跨文化交际李成明unit2-A原文+翻译PDF

Unit 2

With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be.

随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。但说到文化的意义，很难界定什么是真正的文化，什么应该是文化。

Text A The Concept of Culture

Culture is notoriously difficult to define. In 1952, the American anthropologist, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, critically reviewed concepts and definitions of culture, and compiled a list of 164 different definitions. So far there is no agreement among anthropologists and scholars regarding the nature of culture.

众所周知，文化很难定义。1952年，美国植物学家阿尔弗雷德·克罗伯和克莱德·克鲁克汉对文化的概念和定义进行了批判性的重新审视，并编制了164个不同的定义清单。到目前为止，人类学家和学者对于文化的本质还没有达成一致意见。

Although the term culture is used by most of the social sciences today, over the years it has received its most precise and thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology. Whereas sociology has concentrated on the notion of society; economics on the concepts of production, distribution, and consumption; political science on the concept of power; anthropology has focused on the culture concept. From anthropology nineteenth-century beginnings, culture has been central to both ethnology and archaeology and has been an important, if not major, concern of physical anthropology. Anthropology, through its constant examining of different life ways throughout space and time, has done more than any other scientific discipline to refine our understanding of the concept of culture.

尽管今天大多数社会科学都使用“文化”这个词，但多年来，它从人类学学科中得到了最精确、最彻底的定义。而社会学则集中于社会概念；经济学则集中于生产、分配和消费概念；政治学则集中于权力概念；人类学则集中于文化概念。从19世纪的人类学开始，文化就一直是民族学和考古学的中心，并且一直是一个重要的，如果不是主要的，对物质人类学的关注。人类学通过对整个空间和时间中不同生活方式的不断研究，比任何其他科学学科都更能完善我们对文化概念的理解。

In nonscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements such as classical music, the fine arts ，world philosophy and gourmet cuisine. For example，according to this popular use of the term, the cultured person listens to Bach rather than Eminem, can distinguish between the

artistic styles of Monet and Toulouse-Lautrec，and attends the ballet instead of professional wrestling. The anthropologist, however, uses the term in a broader sense to include far more than just "the finer things in life". The anthropologist does not distinguish between cultured people and uncultured people. All people have culture, according to the anthropological definition. The Australian aborigines, living with a bare minimum of technology, are as much cultural animals as Yo-yo Ma and Baryshnikov. Thus, for the anthropologist, projectile points, creation myths and mud huts are as legitimate items of culture as a Beethoven symphony, a Warhol painting and a Sondheim musical.

在非科学的用法中，文化一词是指个人的改进，如古典音乐、美术、世界哲学和美食。例如，根据这个流行的术语，有文化的人听巴赫而不是埃米纳姆，可以区分莫奈和图卢兹·劳特里克的艺术风格，参加芭蕾舞而不是职业摔跤。然而，人类学家在更广泛的意义上使用这个术语，不仅包括“生活中更美好的事物”。人类学家不区分有文化的人和没有文化的人。根据人类学的定义，所有人都有文化。澳大利亚原住民生活在科技含量最低的地方，他们和马友友和巴利什尼科夫一样是文化动物。因此，对于人类学家来说，投射点、创造神话和泥屋与贝多芬交响乐、沃霍尔绘画和桑德海姆音乐剧一样，都是合法的文化项目。

Over the past century, anthropologists have formulated a number of definitions of the concept of culture. In fact, in the often-cited work by Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, more than 160 different definitions of culture were identified. This should not lead to the conclusion that anthropology is a chaotic battle ground where no consensus exists among practicing anthropologists. In actuality, many of these definitions say essentially the same thing. One early definition was suggested by nineteenth-century British anthropologist Edward Tylor. According to Tylor, culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society". More recently, culture has been defined as "a mental map which guides us in our relations to our surroundings and to other people", and perhaps most succinctly as "the way of life of a people".

在过去的一个世纪里，人类学家对文化概念提出了许多定义。事实上，在AlfredKroeber和ClydeKluckhon经常引用的作品中，发现了超过160种不同的文化定义。这不应导致这样的结论：人类学是一个混乱的战场，实践中的人类学家之间没有共识。实际上，这些定义中的许多基本上都是相同的。19世纪英国人类学家爱德华泰勒提出了一个早期的定义。泰勒认为，文化是“一个复杂的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人类作为社会成员所获得的任何其他能力和习惯”。最近，文化被定义为“指导我们与周围环境和他人关系的心理地图”，也许最简洁的定义是“一个人的生活方式”。

Adding to the already sizable number of definitions, we will define the concept of culture as "everything that people have, think and do as members of a society. This definition can be instructive because the three verbs(have, think and do) correspond to the three major components of culture. That is, everything that people have refers to material possessions: everything that people think refers to the things they carry around in their heads, such as ideas, values, and

attitudes: everything that people do refers to behavior patterns. Thus, all cultures are composed of material objects, ideas, values and attitudes and patterned ways of behaving.

在已有大量定义的基础上，我们将把文化的概念定义为“作为一个社会成员，人们拥有、思考和做的一切”。这一定义具有指导意义，因为三个动词（have、think和do）对应文化的三个主要成分。也就是说，人们所拥有的一切都是指物质财富：人们所认为的一切都是指他们头脑中所携带的东西，如思想、价值观和态度：人们所做的一切都是指行为模式。因此，所有的文化都是由物质对象、思想、价值观和态度以及行为模式构成的。

Although we classify these components of culture, we should not conclude that they are unrelated. In fact, the components are so intimately connected that it is frequently hard to separate them in real life. To illustrate, a non-American anthropologist studying the mainstream culture of the United States would observe people engaged in writing in a wide number of contexts. Middle-class North Americans fill out job applications, pen letters to loved ones, write books and compose e-mail messages, to mention but a few examples. When we write, we are using a number of tangible things (or artifacts), such as pens, pencils, computers, word processing software, hard drives and paper. Although these artifacts are both obvious and visible, they represent only one part of writing. If we are to understand the full significance of writing in U. S. culture, it is imperative that we look below the surface to those other components of culture, such as, knowledge, attitudes and behavior patterns. For example, in order for a New Yorker to use English in its written form, she must know the alphabet, how to spell, basic English grammar and syntax, and the rule that words are written from left to right and from top to bottom. She must know how to manipulate a writing implement (pen or pencil) or have basic computer skills. She needs to know a wealth of cultural information in order to communicate written messages coherently. Thus, the cultural process of writing involves an intimate knowledge of the three fundamental components of culture: things or artifacts, ideas and knowledge and patterns of behavior.

尽管我们对文化的这些组成部分进行了分类，但我们不应该认为它们是无关的。事实上，这些组件是如此紧密相连，以至于在现实生活中很难将它们分开。举个例子，一个研究美国主流文化的非美国人类学家会观察到从事写作的人有着广泛的背景。中产阶级的北美人填写工作申请表，给爱人写信，写书，写电子邮件，举几个例子。当我们写作时，我们使用了许多有形的东西（或人工制品），如笔、铅笔、计算机、文字处理软件、硬盘和纸张。尽管这些人工制品既明显又可见，但它们只代表了写作的一部分。如果我们要理解写作在美国文化中的全部意义，那么我们必须从表面以下审视文化的其他组成部分，如知识、态度和行为模式。例如，为了让一个纽约人以书面形式使用英语，她必须知道字母表，如何拼写，基本的英语语法和语法，以及单词从左到右和从上到下的规则。她必须知道如何操作书写工具（笔或铅笔），或者具备基本的计算机技能。她需要了解大量的文化信息，才能连贯地传达书面信息。因此，写作的文化过程涉及到对文化的三个基本组成部分的深入了解：事物或文物、思想和知识以及行为模式。Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of culture and what makes humans unique in the animal world, is the capacity to symbolize. A symbol is something that stands for (represents something else. When North Americans see a Nazi swastika, a multitude of images come to mind. These

include the Holocaust, Adolf Hitler, concentration campus, goose-stepping and storm troopers. Also, most citizens of the United States have a generally positive feeling when they see the red, white and blue stars and stripes. That particular arrangement of colors and shapes symbolizes, among other things, democracy, the Bill of Rights, and due process. Yet, as we have seen in recent years, the American flag represents a host of very different meanings. For angry young men who delight in burning it in the streets of Tehran, Djakarta and Karachi. Whether the U. S. flag symbolizes positive or negative images, it is true that all human behavior begins with the use of symbols.

也许，文化的最基本方面，以及人类在动物世界中的独特之处，是象征的能力。符号是代表（代表）其他事物的东西。当北美洲人看到纳粹党的纳粹党徽时，脑海中浮现出许多画面。其中包括大屠杀，阿道夫希特勒，集中营，鹅步和暴风部队。而且，大多数美国公民看到红、白、蓝星星和条纹时都有一种普遍的积极的感觉。这种特殊的颜色和形状的安排，除其他外，象征着民主、权利法案和正当程序。然而，正如我们近年来所看到的，美国国旗代表了一系列截然不同的含义。为那些喜欢在德黑兰、雅加达和卡拉奇街头焚烧它的愤怒的年轻人。不管美国国旗象征着正面还是负面的形象，所有人类的行为都是从使用符号开始的。

As Leslie White stated so eloquently, the ability to symbolize is the single most important hallmark of humanity. It is this capacity to create and give meaning to symbols that helps people identify, sort and classify things, ideas and behaviors. When people symbolize by using language, they are able to express experiences that took place at an earlier time or suggest events that may happen in the future. Without symbols we would not be able to store the collective wisdom of past generations, and consequently we would be prone to repeating the mistakes of the past. Symbols tie together people who otherwise might not be part of a unified group. The power of our shared symbols becomes clear when we meet others from our own culture in a far-off country. We generally are drawn to them because we share a common set of symbols, such as language, nonverbal forms of communication and material culture such as clothing. It is the shared meaning of our symbols that enables us to interact with one another with the least amount of ambiguity and misunderstanding.

正如莱斯利·怀特雄辩地说的，象征的能力是人类最重要的标志。正是这种创造和赋予符号意义的能力，帮助人们识别、分类和分类事物、想法和行为。当人们使用语言作为象征时，他们能够表达发生在早期的经历，或者暗示未来可能发生的事件。如果没有符号，我们就无法储存过去几代人的集体智慧，因此我们很容易重复过去的错误。符号将不属于统一组的人联系在一起。当我们在一个遥远的国家遇到来自我们自己文化的其他人时，我们共享的符号的力量就变得清晰起来。我们之所以被吸引，是因为我们有一套共同的符号，如语言、非语言的交流形式和物质文化，如服装。这是我们符号的共同含义，使我们能够以最少的歧义和误解相互交流。In everyday terminology, the term race often is used as a synonym for culture. But anthropologists consider these to be two very different concepts. A race refers to an interbreeding population whose members share a number of important physical traits with one another, such as blood types, eye color and shape, skin color and hair texture, to mention just a few. By way of

contrast, culture refers to our non-biological and non-genetic characteristics. All people can be classified according to their physical traits and according to their acquired or cultural characteristics. And, even though many groups share a common culture and a similar set of physical traits, these two concepts vary quite independently of each other.

在日常术语中，种族这个词经常被用作文化的同义词。但是人类学家认为这是两个非常不同的概念。一个种族是指一个杂交群体，其成员彼此具有许多重要的身体特征，如血型、眼睛颜色和形状、皮肤颜色和毛发质地，仅举几个例子。相比之下，文化是指我们的非生物和非遗传特征。所有人都可以根据他们的身体特征和后天或文化特征来分类。而且，尽管许多群体有着共同的文化和相似的身体特征，但这两个概念却完全独立。

Another popular misunderstanding involves the confusion between culture and civilization. Again, like the concept of race, the concepts of civilization and culture are not interchangeable. While all civilizations are cultures, not all cultures are civilizations.

另一个流行的误解是文化和文明之间的混淆。同样，与种族的概念一样，文明和文化的概念是不能互换的。虽然所有的文明都是文化，但并非所有的文化都是文明。

The concept of civilization, as used by anthropologists, refers to a very specific type of culture that appeared around 5, 500 years ago in Fertile Crescent (present-day Iraq). Civilizations are essentially cultures that have developed cities. Based largely on the definition of archaeologist V. Gordon Childe, civilizations (or urban societies) are characterized by traits such as monumental architecture, centralized (hierarchical) governments, fully efficient food production systems and writing. While we sometimes hear such statements as "Oh, how uncivilized", modern anthropologists do not use the term civilization to designate a superior type of culture.

人类学家所使用的文明概念指的是一种非常特殊的文化类型，大约在5500年前出现在肥沃的新月（今天的伊拉克）地区。文明本质上是发达城市的文化。在很大程度上，根据考古学家v. Gordon Childe的定义，文明（或城市社会）具有诸如纪念性建筑、中央（等级）政府、完全高效的食品生产系统和写作等特征。虽然我们有时听到“哦，多么不文明”这样的说法，但现代人类学家并没有用文明这个词来指代一种优越的文化类型。

The last phrase in our working definition –as members of a society - should remind us that culture is a shared phenomenon. For a thing, idea or behavior pattern to qualify as being cultural, it must have a meaning shared by most people in a society. It is this shared nature of culture that makes our lives less complicated. Because people share a common culture, they are able to predict within limits, how others will think and behave. For example, when meeting someone for the first time in Toronto, it is customary to shake the person's hand. If both people grew up in Toronto, neither party will have to wonder what is meant by an outstretched hand. They will know, with nearly absolute certainty, that the extended hand is a nonverbal gesture signifying friendship rather than a sexual advance, a hostile attack or an attempt to steal one's wallet. It is when we step outside our familiar cultural setting -where meanings are not shared with other people-that misunderstandings occur. In fact, the uncertainty one experiences when trying to operate in an

unfamiliar culture often leads to culture shock, a form of psychological distress that can result in depression, overeating or irritability.

作为一个社会的成员，我们工作定义中的最后一句话应该提醒我们，文化是一种共同的现象。一件事、一个想法或一个行为模式要符合文化，它必须具有一个社会中大多数人所共有的意义。正是这种文化的共性使我们的生活不那么复杂。因为人们有着共同的文化，所以他们能够在一定范围内预测他人的想法和行为。例如，在多伦多第一次见到某人时，习惯上是握手。如果这两个人都在多伦多长大，两党都不必怀疑伸出的手是什么意思。他们几乎完全肯定地知道，伸出的手是一种表示友谊的非语言手势，而不是性的前进、敌对的攻击或企图偷钱包。正是当我们走出我们熟悉的文化环境时——在这种环境下，意义无法与其他人分享，误解才会发生。事实上，当一个人试图在一个陌生的文化中操作时所经历的不确定性往往会导致文化冲击，一种可能导致抑郁、暴饮暴食或易怒的心理痛苦形式。

Culture is not transmitted genetically. Rather, it is acquired through the process of learning or interacting with one's cultural environment. This process of acquiring culture after we are born is called enculturation. We acquire our culture (ideas, values and behavior patterns) by growing up in it. When an infant is born, he or she enters a cultural environment in which many solutions already exist to the universal problems facing all human populations. The child merely needs to learn or internalize those solutions in order to make a reasonable adjustment to his or her surroundings. A male child who is born in one place will probably watch a good deal of TV; attend schools with books, desks and professionally trained teachers; eventually learn to drive a car; marry one wife at a time. On the other hand, a male child who is born in another place is likely to grow up playing with cows, learn most of what he knows from peers and elders rather than teachers, undergo an initiation ceremony, into adulthood that involves being anointed with the undigested stomach contents of an ox slaughtered for the occasion, and look forward to having at least three or four wives at one time. Even though both children are born into radically different cultures, they have something important in common: they are born into an already existing culture, and they have only to learn the ways of thinking and acting set down by their culture.

文化不是遗传的。相反，它是通过学习或与一个人的文化环境互动的过程获得的。这种在我们出生后获得文化的过程叫做文化融合。我们通过在文化中成长来获得我们的文化（思想、价值观和行为模式）。当婴儿出生时，他或她进入一个文化环境，在这个环境中，已经存在许多解决所有人类面临的普遍问题的办法。孩子只需要学习或内化这些解决方案，以便对周围环境做出合理的调整。一个出生在同一个地方的男孩可能会看很多电视；在学校读书，办公桌和受过专业培训的教师；最终学会开车；一次娶一个妻子。另一方面，一个出生在另一个地方的男孩很可能在成长过程中与奶牛玩耍，从同龄人和长辈那里而不是老师那里学习他所知道的大部分知识，经历一个启蒙仪式，进入成年期，这包括被涂上为这个场合而屠宰的一头牛未消化的胃内容物，并期待着哈维。一次至少有三到四个妻子。尽管两个孩子出生在完全不同的文化中，但他们有一些重要的共同点：他们出生在一个已经存在的文化中，他们只需要学习他们的文化所规定的思维和行为方式。

跨文化交际与翻译

Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to

跨文化交际李成明unit2-A原文+翻译PDF

Unit 2 With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be. 随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。但说到文化的意义，很难界定什么是真正的文化，什么应该是文化。 Text A The Concept of Culture Culture is notoriously difficult to define. In 1952, the American anthropologist, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, critically reviewed concepts and definitions of culture, and compiled a list of 164 different definitions. So far there is no agreement among anthropologists and scholars regarding the nature of culture. 众所周知，文化很难定义。1952年，美国植物学家阿尔弗雷德·克罗伯和克莱德·克鲁克汉对文化的概念和定义进行了批判性的重新审视，并编制了164个不同的定义清单。到目前为止，人类学家和学者对于文化的本质还没有达成一致意见。 Although the term culture is used by most of the social sciences today, over the years it has received its most precise and thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology. Whereas sociology has concentrated on the notion of society; economics on the concepts of production, distribution, and consumption; political science on the concept of power; anthropology has focused on the culture concept. From anthropology nineteenth-century beginnings, culture has been central to both ethnology and archaeology and has been an important, if not major, concern of physical anthropology. Anthropology, through its constant examining of different life ways throughout space and time, has done more than any other scientific discipline to refine our understanding of the concept of culture. 尽管今天大多数社会科学都使用“文化”这个词，但多年来，它从人类学学科中得到了最精确、最彻底的定义。而社会学则集中于社会概念；经济学则集中于生产、分配和消费概念；政治学则集中于权力概念；人类学则集中于文化概念。从19世纪的人类学开始，文化就一直是民族学和考古学的中心，并且一直是一个重要的，如果不是主要的，对物质人类学的关注。人类学通过对整个空间和时间中不同生活方式的不断研究，比任何其他科学学科都更能完善我们对文化概念的理解。 In nonscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements such as classical music, the fine arts ，world philosophy and gourmet cuisine. For example，according to this popular use of the term, the cultured person listens to Bach rather than Eminem, can distinguish between the

汉英跨文化交际翻译中的CHINAENGLISH

广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。

跨文化交际英语_阅读教程3课文翻译

第一单元 现代社会依赖于技术创新，而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。但这方面做得还远远不够。我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果，从而吸取教训。 许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时，在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品，而且还要说明他们 产品的制作过程。而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。 盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂，用来除掉稻田里的杂草。该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又 投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex，用的是蓝 色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。生产Londax的配 方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。 不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的

事。就连Kellogg '玉米片的生产商Kellogg '公司也发现自己的产品被山寨：Kongal牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。不幸的是，和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kellogg '公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零，因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。 幸好，在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后，情况大为改观。然而，跨国公司必须保持警惕，以防被侵权。总有人试图从别人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。如果成果得不到法律保护，创新就是空话。 如今你经常会听到知识产权”这个词一一通常是从产权者嘴里。这不是意外，所谓知识产权”可是能够让人挣大钱的，所以无数人想使你确信：知识产权是必需的，而不是忽悠全球消费者的大噱头。他们最有可能告诉你，知识产权应该受到保护，否则创新”无从谈起。可为什么搞出这样一种东西，也就是其他人都从里面挣钱，而你却什么也得不到？ 虽然这是个亟待处理的问题，但它还是种对于创新的狭隘观点 。 创新是一个合作的过程，是一种建立在无数人努力之上的社会进程 。 人们很自然地会去创新，会去合作，会去创造性地解决问题。从这个角度看，保护知识产权会阻碍创新，因为人们无法利用各自的创意，甚至是相似的创意，否则就得支付一大笔钱或者面临起诉。

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

跨文化交际翻译作业

跨文化交际翻译作业10级中文系对外汉语 张妍 20101040022030

原文： If movie trailers supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for “United 93”more than succeeds .Featuring no famous actors, it begins with image of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane .It take you a minute to realize what the movie’s even about .That’s when a plane hits the World Trade Center .The effect is visceral .When the trailer played before “Inside Man”last week at a Hollywood theater, audience member began calling out, “Too soon !” In New York City , the response was even more dramatic .The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints . 译文： 如果电影预告片能够引起一种反应，那么《93号航班》的试映不仅仅是成功了。（trailer译为预告片,suppose to译为应该做，能够做，cause译为引起，preview译为试映.n. more than 译为不仅仅.而且第一句为虚拟语气）这部电影没有著名的演员出演，他只是开始于在一个美丽的早晨乘客登机的画面。（feature译为由…主演,featuring no famous actors为状语从句,我译时将其主语译出来了,而面主语用“它”来代替了.登记用“board an airplane”）你只需要花费一分钟就会明白这部电影实际上讲的是什么（这句话有一个句型：it takes sb. Some

跨文化交际

河南师范大学外国语学院 考查课程答卷 年级类别：2011级 学科专业：学科教学（英语） 学号：1105280400 姓名：龙裴 课程名称：跨文化交际 授课教师：陈运香 考试时间： 考试分数：

2011级教育硕士、翻译硕士“跨文化交际”测试题 I.Explain the following terms.（20 points） 1.Cross-cultural communication: Answer: Cross-cultural communication refers to communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers of communication, also refers to the communication among any people in different language and the background. Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. 2.Enculturation: Answer: Enculturation is the process by which a person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary in that culture. As part of this process, the influences which limit, direct, or shape the individual (whether deliberately or not) include parents, other adults, and peers. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values and rituals of the culture. The process of enculturation is related to socialization. In some academic fields, socialization refers to the deliberate shaping of the individual, in others; the word may be used to cover both deliberate and informal enculturation.

跨文化交际翻译

题名／责任者／语种：跨文化交际翻译／金惠康著／中文 出版发行／载体形态：北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003 ／402页;20厘米ISBN／装订形式／定 价： ISBN：7-5001-1010-3／23.00元 索书号：H315.9/8050 丛编：翻译理论与实务丛书．－（） 附注：“十五”国家重点图书 附件： 文摘或提要：本书以实例描写为主，配以适量的理论指导与分析，收集了近二十年来大陆、港、台、澳及海外华人的精彩汉英翻译例证，形成了一个比较统一、规范的汉英对译系统。 跨文化交际翻译 作者:金惠康 书摘 a sea oI people／flames／blood／flags／flowers／happy faces如海般的／如潮一样的人群；火海；血海；旗海；花海；无数幸福的面孔 an ocean of trouble／time／space／cheering 无穷的麻烦；无休止的时间；浩瀚的宇宙；欢乐的海洋 a scene of great rejoicing一片欢腾 a chorus of protest／praise一片抗议之声／赞扬之声 a trove of Chinese porcelain一批中国磁器 a grove of coco(a)nut／hamboo一战挪椿}镌椿 a blaze of lights一片灯火

a mountain of debts／rubbish／money／dirty clothes 债台高筑／gr圾如山；家财万贯；一大堆脏衣服 a mass of images／facts／figures／data大量的图像／事实／数据等 a rain／storm of tears／ashes／arrows／bullets嚎啕大哭；尘土蒙蒙；一阵箭雨，一阵弹雨 a storm of applause／criticism／cheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声；激烈的批评；狂热的欢呼 a gale oflaughter／excitement阵阵欢笑；一阵激动 a flood of tears／words／light／terror 泪如潮涌；滔滔言辞；一片光明；一片恐惧 a store oflearnlng／experience知识渊博；经验丰富 a wealth of experience／data／troubles／good／goods 经验丰富；丰富数据；问题多多；大有好处；商品丰富 a sudeit offood／drug dosage 过量的食品；过量的药品 a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败 a world of goods／food／pleasure／meaning／to do s b a world of good／harm a forest of hllls／nags／chimneys／hands 这些表量的手法也可用复数，像10ts of，tho。。。。d。。f一样．如seas。f，mountains。f，st。r es。f，swamls。f，thunders。f。sh。wers of，in showers，in stores，in numbers。 a(great)number of books许多的书 numbers of peoples许多的民族 a quantity of energy大量的能量 quantities of oxidize大量的氧化酶 an amount of material大量的材料 small amount of water少量的水 l he。mount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on it s frequency．一定量的辐射所掘有的能量完全基于其频率。 The total amount of radiation辐射的总量 What’S the size?尺码多少?

新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译

1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际? There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White. 有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。他开始与雪白的颜色。 “Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。” “Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.” “哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。”“哦,是的,我明白了。一定是毛茸茸的颜色。”“不,它也像纸。” “Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。“不,不是。也喜欢中国。” 2 讲【culture and communication讲文化和沟通 An American university student Tom is active in a foreign student club at his university and has several good friends from different countries. One of them tells Tom his parents and sister will be visiting, and he asks Tom if he would like to meet them. Tom invites all of them to visit his home one afternoon.They arrive and present him with a nicely wrapped gift. Tom tells them they shouldn’t have brought anything, but thanks them and proceeds to open the gift, which turns out be very pretty vase from their country. He thanks them again. He sense some awkwardness and realizes that he has not offered them anything to drink.“Would you like coffee or tea or a soft drink?”he asks. They all refuse. Things seem more awkward now. But he talks a little of their country, about studies at the university, about the cost of living, and everything the father whispers something to his son.“I think we must be leaving to return to the hotel,”he says. Everybody stands up, shake hands, and they start to leave. “Please come and visit again,”Tom says as he stands and watches the family walk to the door, open it and disappear down the hall. Two days later, in a very indirect way, Tom learns from another friend that the visitors thought he was a rude host 一个美国大学的学生汤姆是活跃在他大学的外国学生俱乐部,有几个来自不同国家的好朋友。其中一人告诉汤姆他的父母和妹妹将访问,他问汤姆是否想见到他们。汤姆邀请他们参观他的家的一个下午。他们到达,给他一个包装精美的礼物。汤姆告诉他们他们不带来任何东西,但由于他们,继续打开礼物,这证明是非常漂亮的花瓶从他们的国家。他再次感谢他们。他感觉有些尴尬,意识到他没有给他们任何东西喝。“你想要咖啡还是茶还是饮料?”他问道。他们都拒绝。事情似乎更尴尬的了。但他的小国家,谈论研究大学,生活费用,父亲低声说些儿子的一切。“我认为我们必须离开回到酒店,”他说。每个人都站起来,握手,他们开始离开。“请再来拜访,”汤姆说,他站和手表家庭走到门口,打开它,消失在大厅。两天后,汤姆非常间接的方式,可以从另一个朋友,游客认为他是一个粗鲁的主机 3讲【cultural diversity 】【文化多样性】 Mr. Zhao and Mr. Qian have been on good terms with each other, though Mr. Zhao lives in China while Mr. Qian became an overseas Chinese working in the United States. The two both have children about the same age. Mr. Qian has two brothers who live in the U.S. and manage their family businesses. And both Mr. Zhao and Mr. Qian have business that seems fairly prosperous. In recent times, however, Mr. Qian is bogged down with some difficulties, and in fact, his business is almost on the rocks. But, he has an opportunity to invest in a very promising venture but at the

新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译

U1 reading1 跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不 同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段： A语言的产生； B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族.研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。 在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点 含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。人类传播的发展： 信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物 口语传播 媒介传播 传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播 伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动 文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段 case1 主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好。在这种情况下,理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,的食物。他的主人和女主人就好像他参加了一个艺术展,称赞这位艺术家说:多么美丽的你的照片。在日本工作的时候他犯了一个错，开会的时候解释试图让大家明白每个人也许都会跟他一样以减轻罪过，结果又错了。相比之下,美国人强调个性价值和容易维护个体差异时,他们似乎理由与组织的目标或价值观冲突。在这种情况下:理查德…年代错误是在努力保护自己。 case2 对于学生来说，向老师提问很多问题是不尊重的，另一方面，提问一些跟老师说的无关的也如此，代表你没有听课。在美国文化中,人们倾向于说什么是对他们的思想和他们所说的意思。因此,学生在课堂上预计提问当他们需要澄清。墨西哥文化与美国文化共享这种偏好的风格在某些情况下,这就是为什么学生们从墨西哥容易在课堂上采用提问的技巧。但是,韩国人通常喜欢间接的沟通方式,因此他们往往不会说什么是对他们的思想和更多的依赖影响和推理,以保持礼貌通过任何不恰当的言语行为, 避免丢脸。提到的情况下,许多韩国人,很多问题会显示不尊重老师,而且还反映,学生不够努力学习。

跨文化交际翻译练习

Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. 1. People in Paris eat snails, but people in San Diego put poison on them. Why? People in Tabriz or Tehran sit on the floor and pray five times each day, but people in Las V egas stand up all night in front of slot machines. Why? Some people speak Tagalog, others speak English. Why? Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend millions of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why? The general answer to these questions is the same. People learn to think, feel, believe, and strive for what their culture considers proper. People respond to the world through the messages they receive, but it is culture that determines, to a large extent, the form, pattern, and content of those messages. Culture also determines the content and conformation of the messages we send. This omnipresent quality of culture leads Hall to conclude that “there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.” In many ways, Hall is correct: culture is everything and everywhere. And more importantly, at least for our purposes, culture and communication work in tandem. In fact , they are inseparable: it is often difficult to decide which is the voice and which the echo. 2. There are six barriers to communication----anxiety, assuming similarities instead of differences, ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, nonverbal misinterpretations and language problems. Anxiety is feeling nervous, which can affect communication when you focus so much on your own feelings that you do not pay attention to what other people are telling you. If you are speaking to someone in your second language, you may worry that the other person may speak too fast or will use words you do not understand. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others. If you are in a situation where you feel very nervous, such as talking to your boss, you may find yourself saying awkward things or even making mistakes in grammar that you never do when talking with your friends. Individualism-oriented cultures hold individual interests and goals as most important while in collectivism-oriented cultures group interests and goals precede over those of the individual. Most Western countries value individualism and people strive hard to achieve individual identity in terms of possessions and achievement in their professions. Many eastern countries place high value on the collective. Sometimes individuals have to sacrifice their own interests to achieve what is good for the group. 3. When studying stereotypes, prejudice, and racism, you may be struck with the role that communication can play in either spreading the beliefs or stopping their spread. Prejudice and racism are commonly viewed as being rooted in the child’s early socialization and fostered in communication with other people who are prejudiced or racist. 4. Here is an important point to bear in mind. Chinese learners of English tend to assume that when it is their turn to speak, they must speak accurately, completely, fluently and without any hesitation. If they cannot do so, they begin to blush and lose confidence. In actual fact they have made a unreasonable demand on themselves. In natural conversation, it is quite common that native speakers of English make grammatical mistakes, hesitate a lot, make a false start, use words or expressions that they regret using them later. The point you should bear in mind is that when you are engaged in spontaneous conversation (i. e. natural conversation), your goal is to get your ideas across. Do not worry about hesitation, misuse of words, too many pauses, etc. Nobody, not even a native speaker, is free from these flaws. Y ou can use those meaningless but useful syllables to gain time.