中的主句和从句可以表示时间层面（现在、过去或将来）相同的情况（如上述表格说明的情况），也可以表示在不同的时间层面下发生的动作或存在的状态，即主句与从句动作不在同一时间发生，这就是错综时间虚拟条件句，也即通常所说的混合虚拟条件句。在这种情况下，主句与从句谓语动词的形式必须根据各自表示的具体时间加以调整。例如：If you were older, I would have allowed you to go there alone yesterday.

如果你再大点，我就会让你昨天自己去那里。（现在与过去的交错）

If they hadn’t been trained hard, they wouldn’t be doing so well now.

如果他们没有被认真培训过，他们现在就不会干得这么好了。（过去与现在交错）

If the work were going on smoothly now, the whole work would be completed next week.

如果目前进展顺利的话，全部工作到下周就会完成。（现在与将来的交错）

If it hadn’t been raining those days, the work would be completed next week.

如果不是那些天一直下雨的话，这工作下周就可以完成。（过去与将来交错）

4. 含蓄条件

非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不明显地表示出来，只暗含在上下文中，或是用某些介词短语、副词、连词、比较级、非谓语形式、并列分句等方式含蓄地表示出来，这就是含蓄条件句。例如：

That would have been considered miraculous in the past.

要是在过去，那会被看作是奇迹的。（隐匿条件）

A more careful student wouldn’t have made such glaring mistake.

一个认真一些的学生是不会犯这样明显错误的。（隐匿条件）

But for their help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.

要不是他们帮助，我们不会按时完成工作。（介词短语引起）

Without trees our entire world would be a much drier place.

如果没有树木的话，整个世界会变得更干燥。（介词without引起）

Given more attention, the work could have been better. (过去分词引起)

The traffic was very heavy, otherwise I would have been here 50 minutes sooner.

(并列分句表示虚拟)

此外，非真实条件句除用if 引导外，还可以用when, unless, lest, suppose (supposing), as if / though, in case, even if / though, for fear that, on condition that等词语引导。例如：Unless I were well, I wouldn’t be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。

Susan is walking slowly as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。

Suppose / Supposing you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept it?

假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？

Even if you had enough money, you could never buy health and happiness.

即使你有足够的钱，你也买不来健康和幸福。

还有一种省去（表结果的）主句的非真实条件句，它常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if (only) 来引导。如：

If I had never married. 我要是不结婚就好了。

If only you would listen to reason. 你如听从道理就好了。

三、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中

1. 虚拟语气用于主语从句中

在主语从句中，虚拟语气用should + 动词原形，should可以省略，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。常用于下面三种结构中：

①型如：It is / was strange (important, necessary, incredible, urgent, possible, natural, desirable, advisable, essential, preferable, ridiculous, vital, imperative, best, appropriate, obligatory, proper, crucial, etc.) that…。例如：

It is necessary that he be sent to prison at once. 他必须被立即送往监狱。

It will be better that we (should) meet some other time. 我们最好是另改时间约会吧。

②型如：It is / was a pity (shame, wish, no wonder, suggestion, etc.) that…。例如：

It’s my desire that a medical man should stay here. 我希望有一个医务人员在这里。

It was Tom’s suggestion that everyone have a map. 汤姆建议每人有张地图。

It is thought to be of importance to a man that he know himself.

一个了解自己被认为是很重要的。

③型如：It is / was suggested (desired, settled, proposed, requested, decided, advised, agreed, declared, ordered, demanded, arranged, recommended, required, urged, preferred, expected, planned, etc.) that…。例如：

It was arranged that they should leave the following spring. 按照安排他们第二年春天离开。

It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight.

希望我们能在今天晚上之前将一切准备就绪。

It was not to be expected that the enemy should give up fighting without a struggle.

不要期望敌人会放弃挣扎。

2．虚拟语气用于宾语从句中

虚拟语气用于宾语从句中又有四种情况：

①用在动词wish后面，表示愿望。宾语从句可以用过去式表示与现在事实相反；用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反；用“would / could等+ 动词原形”则表示将来不能实现的愿望。可译作“可惜…”，“…就好了”，“悔不该…”，“但愿…”等。例如：

I wish I were as strong as you. 我要是和你一样强壮就好了。

How I wish I had gone there with you! 多么希望我和你一起去那儿。

I wish you would stay a little longer. 希望你再待一会儿。

②用在would / had rather, would (just) as soon, would sooner等后面的宾语从句中。从句中使用过去式表示某种愿望（英式英语）或者与现在事实相反的愿望（美式英语）；使用过去完成时则表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如：

I’d rather you came next weekend. 我宁愿你下周到来。（愿望）

Jane would rather it were winter now. 简宁愿现在是冬季。（与现在事实相反的愿望）

I’d sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else. 我宁愿她把重活留给别人。

Tom would rather that his brother hadn’t gone to the park last Sunday.

(In fact, his brother had gone to)

③用在一些表主观意愿、心理活动等意义的动词引起的宾语从句中。宾语从句要用should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。这类动词有：suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, advise, beg, decide, deserve, determine, prefer, inquire, recommend, urge, vote, ask, suppose, promise, declare, maintain (坚持认为)，etc. 例如：

The teacher recommended that each student (should) buy the dictionary.

老师推荐让每个学生都买这个词典。

The boss ordered that the goods be delivered at once. 老板指令这些商品立即运出。

I propose that we not set off early. 我建议不要出发这么早。

In the past men generally preferred that their wives work at home.

过去男人们一般喜欢让妻子在家里干活。

The doctor suggested that the patient should have a bath every day.

医生建议病人每天都要洗澡。

④在形式宾语句中，如果宾语补足语是由上述主语从句中①型提到的形容词，则真正的宾语也要用虚拟语气即should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。如：

I think it advisable that we not take any action against it for the time being.

建议目前不采取任何行动反对这件事。

I don’t think it desirable that this method be introduced at once.

我认为还不需要马上介入这种方法。

3．虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句中

从句谓语动词用should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。

主要用在上述动词和形容词的同源名词，如advice, agreement, bill (议案、决议), command, condition, decision, idea, hope, wish, importance, order, plan, preference, proposal, regulation, request, requirement, suggestion等名词引起的表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：The doctor’s advice is that the patient be kept quiet. 医生建议让病人保持安静。（表从）Our demand is that another experiment be made. 我们要求再做一次实验。（表从）

His order that the troops not be sent at once was carried out.

他的不要立即派遣军队的命令被执行了。（同位语从句）

What do you think of the idea that we go out for dinner this evening?

今晚我们出去吃饭，你认为这个主意怎么样？（同位语从句）

四、虚拟语气用于定语从句中

这种从句常用在型如：it is / was (high, about) time that…句型中。从句的谓语动词用过去式，be动词用were 表示，意为“该到…的时候了”，含有“已经晚了一点”的意思。例如：It is time we left. 我们该走了。

It is about time you got dressed. 你该穿好衣服了。

It is high time he were taught a lesson. 该是他接受教训的时候了。

五、虚拟语气在简单句中的应用

情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常用在日常会话中（参见情态动词的用法）。例如：

It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 对你来说不要熬夜太晚会更好。

Would you mind opening the door? 你不介意把门打开吧？

Would you please do me a favor? 请你帮我个忙好吗？

Would you like a cup of tea? 来杯茶吧？

I would like to thank you again. 我想要再谢谢你。

I wouldn’t have dreamed of it. 我做梦都不会想到的。

You might stay here forever. 你可以永远呆在这儿。

What would you think of my sister singing? 你认为我妹妹唱得怎么样？

How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢？

六、虚拟语气用于某些公式化语句中

这种形式的虚拟语气常以动词原形用在某些公式化语句中，可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意

义。例如：

Long live our motherland! 祖国万岁！

God bless you! 上帝保佑你！

God damn it! 该死的！

Heaven forbid! 天理不容！

So be it then. 但愿如此/ 就这样吧。

Far be it from me to spoil the fun. 我极不愿扫人的兴。

Suffice it to say that the manager is on the whole pleased with his work.

只说这样一句就够了：经理对他的工作基本满意。

May you have a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。（may须置于句首）

Long may you live! 祝你长寿！

Let it be understood that both sides are willing to reach an agreement.

应该理解的是，双方都乐意达成协议。

Home is home, be it ever so homely. 尽管很朴素，家毕竟是家。（让步）

Everything around us, be it air or water or stone, is matter.

我们周围的一切，无论是空气、水还是石头，都是物质。（表让步）

Be he too weak to walk too much, I will advise him to walk a little every day.

尽管他很虚弱，不能多走，我还是劝他每天走走。（表让步）

七、考点聚焦和点拨

虚拟语气是近年来PET考试的一个必测项目，测试内容涉及到虚拟语气的各个方面。虚拟语气的用法比较复杂，但就考点来看不外乎上述六大方面的用法。解这类题的关键是要迅速发现题中的信号词，确定虚拟语气适用类型（上述六个方面），然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式确定动词的形式。同时还要考虑是用主动语态还是被动语态。

[真题回放]

1. The manager of the company insisted that all the staff members _____ the new safety rules.

(02.6A)

A) would observe B) observe C) observed D) will observe

2. I think it’s high time we _____ strict measures to stop pollution. (02.12A)

A) will take B) take C) took D) have taken

3. _____ last Friday, he would have got to Paris. (03.6A)

A) Would he leave B) Had he left C) If he is to leave D) If he was leaving

4. We could not have fulfilled the task in time if it _____ for their help. (04.6A)

A) was not B) is not C) had not been D) has not been

5. I could have called you yesterday, but I _____ your telephone number. (01.6A)

A) di dn’t have B) won’t have C) hadn’t had D) wouldn’t have

6. Frankly speaking, I’d rather you (say) _____ nothing about it for the time being. (03.12A)

7. Is it necessary that the task (finish) _____ today? (99.6A)

8. (Give) _____ more instructions, the students would have done the exercises much better.

(04.6A)

[答案解析]

1. 正确答案为B。本题考查的是be-型虚拟语气，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用should + 动词原形，should可以省略。be-型虚拟语气主要用在主语从句，一些表主观意愿、心理活动等意义的动词引起的宾语从句及上述动词和形容词的同源名词引起的表语从句和同位语从句中。

2. 正确答案为C。It is high time (that)这个句型的意思是“现在是必须…的时候了”，从句的谓语动词要用过去式形式，表示对现在时态的虚拟语气。

3. 正确答案为B。虚拟语气用于表示过去的条件句中，主句用would have + 过去分词，从句用had + 过去分词。从句中有助动词had等时，往往可以省略if而把had等提到句首。

4. 正确答案为C。虚拟语气用于表示过去的条件句中，句式结构为：主句用主语+ would / should / could / might have + 过去分词，从句用if + 主语+ had + 过去分词，表示与过去事实相反的假设。

5. 正确答案为A。本题考查的是一种混合语气句式。前一分句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟结果句，谓语动词用虚拟语气；而but之后的分句说明过去的一个事实，而不是假设，要用与yesterday保持一致时间的陈述语气。注意，此题与错综时间虚拟条件句表达的意义并不一样。

6. 正确答案为said。would rather / sooner型虚拟语气句中，动词用过去式，表示“宁愿”、“希望”或婉转的责备。

7. 正确答案为be finished。本题考查的是be-型虚拟语气句。应当注意的是，从句主语task 与动词finish之间具有逻辑上的动宾（或被动）关系，要用被动语态形式。

8. 正确答案为Given。含蓄条件句。非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不明显地表示出来，只暗含在上下文中，或是用某些介词短语、副词、连词、比较级、非谓语形式、并列分句等方式含蓄地表示出来。此句的条件从句可以补充为If they had been given more instructions。

八、专题训练

I) Choose the best from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

1. This A TM has been out of service for a few days. It should _____ last week.

A) fix B) be fixed C) have fixed D) have been fixed

2. We didn’t finish the work in time. You _____ us since you were there.

A) might help B) should help C) could have helped D) must have helped

3. _____ he was seriously ill, I wouldn’t have told him the truth.

A) If I knew B) If I know C) Had I known D) Did I know

4. The manager has requested that every department head _____ a meeting on Oct.

5.

A) attended B) attends C) attend D) to attend

5. I didn’t go with them to the beach yesterday. But I do wish I _____ there.

A) have been B) had been C) was D) am

6. It’s high time we _____ something to stop road accidents.

A) did B) are doing C) will do D) do

7. It is important that the committee _____ about the project at once.

A) will be informed B) be informed C) is informed D) being informed

8. It is necessary that the problem _____ in some way or other.

A) is settled B) was settled C) be settled D) has been settled

9. If I _____ in your age, I would join the army.

A) am B) was C) should be D) were

10. If Watergate _____, Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.

A) had not occurred B) did not occur C) had not been occurred D) were not to occur

11. The professor gave orders that the test _____ before 5:30.

A) be finished B) will finish C) will be finished D) would be finished

12. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he _____ so busy then.

A) had been B) would be C) were D) was

13. Without practice, there _____ no knowledge.

A) is B) are C) would be D) be

14. He would be studying at the university now if he _____ the entrance examination.

A) passed B) have passed C) had passed D) should have passed

15. _____ here now, you could see him.

A) Were he B) Was he C) He were D) If he is

II) Fill in each blank with the word given in the brackets.

1. The chairman required that every speaker (limit) _____ himself to fifteen minutes.

2. If I (not drink) _____ so much coffee yesterday afternoon, I would have been able to sleep well last night.

3. I suggested that he (call) _____ on the director a week later.

4. I didn’t see your boss at the meeting. If he (come) _____ , I would have told him the news.

5. If the team members hadn’t helped me, I (fail) _____ in the last experiment.

6. Keep the windows closed lest the rain (come) _____ in.

7. If only I (can, speak) _____ several foreign languages!

8. It’s high time that we (go) _____ to the lab.

9. The suggestion that we (put off) _____ the meeting till next month has been accepted.

10. Take some money with you in case you (need) _____ it.

11. Jane would rather (not, go) _____ out today.

12. Mother would rather Tom (go) _____ to class yesterday.

13. Any man in his position (do) _____ like that.

14. It is advised that we (sign) _____an agreement right after the discussion.

15. He talked as if he (do) _____ all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.

虚拟语气和倒装

Subjunctive mood (1) Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save himself by making a gesture of submission. (Line 5) (2) If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in the customary way. (Line12) If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedom. (Line 23) (3) If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continually active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups. (Line 15) 此三类句子体现了虚拟语气的三种时态变化。 （1）第1句中“should a fight follow”是表示将来情况的虚拟语气，意思为“if a fight should follow”，句中省略了“if”，将“should”提前，构成倒装，表示“万一，一旦”的意思。值得注意的是本句中的主句部分未使用虚拟语气。 (2) 第二部分这两句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。这类句子，从句用“had +动词过去分词”，主句用“would/should/could/might + have + 动词过去分词”。 (3) 第3句是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用“did/were”，主句用“would/should/could/ might + 动词原型”。 虚拟语气专项复习： A．虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。 If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。 If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱）If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 if+主语+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 例：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 ①if+主语+did/should/were to do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ② if+主语+did/be(were)+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ③if+主语+should+do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作不是同时发生时， ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了

虚拟语气语法讲解与习题

虚拟语气 一．语气的分类： 二．虚拟语气的用法： （一）虚拟语气在if条件句中的用法： ---If I were you, I would give it up. (与现在事实相反) ---If I had taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake. (与过去事实相反) ---If she came/should come/were to come, I could ask her for help. (与将来事实相反) 2．特殊用法： ①错综时间虚拟条件句：条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，主从句的谓语动词要根据假设的时间来定。 ---If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would be much better now. ②if条件句虚拟倒装：可以把if从句中的should, were, had置于句首，省略if构成倒装。 ---Were I you, I would give it up. ---Had I taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake. ---Should she come, I could ask her for help. ③含蓄虚拟条件句：有时假设的情况并不以if引导的条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, but for, otherwise, or, but等。 ---Without/But for your help, I could not have succeeded. ---I should have returned the book last week, but I was too busy. （but后为真实情况） ---He was ill, otherwise/or he would have helped us. （otherwise/or前为真实情况） ④特殊的if句虚拟：If it were (had been) not for…“要不是…” ---If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life. ---If it had not been for your help, I would have failed. （二）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法： 1．一些表示坚持，命令，建议，要求的词用于名词性从句中时从句的谓语动词用虚拟（一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求） ---Our teacher suggested that we (should) study hard. (宾语从句) ---That we (should) study hard was our teacher’s suggestion. (主语从句) ---It was suggested that we (should) study hard. (主语从句) ---Our teacher’s suggestion was that we (should) study hard. (表语从句) ---Our teacher gave us a suggestion that we (should) study hard. (同位语从句) ★suggest表示“暗示”，insist表示“坚持说”时不用虚拟。 ---His pale face suggested that he was ill. ---The old man insisted that I had stolen his money.

真实条件句,虚拟语气.

当我们陈述了一个事实，而又不是很有把握，就可以在陈述句后加一个简短问句，称为反意疑问句。首先看以下例句：（1） You like calssical music, don't you? 你也喜欢古典音乐，对吗？(2 He lived in Vienna, too,didn't he? 他也住在维也纳，对吗？（3）Your parents can swim, can't they? 你父母会游泳，是吗？（4） Tony doesn't like classical music,does he? 托尼不喜欢古典音乐，对吗？（5） This music isn't very popular, is it? 这音乐并非十分流行，对吗？从以上句子可以看出，反意疑问句是由“助动词/ 系动词be（肯定或否定）+主语（代词）” 构成的。在反意疑问句的构成中要注意以下几点： 1.前面当陈述句如果是肯定的，反意疑问句就要用否定形式，如（1）、（2）、（3）；前面的陈述句如果是否定的，反意疑问句就要用肯定形式，如（4）、（5）； 2.反意疑问句的主语必须是代替前面主语的代词； 3.翻译疑问句的谓语动词在时态和人称上要与前面陈述句谓语动词保持一致。陈述句部分如果有标识否定意义的词，反意疑问句要用肯定式。如：They have never visited his home, have they? 他们从来没有到他家玩过，是吧？在回答反意疑问句时，要特别注意英、汉两种语言习惯的差别。试看下面当例句：——Mr Smith isn't American, is he? 史密斯先生不是美国人，对吧？——Oh yes, he is.不对，他是美国人。可以看出，在英语中，无论问题是怎样问的，只要答语的事实是肯定句，就要用YES；只要答语的事实是否定的，就要用NO. 编辑本段英语18种特殊的反意疑问句介绍 1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表示“请求”，用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如：Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板，好吗？Let引导的祈使句有两种情况：1Let's...,后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如：Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧，好吗？还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。2Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如： Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试，行吗？ 2.感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。例如：What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊，是吧？ 3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to，且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问句需用do的适当形

if条件句中的虚拟语气讲解

虚拟语气(一) 一、考点聚焦 1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中 If I were a boy, I would join the army. If she had time, she should go with you. If h e had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition. If i t were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. If I had time, I would attend the meeting. If he had hurried ,he could have caught the train. If I were to go abroad ,I would go to America 如果我是你，我就会努力学习 If I were you, I would work harder at my lessons. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就给他打电话了 If I had known his telephone number, I would have called him. 如果明天下雨的话，我们会取消比赛． If it should \were to rain, we would call off the match.

使用虚拟条件句要注意的几点： １．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整． If you had followed my advice , you would be better now. 如果你听我的建议，你现在就会痊愈了． If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now. 如果你努力学习的话，你现在就会是大学生了． If they had worked hard, they would be very tired now.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在) ２．省略句 在条件句中，可省略if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式．If I were at school again, I would study harder. Were I at school again, I would study harder. If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Had you come earlier, you would have met him. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. Were I a boy, I would join the army. Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded. Were it not for the expense, I would go to Britain. 2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句 （1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。 ①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。 表现在过去时 表过去过去完成时 表将来would, might, could＋动词原形 I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. I wish (that) I were a bird. I wish (that) I had seen the film last night. I wish (that) I would\could go.

(完整)高中英语语法虚拟语气讲解

高中英语语法讲解--虚拟语气 1. 语气的定义和种类 （1）语气的定义 语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 （2）语气的种类 A. 陈述语气 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。 We are not ready. Did it rain all day yesterday? What a fine day today！ B. 祈使语气 表使说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。 Be careful. Don’t forget to clo se the window. Open the door, please. C. 虚拟语气 表使动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 2. 虚拟语气 一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如： If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。 Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。 虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。 1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might，could）+动词原形。 如： If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。 （事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。） If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。 （事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。） 2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （would, might，could）+ have ＋过去分词。 如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.

虚拟语气讲解与练习

虚拟语气 第一部分知识讲解 虚拟语气存在于if条件从句中和一些固定结构中，虚拟语气与动词的过去的某种时态形影不离。虚拟语气是通过谓语动词的变化来实现的。 第一节 if 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气 一、if 条件状语从句中表示对将来、过去、现在的虚拟 If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party.（真实条件句） 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我就去. If she invited me, I should go to the party.(虚拟条件句) (说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能) If I were you, I should study English. (I am not you , so I shall not study English.) If I had time, I would attend the wedding. (I does not have time, so I will not attend the wedding.) (You did not take my advice, so you have failed in the examination.) If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. 二、混合虚拟语气(条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整.) If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在) If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now If I were you, I would have gone home. If you had practiced speaking English every day, you would speak English well enough. 如果你当初每天都练习说英语的话,你的英语就会说得很好. 三.用介词短语代替条件状语从句(可以改为条件状语从句) Without air, there would be no living things. 相当于:If there were no air, there would be no living things. But for your help, I couldn’t have done it. 相当于:If you had not helped me, I couldn’t have done it. 四、虚拟语气的倒装：如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had或should,就可以倒装。将were, had或should放到句首,谓语主语之前, if去掉。变为”were/had/should+主语”的形式。如果从句没有were, had或should,就不能倒装。

虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句常见用法总结

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if条件状语从句中虚拟语气

if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气 一、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。 只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现， 能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气； 假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。 1. “后退一步法”后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是： ①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 ②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。 ③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。 例：⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. ⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. ⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn't go out. 2、注意事项： ①if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 ②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。 二、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法： 1. If it weren’t for your help, we would get into trouble. 如果没有你们的帮助，我们就会陷入困境。（而事实上得到了你们的帮助） 2.If the weather were fine, I would go there. 如果天气好，我去那儿。（事实天气不好） 3.If I were you, I would read it again. 如果我是你的话，我再读一遍。（事实上我不是你） 4.If time permitted, I would write it again. 如果时间允许的话，我再写一遍。（事实上时间不允许） 5.If it weren’t snowing, we wouldn’t stay in the house. 要是现在不下雪的话，我们就不会待在屋里。（事实上现在下雪） 6.What would I do if I were in your place?要是我处于你地位我会怎么办？（事实上我不在你的位置上） 7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus. 他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。（可是他不着急） 8. If I were you, I should buy it. (从句用过去式动词were，主句用动词原形buy) 9. If I had time, I would study French. (如果有时间，我会学习法文。)（从句用过去式动词had，主句用动词原形study） 10. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就不必要我帮了。)(从句用过去式动词knew, 主句用动词原形ask) 注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："主语+ would be + 进行式动词+ ……" 14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now. (从句用过去式动词were, 主句用would be speaking)

考研英语语法虚拟语气解析(一)

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初中虚拟语气讲解及专项练习与标准答案(带解析)

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(完整版)if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气

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够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。 判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。 3、“后退一步法” 后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是： ①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 ②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。 ③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例： ⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. ⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. ⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn't go out. 4、注意事项 ①if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 ②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。

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