语言学重点概念总结

Desig n features （定义特征）：

the disti nctive features of huma n Ian guage that esse ntially make huma n Ian guage disti nguishable from Ian guages of ani mals.

Synchronic （共时的）：

said of an approach that studies Ianguage at a theoretical point "in time.

Diachro nic （历时的）：

said of the study of developme nt of Ian guage and Ian guages over time.

Prescriptive （规定式）：

to make an authoritaria n stateme nt about the correct ness of a particular use of

Ian guage.

Descriptive （描写式）：

to make an objective and systematic acco unt of the patter ns and use of a Ian guage

or variety.

Compete nee （语言能力）：

uncon scious kno wledge of the system of grammatical rules in a Ian guage.

对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。

Performa nee （语言运用）：

the Ianguage actually used by people in speaking or writing.

人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。

Langue （语言）：

the Ianguage system shared by a speech community ”

一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。

Parole （言语）：

the con crete uttera nces of a speaker.

说话人实际说的话语。

Pho no logy （音系学）：

the study of the sound patter ns and sound systems of Ian guage. It aims to discover

the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in Ianguages, and to explain the

variati ons that occur.

Intern ati onal Phon etic Alphabet （国际音标）

a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart （the IPA chart）, designed by

the Intern ati onal Phon etic Associati on si nee 1888. It has bee n revised from time to

time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice.

Cardi nal Vowels （基本元音）：

a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a

frame of reference for the descriptio n of the actual vowels of exist ing Ian guages.

Assimilatio n （同化现象）：

a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound, a term often used synonym ously with coarticulati on ”lf a follow ing sound

is in flue ncing a precedi ng sound, it is called regressive "assimilati on ”the con verse process, in which a precedi ng sound is in flue ncing a follow ing soun d, is

■■>> ■■ I g ■>>

known as progressive assimilati on

Maximal Onset Prin ciple （最大节首原则）：

a principle for dividing the syllable when there is a cluster of consonants between

two vowels, which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the on set rather tha n the coda.

屮

Morpheme （语素）：

the smallest unit of Ian guage in terms of the relati on ship betwee n expressi on and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

In flection （屈折变化）：

is the mani festati on of grammatical relati on ship through the additi on of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which

they are attached.

Derivati on （派生词）：

is the most commorword-formati on process to be found in the product ion of new En glish words. It is accomplished by means of a large number of affixes of English Ianguage, and shows the relati on ship betwee n roots and affixes.

Bound morpheme （黏着语素）：

refer to those which cannot occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme. Free morpheme （自由语素）：

refer to those which may occur alone or which may con stitute words by themselves. Grammatical word （语法词）：

refer to those which main ly work for con struct ing group, phrase, clause complex,

or even text, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Grammatical words serve to link together differe nt content parts.

Lexical word （词汇词）：

refer to those which mainly work for referring to substanee, action and quality,

such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Lexical words carry the main content of a Ian guage.

Closed-class （圭寸闭类）：

A word that belongs to the CLOSED-CLASR one whose membership is fixed or limited, such as